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freebsd-dev/release/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/relnotes/common/new.sgml
Bruce A. Mah d0e8afbf5a Provide a way to keep out old ("historic") release notes from bloating 
the size of the rendered release notes.  By default, any element with
a role="historic" attribute won't get rendered in the output unless
the INCLUDE_HISTORIC Makefile variable is defined.
2002-06-20 21:19:49 +00:00

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<articleinfo>
<title>&os;/&arch; &release.current; Release Notes</title>
<corpauthor>The FreeBSD Project</corpauthor>
<pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
<copyright>
<year>2000</year>
<year>2001</year>
<year>2002</year>
<holder role="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</holder>
</copyright>
<abstract>
<para>The release notes for &os; &release.current; contain a summary
of
<![ %include.historic; [
the changes made in the &os; base system since &release.prev;.
]]>
<![ %no.include.historic; [
recent changes made to the &os; base system on the &release.branch;
development branch.
]]>
Both changes for kernel and userland are listed, as well as
applicable security advisories that were issued since the last
release. Some brief remarks on upgrading are also presented.</para>
</abstract>
</articleinfo>
<sect1>
<title>Introduction</title>
<para>This document contains the release notes for &os;
&release.current; on the &arch.print; hardware platform. It
describes recently added, changed, or deleted features of &os;.
It also provides some notes on upgrading
from previous versions of &os;.</para>
<![ %release.type.snapshot [
<para>The &release.type; distribution to which these release notes
apply represents a point along the &release.branch; development
branch between &release.prev; and the future &release.next;. Some
pre-built, binary &release.type; distributions along this branch
can be found at <ulink url="&release.url;"></ulink>.</para>
]]>
<![ %release.type.release [
<para>This distribution of &os; &release.current; is a
&release.type; distribution. It can be found at <ulink
url="&release.url;"></ulink> or any of its mirrors. More
information on obtaining this (or other) &release.type;
distributions of &os; can be found in the <ulink
url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
FreeBSD</quote> appendix</ulink> to the <ulink
url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/">FreeBSD
Handbook</ulink>.</para>
]]>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>What's New</title>
<para>This section describes
<![ %include.historic; [
the most user-visible new or changed features in &os;
since &release.prev;.
In general, changes described here are unique to the &release.branch;
branch unless specifically marked as &merged; features.
]]>
<![ %no.include.historic; [
many of the user-visible new or changed features in &os;
since &release.prev;. It includes items that are unique to the
&release.branch; branch, as well as some features that may have been
recently merged to
other branches (after &os; &release.prev.historic;). The later
items are marked as &merged;.
]]>
</para>
<para>Typical release note items
document new drivers or hardware support, new commands or options,
major bugfixes, or contributed software upgrades. Applicable security
advisories issued after &release.prev; are also listed.</para>
<para>Many additional changes were made to &os; that are not listed
here for lack of space. For example, documentation was corrected
and improved, minor bugs were fixed, insecure coding practices
were audited and corrected, and source code was cleaned up.</para>
<sect2 id="kernel">
<title>Kernel Changes</title>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.amdpm.4; driver has been added to
provide access to the system monitoring functions of the AMD 756
chipset. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.agp.4; driver for AGP devices has been
added. &merged;</para>
<para>A new &man.ddb.4; command <command>show pcpu</command> lists
some of the per-CPU data.</para>
<para role="historic">Two new &man.ddb.4; commands, <command>hwatch</command> and
<command>dhwatch</command>, have been introduced. Analogous to
<command>watch</command> and <command>dwatch</command>, they
install hardware watchpoints (as opposed to software
watchpoints) if supported by the architecture. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.devfs.5;, which allows entries in the
<filename>/dev</filename> directory to be built automatically
and supports more flexible attachment of devices, has been
largely reworked. &man.devfs.5; is now enabled by default and
can be disabled by the <literal>NODEVFS</literal> kernel
option.</para>
<para>The dgm driver has been removed in favor of the digi driver.</para>
<para>A new digi driver has been added to support PCI Xr-based and
ISA Xem Digiboard cards. A new &man.digictl.8; program is
(mainly) used to re-initialize cards that have external port
modules attached such as the PC/Xem.</para>
<para>An &man.eaccess.2; system call has been added, similar to
&man.access.2; except that the former uses effective credentials
rather than real credentials.</para>
<para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for EBus-based
devices.</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.ichsmb.4; driver for the Intel 82801AA
(ICH) SMBus controller and compatibles has been
added. &merged;</para>
<para>Each &man.jail.2; environment can now run under its own
securelevel.</para>
<para>The tunable sysctl variables for &man.jail.2; have moved
from <varname>jail.*</varname> to the
<varname>security.*</varname> hierarchy. Other security-related
sysctl variables have moved from <varname>kern.security.*</varname> to
<varname>security.*</varname>.</para>
<para role="historic">The <varname>kern.maxvnodes</varname> limit now properly
limits the number of vnodes in use. Previously only vnodes with
no cached pages could be freed; this could allow the number of
vnodes to grow without limit on large-memory machines accessing
many small files. A <literal>vnlru</literal> kernel thread
helps to flush and reuse vnodes. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The kernel message buffer is now accessible by the
(machine-independent) <varname>kern.msgbuf</varname> sysctl
variable; &man.dmesg.8; no longer needs to be SGID
<groupname>kmem</groupname>. &merged;</para>
<para>The kernel environment is now dynamic, and can be changed
via the new &man.kenv.2; system call.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.kqueue.2; event notification facility was added to
the &os; kernel. This is a new interface which is able to
replace &man.poll.2;/&man.select.2;, offering improved
performance, as well as the ability to report many different
types of events. Support for monitoring changes in sockets,
pipes, fifos, and files are present, as well as for signals and
processes. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A new <varname>KVA_SPACE</varname> kernel option
can be used to reconfigure the size of the kernel virtual
address space. &merged;</para>
<para>The labpc(4) driver has been removed due to
<quote>bitrot</quote>.</para>
<para>The loader and kernel linker now look for files named
<filename>linker.hints</filename> in each directory with KLDs
for a module name and version to KLD filename mapping. The new
&man.kldxref.8; utility is used to generate these files.</para>
<para role="historic">Linux emulation now supports the kernel functionality
required by the
<filename role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename>
(RedHat 7.X emulation) port. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Linux emulation now requires <literal>options
SYSVSEM</literal> in the kernel configuration. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.lomac.4;, a Low-Watermark Mandatory Access Control
security facility, has been added as a kernel module. It
provides a drop-in security mechanism in addition to the
traditional UID-based security facilities, requiring no
additional configuration from the administrator. Work on this
feature was sponsored by DARPA and NAI Labs.</para>
<para role="historic">The <varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration
parameter is now a boot-time tunable variable. The kernel
parameters derived from <varname>maxusers</varname> are now also
tunables and can be overridden at boot-time. The
<varname>hz</varname> parameter is also now a
tunable. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Specifying a value of <literal>0</literal> for the
<varname>maxusers</varname> kernel configuration parameter will
now cause an appropriate value to be calculated at boot-time
(between 32 and 384, depending on the amount of memory present).
This value is now the default for all
<filename>GENERIC</filename> kernels. &merged;</para>
<para arch="alpha" role="historic">A <varname>MAXMEM</varname> kernel option,
along with the <varname>hw.physmem</varname> loader tunable, can
be used to artificially reduce the memory size of a machine for
testing (or other purposes). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The kernel configuration parameters
<varname>MAXTSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLDSIZ</varname>,
<varname>MAXDSIZ</varname>, <varname>DFLSSIZ</varname>,
<varname>MAXSSIZ</varname>, and <varname>SGROWSIZ</varname> are
all loader tunables (<varname>kern.maxtsiz</varname>,
<varname>kern.maxdfldsiz</varname>, etc.). &merged;</para>
<para>&man.mutex.9; profiling code has been added, enabled by the
<literal>MUTEX_PROFILING</literal> kernel configuration option.
It enables the <varname>debug.mutex.prof.*</varname> hierarchy
of sysctl variables.</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The <literal>NCPU</literal>,
<literal>NAPIC</literal>, <literal>NBUS</literal>, and
<literal>NINTR</literal> kernel configuration options,
for configuring SMP kernels, have been removed.
<literal>NCPU</literal> is now set to a maximum of 16,
and the other, aforementioned options are now
dynamic. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A &man.nmdm.4; null-modem terminal driver has been added.
&merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <literal>O_DIRECT</literal> flag has been added to
&man.open.2; and &man.fcntl.2;. Specifying this flag for open
files will attempt to minimize the cache effects of reading and
writing. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">An &man.orm.4; device has been added to claim the option
ROMs in the ISA memory I/O space, to prevent other drivers from
mistakenly assigning addresses that conflict with these
ROMs. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98">PECOFF (Win32 Execution file format) support has
been added.</para>
<para arch="pc98" role="historic">The pmc driver, which supports the power
management controller of the NEC PC-98NOTE, has been
added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">POSIX.1b Shared Memory Objects are now supported. The
implementation uses regular files, but automatically enables the
MAP_NOSYNC flag when they are &man.mmap.2;-ed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Replaced the <literal>PQ_*CACHE</literal> options with a
single <literal>PQ_CACHESIZE</literal> option to be set to the
cache size in kilobytes. The old options are still supported
for backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.puc.4; (PCI <quote>Universal</quote>
Communications) driver has been added, to help connect PCI-based
serial ports to the &man.sio.4; driver. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.random.4; device has been rewritten to use the
<application>Yarrow</application> algorithm. It harvests
entropy from a variety of interrupt sources, including the
console devices, Ethernet and point-to-point network interfaces,
and mass-storage devices. Entropy from the &man.random.4;
device is now periodically saved to files in
<filename>/var/db/entropy</filename>, as well as at shutdown
time. The semantics of <filename>/dev/random</filename> have
changed; it never blocks waiting for entropy bits but generates
a stream of pseudo-random data and now behaves exactly as
<filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.</para>
<para>A new kernel option, <literal>options REGRESSION</literal>,
enables interfaces and functionality intended for use during
correctness and regression testing.</para>
<para arch="sparc64">Support has been added for SBus-based
devices.</para>
<para arch="sparc64">The se driver, which supports the Siemens
SAB82532 serial chip found on many newer Sparc Ultra machines,
has been added.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.snp.4; device is no longer static and can now be
compiled as a module. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.spic.4; driver, which provides access
to the Jog Dial device on some Sony laptops, has been
added. &man.moused.8; support for this device has also been
added. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.syscons.4; driver now supports keyboard-controlled
pasting, by default bound to
<keycap>Shift</keycap>-<keycap>Insert</keycap>.</para>
<para role="historic">Support for USB devices was added to the
<filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel and to the installation
programs to support USB devices out of the box. Note that SRM
does not support USB devices at the moment, so you must still
use an AT keyboard if you are not using a serial
console. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.umodem.4; driver for USB modems
has been added. Support is provided for the 3Com 5605 and
Metricom Ricochet GS wireless USB modems. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.uscanner.4; driver for basic USB
scanner support using SANE has been added. See <ulink
url="http://www.mostang.com/sane/">the SANE home page</ulink>
for supported scanners. The HP ScanJet 4100C, 5200C and 6300C
are known to be working. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.ucom.4; device driver has been added, to support USB
modems, serial devices, and other programs that need to look
like a tty. The related &man.uplcom.4; and &man.uvscom.4; drivers provide specific
support for the Prolific PL-2303 serial adapter and the SUNTAC
Slipper U VS-10U, respectively.</para>
<para>To increase security, the <literal>UCONSOLE</literal> kernel
configuration option has been removed.</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98">The UserConfig boot-time kernel configuration
feature, usually used to enable, disable, or configure ISA
devices, has been removed. Its functionality has been replaced
by the kernel hints file in
<filename>/boot/device.hints</filename>.</para>
<para>The <literal>USER_LDT</literal> kernel option is now
activated by default.</para>
<para>A VESA S3 linear framebuffer driver has been added.</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.viapm.4; driver for VIA SMBus
power management controllers has been added. &merged;</para>
<!-- Above this line, sort kernel changes by manpage/keyword-->
<para role="historic">Write combining for crashdumps has been implemented. This
feature is useful when write caching is disabled on both SCSI
and IDE disks, where large memory dumps could take up to an hour
to complete. &merged;</para>
<para>The kernel crashdump infrastructure has been revised, to
support new platforms and in general clean up the logic in the
code. One implication of this change is that the on-disk format
for kernel dumps has changed, and is now
byte-order-agnostic.</para>
<para>Extremely large swap areas (&gt;67 GB) no longer panic the
system.</para>
<para arch="alpha">Support for threads under Linux emulation has
been added.</para>
<para role="historic">The <maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget> target now gets the
name of the configuration(s) to build from the
<varname>KERNCONF</varname> variable, not
<varname>KERNEL</varname>. It is no longer required, in some
cases, for a <maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> to precede a
<maketarget>buildkernel</maketarget>. (The
<maketarget>buildworld</maketarget> is still required when
upgrading across major releases, across
<application>binutil</application> updates and when
&man.config.8; changes version.) &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The out-of-swap process termination code now begins killing
processes earlier to avoid deadlocks; it now also takes into
account the swap space used by processes when computing the
process sizes. &merged;</para>
<para>Linker sets are now self-contained; gensetdefs(8) is
unnecessary and has been removed.</para>
<para role="historic">Network device cloning has been implemented, and the
&man.gif.4; device has been modified to take advantage of it.
Thus, instead of specifying how many &man.gif.4; interfaces are
available in kernel configuration files, &man.ifconfig.8;'s
<option>create</option> option should be used when another device
instance is desired. &merged;</para>
<para>It is now possible to hardwire kernel environment variables
(such as tuneables) at compile-time using &man.config.8;'s
<literal>ENV</literal> directive.</para>
<para>Idle zeroing of pages can be enabled with the
<varname>vm.idlezero_enable</varname> sysctl variable.</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The load addresses of kernels are now exported
to the symbol table and various hard-coded constants have been
removed so that utilities such as &man.ps.1; can work with
kernels compiled at different addresses. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Coredumps of large processes (or of a large number of
processes) no longer lock up the machine for long periods of
time. &merged;</para>
<para>The Kernel-Scheduled Entity project has made changes to the
kernel scheduler to more efficiently handle multi-threaded
programs.</para>
<para>The kernel now has support for multiple low-level console
devices. The new &man.conscontrol.8; utility helps to manage
the different consoles.</para>
<para arch="alpha">The console driver has gained support for
TGA-based display adapters.</para>
<para role="historic">The kernel on the installation CDs is now separated from the
<filename>mfsroot</filename> image. This permits the use of a
full kernel when installing from CD on machines that support CD
booting (instead of the stripped-down kernel used on
floppies). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The system load average computation now adds some jitter to
the timing of samples, in order to avoid synchronization with
processes that run periodically. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">If a debugging kernel with modules is being built
(i.e. using <literal>makeoptions DEBUG=-g</literal>), the
modules will now be built with debugging support as well, for
completeness. A side effect of this change is that modules
built and installed with debugging kernels will now occupy more
space on disk than they did previously. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The kernel dump device can now be set via the
<varname>dumpdev</varname> loader tunable. As a result, it is
now possible to obtain crash dumps from panics during the late
stages of kernel initialization (before the system enters into
single-user mode). &merged;</para>
<para>The kernel memory allocator is now a slab memory allocator,
similar to that used in Solaris. This is a SMP-safe memory
allocator that has near-linear performance as the number of CPUs
increases. It also allows for reduced memory
fragmentation.</para>
<sect3>
<title>Processor/Motherboard Support</title>
<para>SMP support has been largely reworked, incorporating code
from BSD/OS 5.0. One of the main features of SMPng
(<quote>SMP Next Generation</quote>) is to allow more
processes to run in kernel, without the need for spin locks
that can dramatically reduce the efficiency of multiple
processors. Interrupt handlers now have contexts associated
with them that allow them to be blocked, which reduces the
need to lock out interrupts.</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98">Support for the 80386 processor has been
removed from the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel, as this
code seriously pessimizes performance on other IA32
processors.
The <literal>I386_CPU</literal> kernel option
to support the 80386 processor is now mutually exclusive with
support for other IA32 processors; this should slightly
improve performance on the 80386 due to the elimination of
runtime processor type checks.
Custom kernels that will run on the 80386 can
still be built by changing the cpu options in the kernel
configuration file to only include
<literal>I386_CPU</literal>.</para>
<para arch="alpha" role="historic">AlphaServer 1200 (<quote>Tincup</quote>) has
been tested and works OK. Currently it does not want to boot
from CD or floppy but a transplanted disk that was installed
on another Alpha works well. &merged;</para>
<para arch="alpha">The API UP1100 mainboard has been verified to
work.</para>
<para arch="alpha">The API CS20 1U high server has been verified
to work.</para>
<para arch="alpha">The DEC3000 series support has been removed
from the mfsroot floppy image so that it fits on a 1.44 Mbyte
floppy again. As the DEC3000 is currently only usable diskless
this should not cause any problems.</para>
<para arch="alpha">Support for AlphaServer 2100A
(<quote>Lynx</quote>) has been added.</para>
<para arch="alpha">Kernel code has been added that allows older
generation Alpha CPUs (EV4 and EV5) to emulate instructions of
the newer Alpha CPU generations. This enables the use of
binary-only programs like <application>Adobe Acrobat
4</application> on EV4 and EV5.</para>
<para arch="alpha">SMP support for the Alpha is now operational.</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">Detection for new processors, such as the
FC-PGA2 Pentium III (Tualatin), Transmeta Crusoe, and
Transmeta Crusoe LongRun, has been added. &merged;</para>
<para arch="alpha">Support for the following hardware has been
removed from the installation kernel to make it fit on a
1.44MB floppy again: Multia, NoName, PC64, EB64, Aspen Alpine,
sa (SCSI tape), amr, parallel port support, vx (3c590, 3c595),
pcn (AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100), sf (Adaptec AIC-6915), sis (SiS
900/SiS 7016), ste (Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)), wb
(Winbond W89C840F).</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Streaming <acronym>SIMD</acronym>
Extensions (<acronym>SSE</acronym>) has been introduced. The
<literal>CPU_ENABLE_SSE</literal> kernel option controls
whether support is compiled into the kernel. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The <literal>CPU_ATHLON_SSE_HACK</literal>
kernel option has been added, which attempts to enable the SSE
feature bit on newer Athlon CPUs if the BIOS has forgotten to
enable it. &merged;</para>
<para arch="sparc64">The UltraSPARC platform is now supported by
&os;. The following machines are supported to at least some
degree: Ultra 1/2/5/10/30/60, Enterprise 220R/420R, Netra T1 AC200/DC200, Netra T 105, and Blade
100. SMP is supported, and has been tested on the
Ultra 2, Ultra 60, Enterprise 220R, and
Enterprise 420R.</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">On some systems, the BIOS does not activate
the I/O ports and memory of PC devices, thus making them
unusable. The <literal>PCI_ENABLE_IO_MODES</literal> kernel
option forces &os; to enable these devices so that they can be
used. &merged;</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Bootloader Changes</title>
<para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>boot2</filename> now supports a
<option>-n</option> option to disallow boot interruption by
keypresses. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">A new <filename>cdboot</filename> bootstrap
utility for CDROMs provides better compatability with some
BIOS implementations that do not completely implement the El
Torito bootable CDROM standard. This boot loader supports
<quote>no emulation</quote> mode booting, thus eliminating the
need for an emulated floppy disk image on a bootable
CDROM. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The i386 boot loader now has support for a
<literal>nullconsole</literal> console type, for use on
systems with neither a video console nor a serial
port. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.loader.8; now has optional support
(enabled at compile-time, off by default) for loading
<application>bzip2</application>-compressed kernels and
modules. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for Intel's Wired for Management 2.0
(PXE) was added to the &os; boot loader. Due to API
differences, the older PXE versions are not supported. This
allow network booting using DHCP. &merged;</para>
<!-- Above this line, order bootloader changes by keyword-->
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now contains a workaround
to support CDROM booting on certain IBM BIOSs that expect the
first sector of the emulated floppy to contain a valid MS-DOS
BPB that they can modify. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &os; boot loader now supports a
<option>-p</option> flag to force the kernel to pause after
each line of output during the probing phase. &merged;</para>
<para arch="alpha,i386" role="historic">The &os; boot loader is now capable of
booting from filesystems with block sizes larger than
8K. &merged;</para>
<para>The kernel and modules have been moved to the directory
<filename>/boot/kernel</filename>, so they can be easily
manipulated together. The boot loader has been updated to
make this change as seamless as possible.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Network Interface Support</title>
<para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver for Cisco Aironet cards now supports
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, settable via
&man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports the Cisco Aironet 350
series of adaptors. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports <quote>monitor</quote>
mode, settable via the <option>-M</option> option to
&man.ancontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.an.4; driver now supports Cisco LEAP, as well as
the <quote>Home</quote> WEP key. The Linux Aironet utilities
are now supported under emulation. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Generic support for ARCNET token-based
networks has been added. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.bge.4; driver has been added to
support the Broadcom BCM570x family of Gigabit Ethernet
controllers, including the 3Com 3c996-T, the SysKonnect
SK-9D21 and SK-9D41, and the built-in Gigabit Ethernet NICs on
Dell PowerEdge 2550 servers. Output TCP/IP checksum offload,
jumbo frames and VLAN tag insertion/stripping are supported,
as well as interrupt moderation. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The cm driver has been added to support SMC
COM90cx6 ARCNET network adapters. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.dc.4; driver now supports NICs based on the Xircom
3201 and Conexant LANfinity RS7112 chips.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.dc.4; driver now has support for
VLANs. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.de.4; driver now performs round-robin arbitration
between the transmit and receive units of the 21143, instead
of giving priority to the receive unit. This gives a
10&ndash;15% performance improvement in the forwarding rate
under heavy load. &merged;</para>
<para arch="alpha">The &man.ed.4; driver is now supported.</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Linksys Fast Ethernet PCCARD cards supported
by the &man.ed.4; driver now require the addition of flag
<literal>0x80000</literal> to their config line in
&man.pccard.conf.5;. This flag is not optional. These
Linksys cards will not be recognized without
it. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A bug in the &man.ed.4; driver that could cause panics
with very short packets and BPF or bridging active has been
fixed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ed.4; driver now has support for D-Link DL10022
chips, necessary for the NetGear FA-410TX and other cards. As
a result, <literal>device miibus</literal> is required in
kernel configurations using the &man.ed.4;
driver. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386">The &man.el.4; driver can now be loaded as a
module.</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The &man.em.4; driver has been added to
support NICs based on the Intel 82542, 82543, and 82544
Gigabit Ethernet controller chips. The driver supports
transmit/receive checksum offload and jumbo frames on 82543
and 82544-based adapters. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.faith.4; device is now loadable, unloadable, and
clonable. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">Support for Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based
Ethernet PC-Cards has been added back in the &man.fe.4;
driver. &merged;</para>
<para arch="alpha" role="historic">The &man.fpa.4; driver now supports Digital's
DEFPA FDDI adaptors on the Alpha. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now requires a <literal>device
miibus</literal> entry in the kernel configuration
file. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now contains a workaround for PCI
protocol violations caused by defects in some systems based on
the Intel ICH2/ICH2-M chip. The workaround is to rewrite the
EEPROM on the interface to disable Dynamic Standby Mode; once
the EEPROM is rewritten, the system needs to be rebooted for
the new settings to take effect. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.fxp.4; driver now supports Intel's loadable
microcode to implement receive-side interrupt coalescing and
packet bundling, on NICs that support these features. This
support can be activated by the use of the
<option>link0</option> option to
&man.ifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
<para arch="sparc64">The gem driver has been added to support
the Sun GEM Gigabit Ethernet and ERI Fast Ethernet
adapters.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.gx.4; driver has been added to support NICs based
on the Intel 82542 and 82543 Gigabit Ethernet controller
chips. Both fiber and copper variants of the cards are
supported. Both boards support VLAN tagging/insertion, and
the 82543 additionally supports TCP/IP checksum
offload. &merged;</para>
<para arch="sparc64">The hme driver has been added to support
the Sun HME Fast Ethernet adapter, onboard on many Sun Ultra
series machines.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.lge.4; driver has been added to support the Level
1 LXT1001 NetCellerator Gigabit Ethernet controller chip. This
device is used on some fiber optic GigE cards from SMC, D-Link
and Addtron. Jumbograms and TCP/IP checksum offload on
receive are supported, although hardware VLAN filtering is
not. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The my driver, which supports the Myson Fast Ethernet and
Gigabit Ethernet adapters, has been added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Added the &man.nge.4; driver, which supports PCI Gigabit
Ethernet adapters based on the National Semiconductor DP83820
and DP83821 Gigabit Ethernet controller chips, including the
D-Link DGE-500T, SMC EZ Card 1000 (SMC9462TX), Asante
FriendlyNet GigaNIC 1000TA and 1000TPC and Addtron AEG320T.
This driver supports transmit and receive checksum
offloading. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.pcn.4; driver, which supports the AMD PCnet/FAST,
PCnet/FAST+, PCnet/FAST III, PCnet/PRO, PCnet/Home, and
HomePNA adapters, has been added. Although these cards are
already supported by the &man.lnc.4; driver, the &man.pcn.4;
driver runs these chips in 32-bit mode and uses the RX
alignment feature to achieve zero-copy receive. This driver
is also machine-independent, so it will work on the i386,
pc98 and Alpha platforms. The &man.lnc.4; driver is still needed
to support non-PCI cards. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ray.4; driver, which supports the Webgear Aviator
wireless network cards, has been committed. The operation of
&man.ray.4; interfaces can be modified by
&man.raycontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The sbni driver, for supporting the Granch
SBNI12 series of ISA and PCI point-to-point communications
interfaces, has been added. The <filename
role="package">sysutils/sbniconfig</filename> port in the &os;
Ports Collection can be used for configuring these
devices. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Added support for PCI Ethernet adapters based on the SiS
900 and SiS 7016 Fast Ethernet controller chips (for example,
as seen on the SiS 635 and 735 motherboard chipsets), as well
as the National Semiconductor DP83815 chipset (including the
NetGear FA311-TX and FA312-TX) in the form of the &man.sis.4;
driver. This device has support for VLANs. &merged;</para>
<para arch="pc98" role="historic">The snc driver for the National Semiconductor
DP8393X (SONIC) Ethernet controller has been added.
Currently, this driver is only used on the PC-98
architecture. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.stf.4; device is now clonable.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.tap.4; driver, a virtual Ethernet device driver
for bridged configurations, has been added. This device is
clonable. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver now supports the Alteon AceNIC
1000baseT Gigabit Ethernet and Netgear GA620T 1000baseT
Gigabit cards. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ti.4; driver correctly masks VLAN tags. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.txp.4; driver has been added to support NICs
based on the 3Com 3XP Typhoon/Sidewinder (3CR990)
chipset. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.vlan.4; devices are now loadable, unloadable, and
clonable. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for Prism II and
Prism 2.5-based NICs. 104/128-bit WEP now works on Prism
cards. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now supports using a &os; host as
a wireless access point. This functionality can be enabled
using the <literal>mediaopt hostap</literal> option of
&man.ifconfig.8;. This feature requires a wireless
adapter based on the Prism II chipset. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.wi.4; driver now has support for
<application>bsd-airtools</application>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The xe driver can now be built as a
module. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports the 3Com 3C556 and
3C556B MiniPCI adapters used on some laptops. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports reception of VLAN
tagged frames (on the <quote>Cyclone</quote> or newer
chipsets). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.xl.4; driver now supports send- and receive-side
TCP/IP checksum offloading for NICs implementing this feature,
such as the 3C905B, 3C905C, and 3C980C. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A bug in the &man.xl.4; driver, related to statistics
overflow interrupt handling, was causing slowdowns at medium
to high packet rates; this has been fixed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The per-interface <varname>ifnet</varname> structure now
has the ability to indicate a set of capabilities supported by
a network interface, and which ones are enabled.
&man.ifconfig.8; has support for querying these
capabilities. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Performance with hosts having a large number of IP aliases
has been improved, by replacing the per-interface
<varname>if_inaddr</varname> linear list with a hash table. &merged;</para>
<para>Network devices now automatically appear as special files in
<filename>/dev/net</filename>. Interface hardware ioctls (not
protocol or routing) can be performed on these devices. The
<varname>SIOCGIFCONF</varname> ioctl may be performed on the
special <filename>/dev/network</filename> node.</para>
<para role="historic">Selected network drivers now implement a semi-polling
mode, which makes systems much more resilient to attacks and
overloads. To enable polling, the following options are
required in a kernel configuration file:
<programlisting>options DEVICE_POLLING
options HZ=1000 # not compulsory but strongly recommended</programlisting>
The <varname>kern.polling.enable</varname> sysctl variable
will then activate polling mode; with the
<varname>kern.polling.user_frac</varname> sysctl indicating
the percentage of CPU time to be reserved for userland. The
devices initially supporting polling are &man.dc.4;,
&man.fxp.4;, &man.rl.4;, and &man.sis.4;. More details can be found in
the &man.polling.4; manual page. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The packet-forwarding performance of certain
network drivers (specifically &man.dc.4; and &man.sis.4;) has
been enhanced by the elimination of unnecessary buffer
copies. &merged;</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Network Protocols</title>
<para role="historic">&man.accept.filter.9;, a kernel feature to reduce
overheads when accepting and reading new connections on
listening sockets, has been added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <literal>proxy</literal> modifier to &man.arp.8;'s
<option>-d</option> option has been renamed to
<literal>pub</literal>, for consistency with the
<option>-s</option> option. The <literal>only</literal> keyword
has been added to the <option>-s</option> and
<option>-S</option> flags, to be used in creating
<quote>proxy-only</quote> published entries. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The read timeout feature of &man.bpf.4; now works more
correctly with &man.select.2;/&man.poll.2;, and therefore with
pthreads. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; and &man.dummynet.4; have received some
enhancements and bug fixes, and are now loadable
modules. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.bridge.4; now has better support for multiple,
fully-independent bridging clusters, and is much more stable
in the presence of dynamic attachments and detatchments. Full
support for VLANs is also supported. &merged;</para>
<para>ICMP ECHO and TSTAMP replies are now rate limited. TCP
RSTs generated due to packets sent to open and unopen ports
are now limited by separate counters. Each rate limiting
queue now has its own description.</para>
<para role="historic">ICMP <literal>UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB</literal> messages can
now RST TCP connections in the <literal>SYN_SENT</literal>
state if the correct sequence numbers are sent back, as
controlled by the
<varname>net.inet.tcp.icmp_may_rst</varname> sysctl. &merged;</para>
<para>IP multicast now works on VLAN devices. Several other
bugs in the VLAN code have also been fixed.</para>
<para role="historic">A bug in the IPsec processing for IPv4, which caused the
inbound SPD checks to be ignored, has been fixed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ipfw.4; now filters correctly in the presence of ECN
bits in TCP segments. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A new ng_eiface netgraph module has been added, which
appears as an Ethernet interface but delivers its Ethernet
frames to a Netgraph hook. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A new &man.ng.etf.4; netgraph node allows Ethernet type
packets to be filtered to different hooks depending on
ethertype. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.ng.gif.4; and &man.ng.gif.demux.4; netgraph
nodes, for operating on &man.gif.4; devices, have been
added.</para>
<para>The &man.ng.ip.input.4; netgraph node, for queueing IP
packets into the main IP input processing code, has been
added.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ng.mppc.4; and &man.ng.bridge.4; node types have
been added to the &man.netgraph.4; subsystem. The
&man.ng.ether.4; node is now dynamically loadable.
Miscellaneous bug fixes and enhancements have also been
made. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A new netgraph node type &man.ng.one2many.4; for
multiplexing and demultiplexing packets over multiple links
has been added. &merged;</para>
<para>A new ng_split node type has been added for splitting a
bidirectional packet flow into two unidirectional flows.</para>
<para role="historic">A new sysctl
<varname>net.inet.ip.check_interface</varname>, which is on by
default, causes IP to verify that an incoming packet arrives
on an interface that has an address matching the packet's
destination address. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A new sysctl
<varname>net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface</varname> has
been added to control the suppression of logging when ARP
replies arrive on the wrong interface. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A new <literal>options RANDOM_IP_ID</literal> kernel
option causes the ID field of IP packets to be randomized.
This closes a minor information leak which allows a remote
observer to determine the rate at which the machine is
generating packets, since the default behavior is to increment
a counter for each packet sent. &merged;</para>
<para arch="alpha">SLIP has been removed from the
<filename>mfsroot</filename> floppy image.</para>
<para role="historic">TCP has received some bug fixes for its delayed ACK
behavior. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">TCP now supports the NewReno modification to the TCP Fast
Recovery algorithm. This behavior can be controlled via the
<varname>net.inet.tcp.newreno</varname> sysctl
variable. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">TCP now uses a more aggressive timeout for initial SYN
segments; this allows initial connection attempts to be
dropped much faster. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_COMPAT_42</literal> kernel option has
been removed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <literal>TCP_RESTRICT_RST</literal> kernel option has
been removed. Similar functionality can be achieved with the
<varname>net.inet.tcp.blackhole</varname> sysctl
variable. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">TCP now has RFC 1323 extensions enabled by default in
&man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">RFC 1323 and RFC 1644 TCP extensions are now disabled for
a connection in progress if no response has been received by
the third SYN segment sent. This behavior tries to work
around (very old) terminal servers with buggy VJ header
compression implementations. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The TCP implementation no longer requires the allocation
of a TCP template structure for each connection; this should
reduce the buffer usage on large systems handling many
connections. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">TCP's default buffer sizes, controlled by the
<varname>net.inet.tcp.sendspace</varname> and
<varname>net.inet.tcp.recvspace</varname> sysctl variables,
have been increased to 32K and 64K respectively. Previously,
the default for both buffer sizes was 16K. To try to avoid
increasing congestion, the default value for
<varname>net.inet.tcp.local_slowstart_flightsize</varname> has
been changed from infinity to 4. &merged;
<note>
<para>On busy hosts, the new larger buffer sizes may require
manually increasing the
<varname>NMBCLUSTERS</varname> parameter, either in the
kernel configuration file or via the
<varname>kern.ipc.nmbclusters</varname> loader tunable.
<command>netstat -mb</command> can be used to monitor the
state of mbuf clusters.</para>
</note>
</para>
<para role="historic">TCP now supports RFC 1948 (Defending Against Sequence
Number Attacks). The
<varname>net.inet.tcp.isn_reseed_interval</varname> sysctl
variable controls the reseeding of the secret data used in
the RFC 1948 initial sequence number calculations. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The TCP implementation in &os; now implements a cache of
outstanding, received SYN segments. Incoming SYN segments now
cause entries to be placed in the cache until the TCP
three-way handshake is complete, at which point, memory is
allocated for the connection as usual. In addition, all TCP
Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs) are used as cookies, allowing
entries in the cache to be dropped, but still have their
corresponding ACKs accepted later. The combination of the
so-called
<quote>syncache</quote> and <quote>syncookies</quote> features
makes a host much more resistant to TCP-based Denial of
Service attacks. Work on this feature was sponsored by DARPA
and NAI Labs. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A bug in the TCP implementation, which could cause
connections to stall if a sender saw a zero-sized window, has
been corrected. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The TCP implementation now properly ignores packets
addressed to IP-layer broadcast addresses. &merged;</para>
<para>The ephemeral port range used for TCP and UDP has been
changed to 49152&ndash;65535 (the old default was
1024&ndash;5000). This increases the number of concurrent
outgoing connections/streams.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Disks and Storage</title>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">Support for the Adaptec FSA family of PCI-SCSI
RAID controllers has been added, in the form of the
&man.aac.4; driver. This driver includes proper handling of
commands initiated by the adapter, addition/removal of disk
devices, crashdump functionality, and &man.ioctl.2; commands
necessary for the management CLI, and is fully qualified and
sanctioned by Adaptec. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ahc.4; driver has received numerous updates,
bugfixes, and enhancements. Among various improvements are
improved compatibility with chips in <quote>RAID Port</quote>
mode and systems with AAA and/or ARO cards installed, as well
as performance improvements. Some bugs were also fixed,
including a rare hang on Ultra2/U160
controllers. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver, which provides support
for the Adaptec SCSI RAID controller family, as well as the
DPT SmartRAID V and VI families, has been
added. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.asr.4; driver now supports the
Adaptec 2000S and 2005S Zero-Channel RAID
controllers. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA100
controllers. In addition, it now supports the ServerWorks
ROSB4 ATA33 chipset, the CMD 648 ATA66 and CMD 649 ATA100
chipsets, and the Cyrix 5530. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">To provide more flexible configuration, the various
options for the &man.ata.4; driver are now boot loader
tunables, rather than kernel configure-time
options. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for tagged queuing,
which is enabled by the <varname>hw.ata.tags</varname> loader
tunable. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for ATA
<quote>pseudo</quote> RAID controllers as the Promise Fasttrak
and HighPoint HPT370 controllers. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now supports a wider variety of SiS
chipsets, as listed in the Hardware Notes. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for creating,
deleting, querying, and rebuilding ATA RAIDs under control of
&man.atacontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The BurnProof(TM) feature, for applicable ATAPI CD-ROM
burners, is now supported. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now has support for 48-bit
addressing. Devices larger than 137GB are now
supported. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ata.4; driver now contains fixes for some data
corruption problems on systems using the VIA 82C686B
Southbridge chip. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.cd.4; driver now has support for write
operations. This allows writing to DVD-RAM, PD and similar
drives that probe as CD devices. Note that change affects
only random-access writeable devices, not sequential-only
writeable devices such as CD-R drives, which are supported by
&man.cdrecord.1; (a part of
<filename role="package">sysutils/cdrtools</filename> in the
Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The ciss driver, for devices utilizing the
Common Interface for SCSI-3 Support, has been added. This
driver supports the Compaq SmartRAID 5* family of RAID
controllers (5300, 532, 5i). &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.fdc.4; floppy disk has undergone a number of
enhancements. Density selection for common settings is now
automatic; the driver is also much more flexible in setting
the densities of various subdevices.</para>
<para>The &man.geom.4; disk I/O request transformation framework
has been added; this extensible framework is designed to
support a wide variety of operations on I/O requests on their
way from the upper kernel to the device drivers.</para>
<para role="historic">The ida disk driver now has crashdump
support. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The iir driver has been added to support the
Intel Integrated RAID controllers, as well as prior ICP Vortex
controllers.</para>
<para arch="alpha" role="historic">A bug that made certain CDROM drives fail to
attach when connected to a SCSI card driven by &man.isp.4; has
been fixed. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.isp.4; driver is now proactive about discovering
Fibre Channel topology changes.</para>
<para>The &man.isp.4; driver now supports target mode for Qlogic
SCSI cards, including Ultra2 and Ultra3 and dual bus
cards.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.isp.4; driver now supports the Qlogic 2300 and
2312 Optical Fibre Channel PCI cards. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.md.4;, the memory disk device, has had the
functionality of &man.vn.4; incorporated into it. &man.md.4;
devices can now be configured by &man.mdconfig.8;. &man.vn.4;
has been removed. The Memory Filesystem (MFS) has also been
removed.</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.mly.4; driver, for Mylex PCI to SCSI
AccelRAID and eXtremeRAID controllers with firmware 6.X and
later, has been added. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ncv, nsp, and stg drivers have been ported
from NetBSD/pc98. They support the NCR 53C50 / Workbit Ninja
SCSI-3 / TMC 18C30, 18C50 based PC-Card/ISA SCSI controllers.
All three drivers can be built and loaded as
modules. &merged;</para>
<para arch="powerpc">The ofw driver, a basic OpenFirmware disk
driver, has been added.</para>
<para>Some problems in &man.sa.4; error handling have been
fixed, including the <quote>tape drive spinning indefinitely
upon &man.mt.1; <option>stat</option></quote> problem.</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.twe.4; 3ware ATA RAID driver has
added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.wd.4; compatibility devices were removed from the
&man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Filesystems</title>
<para>Support for named extended attributes was added to the
&os; kernel. This allows the kernel, and appropriately
privileged userland processes, to tag files and directories
with attribute data. Extended attributes were added to
support the TrustedBSD Project, in particular ACLs, capability
data, and mandatory access control labels (see
<filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.extattr</filename> for
details).</para>
<para role="historic">Due to a licensing change, softupdates have been
integrated into the main portion of the kernel source tree.
As a consequence, softupdates are now available with the
<filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel. &merged;</para>
<para>A filesystem snapshot capability has been added to FFS.
Details can be found in
<filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ffs/README.snapshot</filename>.</para>
<!-- The following note needs to be made more specific or eliminated. -->
<para>Softupdates for FFS have received some bug fixes and
enhancements.</para>
<para>When running with softupdates, &man.statfs.2; and
&man.df.1; will track the number of blocks and files that are
committed to being freed.</para>
<para role="historic">A bug in FFS that could cause superblock corruption on
very large filesystems has been corrected. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The ISO-9660 filesystem now has a hook that supports a
loadable character conversion routine. The
<filename role="package">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</filename>
port contains a set of common conversions. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.kernfs.5; is obsolete and has been retired.</para>
<para role="historic">A bug in the NFS client that caused bogus access times with
<literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> opens was
fixed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A new NFS hash function (based on the Fowler/Noll/Vo hash
algorithm) has been implemented to improve NFS performance by
increasing the efficiency of the <varname>nfsnode</varname>
hash tables. &merged;</para>
<para>Client-side NFS locks have been implemented.</para>
<para>The client-side and server-side of the NFS code in the
kernel used to be intertwined in various complex ways. They
have been split apart for ease of maintenance and further
development.</para>
<para>Support for filesystem Access Control Lists (ACLs) has
been introduced, allowing more fine-grained control of
discretionary access control on files and directories. This
support was integrated from the TrustedBSD Project. More
details can be found in
<filename>/usr/src/sys/ufs/ufs/README.acls</filename>.</para>
<para role="historic">The directory layout preference algorithm for FFS
(<literal>dirprefs</literal>) has been changed. Rather than
scattering directory blocks across a disk, it attempts to
group related directory blocks together. Operations
traversing large directory hierarchies, such as the &os; Ports
tree, have shown marked speedups. This change is transparent
and automatic for new directories. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">smbfs (CIFS) support in kernel has been added.
The userland programs &man.smbutil.1; and &man.mount.smbfs.8;
can be used to work with SMB shares. Note that
&man.mount.smbfs.8; will automatically load the
<filename>smbfs.ko</filename> module into the kernel, even if
<literal>LIBMCHAIN</literal> and
<literal>LIBICONV</literal> were not compiled into the kernel.
&merged;</para>
<para>For consistency, the fdesc, fifo, null, msdos, portal,
umap, and union filesystems have been renamed to fdescfs,
fifofs, msdosfs, nullfs, portalfs, umapfs, and unionfs. Where
applicable, modules and mount_* programs have been renamed.
Compatibility <quote>glue</quote> has been added to
&man.mount.8; so that <literal>msdos</literal> filesystem
entries in &man.fstab.5; will work without changes.</para>
<para>pseudofs, a pseudo-filesystem framework, has been added.
&man.linprocfs.5; and &man.procfs.5; have been modified to use
pseudofs.</para>
<para role="historic">A simple hash-based lookup optimization for large
directories called <literal>dirhash</literal> has been added.
Conditional on the
<literal>UFS_DIRHASH</literal> kernel option (enabled by
default in the <filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel), it
improves the speed of operations on very large directories at
the expense of some memory. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The virtual memory subsystem now backs UFS directory
memory requirements by default (this behavior is controlled
via the <varname>vfs.vmiodirenable</varname> sysctl
variable). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A bug that prevented the root filesystem from being
mounted from a SCSI CDROM has been fixed (ATAPI CDROMs were
always supported). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A number of bugs in the filesystem code, discovered
through the use of the <application>fsx</application>
filesystem test tool, have been fixed. Under certain
circumstances (primarily related to use of NFS), these bugs
could cause data corruption or kernel panics. &merged;</para>
<para>Network filesystems (such as NFS and smbfs filesystems)
listed in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> can now be properly
mounted during startup initialization; their mounts are
deferred until after the network is initialized.</para>
<para>Read-only support for the Universal Disk Format (UDF) has
been added. This format is used on packet-written CD-RWs and
most commercial DVD-Video disks. The &man.mount.udf.8;
command can be used to mount these disks.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>PCCARD Support</title>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The pccard driver and &man.pccardc.8; now
support multiple <quote>beep types</quote> upon card insertion
and removal. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">On many modern hosts, PCCARD devices can be configured to
route their interrupts via either the ISA or PCI interrupt
paths. The &man.pcic.4; driver has been updated to support
both interrupt paths (formerly, only routing via ISA was
supported). &merged; In most cases, configuration of PCMCIA
devices in laptops is simpler and more flexible. In addition,
various Cardbus bridge PCI cards (such as those used by
Orinoco PCI NICs) are now supported. Some hosts may
experience problems, such as hangs or panics, with PCI
interrupt routing; they can frequently be made to work by
forcing the older-style ISA interrupt routing. The following
lines, placed in <filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>, may
fix the problem:</para>
<programlisting role="historic">hw.pcic.intr_path="1"
hw.pcic.irq="0"</programlisting>
<para role="historic">When installing &os; on such a system, typing the
following lines to the boot loader may be helpful in starting
up &os; for the first time:<para>
<screen role="historic"><prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.intr_path="1"</userinput>
<prompt>ok</prompt> <userinput>set hw.pcic.irq="0"</userinput></screen>
<para arch="i386">Preliminary Cardbus support under NEWCARD has
been added. This code supports the TI113X, TI12XX, TI125X,
Ricoh 5C46/5C47, Topic 95/97/100 and Cirrus Logic PD683X
bridges. 16-bit PC Card support is not yet functional.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Multimedia Support</title>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The &man.pcm.4; driver now supports the ESS
Solo 1, Maestro-1, Maestro-2, and Maestro-2e; Forte Media
fm801, ESS Maestro-2e, and VIA Technologies VT82C686A sound
card/chipsets, and has received some other updates. Separate
drivers for the SoundBlaster 8 and SoundBlaster 16 now replace
an older, unified driver. A driver for the CMedia
CMI8338/CMI8738 sound chips has been added. A driver for the
CS4281 sound chip has been added. A driver for the S3
SonicVibes chipset has been added. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Avance Logic ALS4000 has been
added. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the ESS Maestro-3/Allegro has
been added, however due to licensing restrictions, it cannot
be compiled into the kernel. &merged; To use this driver, add
the following line to
<filename>/boot/loader.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting role="historic">snd_maestro3_load="YES"</programlisting>
<para role="historic">The &man.bktr.4; driver has been updated to 2.18. This
update provides a number of new features. New tuner types
have been added, and improvements to the KLD module and to
memory allocation have been made. Bugs in &man.devfs.5; when
unloading and reloading have been fixed. Support for new
Hauppauge Model 44xxx WinTV Cards (the ones with no audio mux)
has been added. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">The ufm driver, supporting the D-Link DSB-R100
USB Radio, has been added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">When sound modules are built, one can now load all the
drivers and infrastructure by <command>kldload
snd</command>. &merged;</para>
<para>A new API has been added for sound cards with hardware
volume control.</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">A driver for the Intel 443MX, 810, 815, and
815E integrated sound devices has been added. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The via82c686 sound driver now supports the VIA
VT8233. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic">The ich sound driver now support the SiS
7012 chipset. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386">Drivers have been added to support the Direct
Rendering Infrastructure, which can used to provide 3D
acceleration within <application>XFree86</application>. Video
cards supported include the 3Dlabs Oxygen GMX 2000 (gammadrm),
AGP Matrox G200/G400/G450/G550 (mgadrm), 3dfx Voodoo
3/4/5/Banshee (tdfxdrm), AGI ATI Rage 128 (r128drm), and AGP
ATI Radeon (radeondrm).</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Contributed Software</title>
<para>The Forth Inspired Command Language
(<application>FICL</application>) used in the boot loader has
been updated to 3.02.</para>
<para>Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
(ACPI), a multi-vendor standard for configuration and power
management, has been added. This functionality has been
provided by the <application>Intel ACPI Component
Architecture</application> project, as of the ACPI CA 20020308
snapshot. Some backward compatability for applications using
the older APM standard has been provided.</para>
<sect4>
<title>IPFilter</title>
<para><application>IPFilter</application> has been updated to
3.4.28.</para>
<para role="historic"><application>IPFilter</application> now supports
IPv6. &merged;</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 arch="i386">
<title>isdn4bsd</title>
<para><application>isdn4bsd</application> has been updated to
version 1.0.2.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ifpi.4; driver for supporting the AVM
Fritz!Card PCI controller has been added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ifpi2.4; driver for supporting the AVM
Fritz!Card PCI version 2 controller has been added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ihfc.4; driver for supporting Cologne Chip
Designs HFC devices under
<application>isdn4bsd</application> has been
added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.itjc.4; driver for supporting NETjet-S / Teles
PCI-TJ devices under <application>isdn4bsd</application> has
been added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Experimental support for the Eicon.Diehl DIVA 2.0 and
2.02 ISA PnP ISDN cards has been added to the &man.isic.4;
<application>isdn4bsd</application> driver. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.isic.4; driver now supports the Compaq Microcom
610 ISDN ISA PnP card. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Active CAPI-based ISDN cards manufactured by AVM are now
supported using the &man.i4bcapi.4; and the &man.iavc.4;
driver. The supported cards are the AVM B1 PCI and AVM B1
ISA Basic Rate cards and the AVM T1 Primary Rate
cards. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A new <literal>maxconnecttime</literal> keyword is now
accepted in &man.isdnd.rc.5; files to limit the time a
connection may remain open. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.isdnphone.8; now supports a <option>-k</option>
option for sending messages via the keypad facility to a PBX
or exchange office. &merged;</para>
<para><application>isdn4bsd</application> now supports Q.931
subaddressing.</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="kame-kernel">
<title>KAME</title>
<para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
the items listed in this section are a result of this
import. <xref linkend="kame-userland"> lists userland
updates to the KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.gif.4; is now based on RFC 2893, rather than RFC
1933. The <literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can
be used to control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>IPsec</application> has received some
enhancements, including the ability to use the Rijndael and
SHA2 algorithms. IPsec RC5 support has been removed due to
patent issues. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.stf.4; now conforms to RFC 3056; the
<literal>IFF_LINK2</literal> interface flag can be used to
control ingress filtering. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">IPv6 has better checking of illegal addresses (such as
loopback addresses) on physical networks. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <varname>IPV6_V6ONLY</varname> socket option is now
completely supported. The kernel's default behavior with
respect to this option is controlled by the
<varname>net.inet6.ip6.v6only</varname> sysctl
variable. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">RFC 3041 (Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration) is now supported. It can be enabled via
the <varname>net.inet6.ip6.use_tempaddr</varname> sysctl
variable. &merged;</para>
</sect4>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="security">
<title>Security-Related Changes</title>
<para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now allows the user to select one of two
<quote>security profiles</quote> at install-time. These
profiles enable different levels of system security by enabling
or disabling various system services in &man.rc.conf.5; on new
installs. &merged;</para>
<para>A bug in which malformed ELF executable images can hang the
system has been fixed (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-00:41). &merged;</para>
<para>A security hole in Linux emulation was fixed (see security
advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:42). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">String-handling library calls in many programs were fixed to
reduce the possibility of buffer overflow-related exploits.
&merged;</para>
<para>TCP now uses stronger randomness in choosing its initial
sequence numbers (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-00:52). &merged;</para>
<para>Several buffer overflows in &man.tcpdump.1; were corrected
(see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:61). &merged;</para>
<para>A security hole in &man.top.1; was corrected (see security
advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:62). &merged;</para>
<para>A potential security hole caused by an off-by-one-error in
&man.gethostbyname.3; has been fixed (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-00:63). &merged;</para>
<para>A potential buffer overflow in the &man.ncurses.3; library,
which could cause arbitrary code to be run from within
&man.systat.1;, has been corrected (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-00:68). &merged;</para>
<para>A vulnerability in &man.telnetd.8; that could cause it to
consume large amounts of server resources has been fixed (see
security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:69). &merged;</para>
<para>The <literal>nat deny_incoming</literal> command in
&man.ppp.8; now works correctly (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-00:70). &merged;</para>
<para>A vulnerability in &man.csh.1;/&man.tcsh.1; temporary files
that could allow overwriting of arbitrary user-writable files
has been closed (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-00:76). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ssh.1; binary is no longer SUID root by
default. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Some fixes were applied to the Kerberos IV implementation
related to environment variables, a possible buffer overrun, and
overwriting ticket files. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does a better job of sanitizing its
environment. &merged;</para>
<para>Several vulnerabilities in &man.procfs.5; were fixed (see
security advisory FreeBSD-SA-00:77). &merged;</para>
<para>A bug in <application>OpenSSH</application> in which a
server was unable to disable &man.ssh-agent.1; or
<literal>X11Forwarding</literal> was fixed (see security
advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:01). &merged;</para>
<para>A bug in &man.ipfw.8; and &man.ip6fw.8; in which inbound TCP
segments could incorrectly be treated as being part of an
<literal>established</literal> connection has been fixed (see
security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:08). &merged;</para>
<para>A bug in &man.crontab.1; that could allow users to read any
file on the system in valid &man.crontab.5; syntax has been
fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:09). &merged;</para>
<para>A vulnerability in &man.inetd.8; that could allow
read-access to the initial 16 bytes of
<groupname>wheel</groupname>-accessible files has been fixed
(see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:11). &merged;</para>
<para>A bug in &man.periodic.8; that used insecure temporary files
has been corrected (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-01:12). &merged;</para>
<para><application>OpenSSH</application> now has code to prevent
(instead of just mitigating through connection limits) an attack
that can lead to guessing the server key (not host key) by
regenerating the server key when an RSA failure is detected (see
security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:24). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A number of programs have had output formatting strings
corrected so as to reduce the risk of
vulnerabilities. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A number of programs that use temporary files now do so more
securely. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A bug in ICMP that could cause an attacker to disrupt TCP and UDP
<quote>sessions</quote> has been corrected. &merged;</para>
<para>A bug in &man.timed.8;, which caused it to crash if send
certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:28). &merged;</para>
<para>A bug in &man.rwhod.8;, which caused it to crash if send
certain malformed packets, has been corrected (see security
advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:29). &merged;</para>
<para>A security hole in &os;'s FFS and EXT2FS implementations,
which allowed a race condition that could cause users to have
unauthorized access to data, has been fixed (see security
advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:30). &merged;</para>
<para>A remotely-exploitable vulnerability in &man.ntpd.8; has
been closed (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-01:31). &merged;</para>
<para>A security hole in <application>IPFilter</application>'s
fragment cache has been closed (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-01:32). &merged;</para>
<para>Buffer overflows in &man.glob.3;, which could cause
arbitrary code to be run on an FTP server, have been closed. In
addition, to prevent some forms of DOS attacks, &man.glob.3;
allows specification of a limit on the number of pathname
matches it will return. &man.ftpd.8; now uses this feature (see
security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:33). &merged;</para>
<para>Initial sequence numbers in TCP are more thoroughly
randomized (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:39). Due to
some possible compatibility issues, the behavior of this
security fix can be enabled or disabled via the
<varname>net.inet.tcp.tcp_seq_genscheme</varname> sysctl
variable.&merged;</para>
<para>A vulnerability in the &man.fts.3; routines (used by
applications for recursively traversing a filesystem) could
allow a program to operate on files outside the intended
directory hierarchy. This bug has been fixed (see security
advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:40). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now switches to the
user's UID before attempting to unlink the authentication
forwarding file, nullifying the effects of a race.</para>
<para>A flaw allowed some signal handlers to remain in effect in a
child process after being exec-ed from its parent. This allowed
an attacker to execute arbitrary code in the context of a setuid
binary. This flaw has been corrected (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-01:42). &merged;</para>
<para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.tcpdump.1; has been fixed
(see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:48). &merged;</para>
<para>A remote buffer overflow in &man.telnetd.8; has been fixed
(see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:49). &merged;</para>
<para>The new <varname>net.inet.ip.maxfragpackets</varname> and
<varname>net.inet.ip6.maxfragpackets</varname> sysctl variables
limit the amount of memory that can be consumed by IPv4 and IPv6
packet fragments, which defends against some denial of service
attacks (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-01:52). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">All services in <filename>inetd.conf</filename> are now
disabled by default for new installations. &man.sysinstall.8;
gives the option of enabling or disabling &man.inetd.8; on new
installations, as well as editing
<filename>inetd.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para>A flaw in the implementation of the &man.ipfw.8;
<literal>me</literal> rules on point-to-point links has been
corrected. Formerly, <literal>me</literal> filter rules would
match the remote IP address of a point-to-point interface in
addition to the intended local IP address (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-01:53). &merged;</para>
<para>A vulnerability in &man.procfs.5;, which could allow a
process to read sensitive information from another process's
memory space, has been closed (see security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-01:55). &merged;</para>
<para>The <literal>PARANOID</literal> hostname checking in
<application>tcp_wrappers</application> now works as advertised
(see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:56). &merged;</para>
<para>A local root exploit in &man.sendmail.8; has been closed
(see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:57). &merged;</para>
<para>A remote root vulnerability in &man.lpd.8; has been closed
(see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:58). &merged;</para>
<para>A race condition in &man.rmuser.8; that briefly exposed a
world-readable <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename> has been
fixed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:59). &merged;</para>
<para>A vulnerability in <application>UUCP</application> has been
closed (see security advisory FreeBSD-SA-01:62). All
non-<username>root</username>-owned binaries in standard system
paths now have the <literal>schg</literal> flag set to prevent
exploit vectors when run by &man.cron.8;, by
<username>root</username>, or by a user other then the one owning
the binary. In addition, &man.uustat.1; is now run via
<filename>/etc/periodic/daily/410.status-uucp</filename> as
<username>uucp</username>, not <username>root</username>. In
&os; -CURRENT, <application>UUCP</application> has since been
moved to the Ports Collection and no longer a part of the base
system. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A security hole in the form of a buffer overflow in the
&man.semop.2; system call has been closed. &merged;</para>
<para>A security hole in <application>OpenSSH</application>, which
could allow users to execute code with arbitrary privileges if
<literal>UseLogin yes</literal> was set, has been closed. Note
that the default value of this setting is
<literal>UseLogin no</literal>. (See security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-01:63.) &merged;</para>
<para>The use of an insecure temporary directory by
&man.pkg.add.1; could permit a local attacker to modify the
contents of binary packages while they were being installed.
This hole has been closed. (See security advisory
FreeBSD-SA-02:01.) &merged;</para>
<para>A race condition in &man.pw.8;, which could expose the
contents of <filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>, has been
eliminated. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:02.)
&merged;</para>
<para>A bug in &man.k5su.8; could have allowed a process that had
given up superuser privileges to regain them. This bug has been
fixed. (See security advisory FreeBSD-SA-02:07.)
&merged;</para>
<para>An <quote>off-by-one</quote> bug has been fixed in
<application>OpenSSH</application>'s multiplexing code. This bug
could have allowed an authenticated remote user to cause
&man.sshd.8; to execute arbitrary code with superuser
privileges, or allowed a malicious SSH server to execute arbitrary
code on the client system with the privileges of the client user. (See security
advisory <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:13.openssh.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:13</ulink>.)
&merged;</para>
<para>A programming error in <application>zlib</application> could
result in attempts to free memory multiple times. The
&man.malloc.3;/&man.free.3; routines used in &os; are not
vulnerable to this error, but applications receiving
specially-crafted blocks of invalid compressed data could
be made to function incorrectly or abort. This
<application>zlib</application> bug has been fixed. For a
workaround and solutions, see security advisory <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:18.zlib.v1.2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:18</ulink>.
&merged;</para>
<para>Bugs in the TCP SYN cache (<quote>syncache</quote>) and SYN
cookie (<quote>syncookie</quote>) implementations, which could
cause legitimate TCP/IP traffic to crash a machine, have been
fixed. For a workaround and patches, see security advisory
<ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:20.syncache.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:20</ulink>.
&merged;</para>
<para>A routing table memory leak, which could allow a remote
attacker to exhaust the memory of a target machine, has been
fixed. A workaround and patches can be found in security
advisory <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:21.tcpip.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:21</ulink>.
&merged;</para>
<para>A bug with memory-mapped I/O, which could cause a system
crash, has been fixed. For more information about a solution,
see security advisory <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:22.mmap.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:22</ulink>.
&merged;</para>
<para>A security hole, in which SUID programs could be made to
read from or write to inappropriate files through manipulation
of their standard I/O file descriptors, has been fixed.
Information regarding a solution can be found in security
advisory <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:23</ulink>.
&merged;</para>
<para>Some unexpected behavior could be allowed with &man.k5su.8;
because it does not require that an invoking user be a member of
the <groupname>wheel</groupname> group when attempting to become
the superuser (this is the case with &man.su.1;). To avoid this
situation, &man.k5su.8; is now installed non-SUID by default
(effectively disabling it). More information can be found in
security advisory <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:24.k5su.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:24</ulink>.
&merged;</para>
<para>Multiple vulnerabilities were found in the &man.bzip2.1;
utility, which could allow files to be overwritten without
warning or allow local users unintended access to files. These
problems have been corrected with a new import of
<application>bzip2</application>. For more information, see
security advisory <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:25.bzip2.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:25</ulink>.
&merged;</para>
<para>A bug has been fixed in the implementation of the TCP SYN
cache (<quote>syncache</quote>), which could allow a remote
attacker to deny access to a service when accept filters
(see &man.accept.filter.9;) were in use. This bug has been
fixed; for more information, see security advisory <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:26.accept.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:26</ulink>.
&merged;</para>
<para>Due to a bug in &man.rc.8;'s use of shell globbing, users
may be able to remove the contents of arbitrary files if
<filename>/tmp/.X11-unix</filename> does not exist and the
system can be made to reboot. This bug has been corrected (see
security advisory <ulink
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:27.rc.asc">FreeBSD-SA-02:27</ulink>).
&merged;</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="userland">
<title>Userland Changes</title>
<para role="historic">If the first argument to &man.ancontrol.8; or
&man.wicontrol.8; doesn't start with a <literal>-</literal>, it
is assumed to be an interface. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.apmd.8; now has the ability to monitor battery levels
and execute commands based on percentage or minutes of battery
life remaining via the <literal>apm_battery</literal>
configuration directive. See the commented-out examples in
<filename>/etc/apmd.conf</filename> for the
syntax. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.arp.8; now prints the applicable interface name for
each ARP entry. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.arp.8; now prints <literal>[fddi]</literal> or
<literal>[atm]</literal> tags for addresses on interfaces of
those types.</para>
<para>The &man.asa.1; utility, to interpret FORTRAN
carriage-control characters, has been added.</para>
<para>&man.at.1; now supports the <option>-r</option> command-line
option to remove jobs and the <option>-t</option> option to
specify times in POSIX time format.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.atacontrol.8; has been added to control various aspects
of the &man.ata.4; driver. &merged;</para>
<para>The system &man.awk.1; now refers to
<application>BWK awk</application>. <application>GNU
awk</application> is now available as &man.gawk.1;.</para>
<para arch="pc98" role="historic">&man.boot98cfg.8;, a PC-98 boot manager
installation and configuration utility, has been
added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.burncd.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option for
multisession mode (the default behavior now is to close disks as
single-session). A <option>-l</option> option to take a list of
image files from a filename was also added;
<filename>-</filename> can be used as a filename for
<literal>stdin</literal>. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.burncd.8; now supports Disk At Once (DAO) mode,
selectable via the <option>-d</option> flag.</para>
<para>&man.burncd.8; now has the ability to write VCDs/SVCDs.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.c89.1; has been converted from a shell script to a
binary executable, fixing some minor bugs. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">A minimalized version of &man.camcontrol.8; is
now available on the installation floppy. This allows it to
rescan for devices that have been connected after booting, or to
show the devices attached to SCSI busses (e. g. from within the
<quote>emergency holographic shell</quote>). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.cat.1; now has the ability to read from UNIX-domain
sockets. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.catman.1; is now a C program, instead of a
Perl script.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a <literal>cdid</literal>
command, which calculates and displays the CD serial number,
using the same algorithm used by the CDDB
database. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now uses the <envar>CDROM</envar>
environment variable to pick a default device. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.cdcontrol.1; now supports <literal>next</literal> and
<literal>prev</literal> commands to skip forwards or backwards a
specified number of tracks while playing an audio
CD. &merged;</para>
<para>On ATAPI CDROM drives, &man.cdcontrol.1; now supports a
<literal>speed</literal> command to set the maximum speed to be
used by the drive. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.chflags.1; has moved from <filename>/usr/bin</filename>
to <filename>/bin</filename>.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.chio.1; now has the ability to specify elements by
volume tag instead of by their physical location as well as the
ability to return an element to its previous
location. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.chmod.1; now supports a <option>-h</option> for
changing the mode of a symbolic link.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.chown.8; now correctly follows symbolic links named as
command line arguments if run without
<option>-R</option>. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.chown.8; no longer takes <literal>.</literal> as a
user/group delimeter. This change was made to support usernames
containing a <literal>.</literal>.</para>
<para>Use of the <literal>CSMG_*</literal> macros no longer
require inclusion of
<filename>&lt;sys/param.h&gt;</filename></para>
<para role="historic">&man.col.1; now takes a <option>-p</option> flag to force
unknown control sequences to be passed through
unchanged. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <filename>compat3x</filename> distribution has been
updated to include libraries present in &os;
3.5.1-RELEASE. &merged;</para>
<para>A <filename>compat4x</filename> distribution has been added
for compatibility with &os; 4-STABLE.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.config.8; is now better about converting various
warnings that should have been errors into actual fatal errors
with an exit code. This ensures that <literal>make
buildkernel</literal> doesn't quietly ignore them and build a
bogus kernel without a human to read the errors. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">A number of buffer overflows in &man.config.8; have been
fixed. &merged;</para>
<para>A new &man.csplit.1; utility, which splits files based on
context, has been added.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ctags.1; no longer creates a corrupt tags file if the
source file used <literal>//</literal> (C++-style)
comments. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.daemon.8; program, a command-line interface to
&man.daemon.3;, has been added. It detaches itself from its
controlling terminal and executes a program specified on the
command line. This allows the user to run an arbitrary program
as if it were written to be a daemon.</para>
<para>&man.devinfo.8;, a simple tool to print the device tree and resource
usage by devices, has been added.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.df.1; now takes a <option>-l</option> option to only
display information about locally-mounted
filesystems. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.disklabel.8; now supports partition sizes expressed in
kilobytes, megabytes, or gigabytes, in addition to
sectors. &merged;</para>
<para>diskpart(8) has been declared obsolete, and has been
removed.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.dmesg.8; now has a <option>-a</option> option to show
the entire message buffer, including &man.syslogd.8; records and
<filename>/dev/console</filename> output. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.du.1; now takes a <option>-I</option> command-line flag
to ignore/skip files and subdirectories matching a specified
shell-glob mask. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supports inheritance of the
<literal>nodump</literal> flag down a hierarchy. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <option>-T</option> option to &man.dump.8; no longer
swallows an extra argument. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.dump.8; has a new <option>-D</option> option, allowing
the path to the <filename>/etc/dumpdates</filename> file to be
changed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.dump.8; now supplies progress information in its
process title, useful for monitoring automated
backups. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.dump.8; now supports a new <option>-S</option> flag to allow
it to just print out the dump size estimates and exit.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.edquota.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
allow limiting the prototype quota distribution (specified with
<option>-p</option>) to a single filesystem. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>/etc/rc.firewall</filename> and
<filename>/etc/rc.firewall6</filename> will no longer add their own
hardcoded rules in the cases of a rules file in the
<varname>firewall_type</varname> variable or a non-existent
firewall type. (The motivation for this change is to avoid
acting on assumptions about a site's firewall policies.) In
addition, the <literal>closed</literal> firewall type now works
as documented in the &man.rc.firewall.8; manual page. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The functionality of <filename>/etc/security</filename> has
been been moved into a set of scripts under the &man.periodic.8;
framework, to make local customization easier and more
maintainable. These scripts now reside in
<filename>/etc/periodic/security/</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.expr.1; is now compliant with the POSIX Utility Syntax
Guidelines. Some programs depend on the old, historic behavior
(the <filename role="package">devel/libtool</filename>
port/package was/is a notable example). In these situations,
the <envar>EXPR_COMPAT</envar> environment variable can be
defined, which causes &man.expr.1; to behave more like previous
versions.</para>
<para>&man.fbtab.5; now accepts glob matching patterns for target
devices, not just individual devices and directories.</para>
<para arch="i386">&man.fdisk.8; no longer attempts to search for a
device if none has been specified on the command line, but
instead tries to figure out the default device name from the
root device.</para>
<para>&man.fdread.1;, a program to read data from floppy disks,
has been added. It is a counterpart to &man.fdwrite.1; and is
designed to provide a means of recovering at least some data
from bad media, and to obviate for a complex invocation of
&man.dd.1;.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-empty</option> flag,
which returns true if a file or directory is
empty. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.find.1; now takes the <option>-iname</option> and
<option>-ipath</option> primaries for case-insensitive matches,
and the <option>-regexp</option> and <option>-iregexp</option>
primaries for regular-expression matches. The
<option>-E</option> flag now enables extended regular
expressions. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.find.1; now has the <option>-anewer</option>,
<option>-cnewer</option>, <option>-mnewer</option>,
<option>-okdir</option>, and <option>-newer[acm][acmt]</option>
primaries for comparisons of file timestamps. The latter
primaries can be specified with various units of
time. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.finger.1; now has the ability to support fingering
aliases, via the &man.finger.conf.5; file. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.finger.1; now has support for a
<filename>.pubkey</filename> file.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.fmt.1; has been rewritten; the rewrite fixes a number
of bugs compared to its prior behavior. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.fmtcheck.3;, a function for checking consistency of
format string arguments, has been added. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.fold.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> flag to
break at byte positions and a <option>-s</option> flag to break at
word boundaries.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.fsdb.8; now supports a <literal>blocks</literal>
command to list the blocks allocated by a particular
inode. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.fsck.8; wrappers have been imported; this feature
provides infrastructure for &man.fsck.8; to work on different
types of filesystems (analogous to &man.mount.8;).</para>
<para>The behavior of &man.fsck.8; when dealing with various
passes (a la <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>) has been modified
to accommodate multiple-disk filesystems.</para>
<para>&man.fsck.8; now has support for foreground
(<option>-F</option>) and background (<option>-B</option>)
checks. Traditionally, &man.fsck.8; is invoked before the
filesystems are mounted and all checks are done to completion at
that time. If background checking is available, &man.fsck.8; is
invoked twice. It is first invoked at the traditional time,
before the filesystems are mounted, with the <option>-F</option>
flag to do checking on all the filesystems that cannot do
background checking. It is then invoked a second time, after
the system has completed going multiuser, with the
<option>-B</option> flag to do checking on all the filesystems
that can do background checking. Unlike the foreground
checking, the background checking is started asynchronously so
that other system activity can proceed even on the filesystems
that are being checked. Boot-time enabling of this feature is
controlled by the
<varname>background_fsck</varname> option in &man.rc.conf.5;.</para>
<para role="historic">Shortly after the receipt of a <literal>SIGINFO</literal>
signal (normally control-T from the controlling tty),
&man.fsck.ffs.8; will now output a line indicating the current
phase number and progress information relevant to the current
phase. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.fsck.ffs.8; now supports background filesystem checks
to mounted FFS filesystems with the <option>-B</option> option
(softupdates must be enabled on these filesystems). The
<option>-F</option> flag now determines whether a specified
filesystem needs foreground checking.</para>
<para role="historic">A new &man.fsck.msdosfs.8; utility has been added to check
the consistency of MS-DOS filesystems. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ftpd.8; now supports a <option>-r</option> flag for
read-only mode and a <option>-E</option> flag to disable
<literal>EPSV</literal>. It also has some fixes to reduce
information leakage and the ability to specify compile-time port
ranges. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.ftpd.8; now supports <option>-o</option> and
<option>-O</option> options to disable the
<literal>RETR</literal> command; the former for everybody, and
the latter only for guest users. Coupled with
<option>-A</option> and appropriate file permissions, these can
be used to create a relatively safe anonymous FTP drop box for
others to upload to.</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98" role="historic">&man.gdb.1; now supports hardware
watchpoints (using the kernel's debug register + support that
has been introduced in &os; 4.0). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.getprogname.3; and &man.setprogname.3; library
functions have been added to manipulate the name of the current
program. They are used by error-reporting routines to produce
consistent output. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.gprof.1; now has a <option>-K</option> option to enable
dynamic symbol resolution from the currently-running kernel.
With this change, properly-compiled KLD modules are now able to
be profiled.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.growfs.8;, a utility for growing FFS filesystems, has
been added. &man.ffsinfo.8;, a utility for dump all the
meta-information of an existing filesystem, has also been
added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.groups.1; and &man.whoami.1; shell scripts are now
unnecessary; their functionality has been completely folded into
&man.id.1;. &merged;</para>
<para>The ibcs(8), linux(8), osf1(8), and
svr4(8) scripts, whose sole purpose was to load emulation
kernel modules, have been removed. The kernel module system
will automatically load them as needed to fulfill
dependencies.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.indent.1; has gained some new formatting
options. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can set the link-layer address of
an interface using the <option>link</option> parameter.
&merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now accept addresses in slash/CIDR
notation. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; now has support for setting parameters for
IEEE 802.11 wireless network devices. &man.wi.4; and &man.an.4;
devices are supported, and partial support is provided for
&man.awi.4; devices. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; no longer displays the list of supported
media by default. Instead it displays it when the
<option>-m</option> flag is given. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The syntax of &man.inetd.8;'s support for &man.faithd.8; is
now compatible with that of other BSDs. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <literal>ident</literal> protocol support in
&man.inetd.8; has been cleaned up and updated. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.inetd.8; now has the ability to manage UNIX-domain
sockets. &merged;</para>
<para>By default, &man.inetd.8; is no longer run by &man.rc.8; at
boot-time, although &man.sysinstall.8; gives the option of
enabling it during binary installations. &man.inetd.8; can also
be enabled by adding the following line to
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>inetd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
<para role="historic">&man.install.1; has a number of new features, including the
<option>-b</option> and <option>-B</option> options for backing up
existing target files and the <option>-S</option> option for
<quote>safe</quote> (atomic copy) operation. The
<option>-c</option> (copy) flag is now the default, and the
<option>-D</option> (debugging) flag has been withdrawn.
&man.install.1; now issues a warning if <option>-d</option>
(create directories) and <option>-C</option> (copy changed files
only) are used together. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">IP Filter is now supported by the &man.rc.conf.5; boot-time
configuration and initialization. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ipfstat.8; now supports the <option>-t</option> option
to turn on a &man.top.1;-like display. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; will now avoid the display of dynamic firewall
rules unless the <option>-d</option> flag is passed to it. The
<option>-e</option> option lists expired dynamic
rules. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new feature (<literal>me</literal>) that
allows for packet matching on interfaces with
dynamically-changing IP addresses. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ipfw.8; has a new <literal>limit</literal> type of
firewall rule, which limits the number of sessions between
address pairs. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.ipfw.8; filter rules can now match on the value of the
IPv4 precedence field.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ip6fw.8; now has the ability to use a preprocessor and
use the <option>-q</option> (quiet) flag when reading from a
file. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ispppcontrol.8; has been deleted, and its functionality
has been folded into &man.spppcontrol.8;. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.k5su.8; is no longer installed SUID
<username>root</username> by default. Users requiring this
feature can either manually change the permissions on the
&man.k5su.8; executable or add
<literal>ENABLE_SUID_K5SU=yes</literal> to
<filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> before a source
upgrade. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.kenv.1;, a command to dump the kernel environment, has
been added. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.kenv.1; now has the ability to set or delete kernel
environment variables.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.keyinfo.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
script. &merged;</para>
<para>The kget(8) utility has been removed (it was only
useful for UserConfig, which is not present in &os;
&release.current;).</para>
<para role="historic">&man.killall.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
script. As a result, its <option>-m</option> option now uses
the regular expression syntax of &man.regex.3;, rather than that
of Perl. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.killall.1; no longer tries to kill zombie processes
unless the <option>-z</option> flag is specified.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.kldconfig.8; utility has been added to make it
easier to manipulate the kernel module search
path. &merged;</para>
<para>ktrdump, a utility to dump the ktr trace buffer from
userland, has been added.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.last.1; now implements a <option>-d</option> that
provides a <quote>snapshot</quote> of who was logged in at a
particular date and time. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.last.1; now supports a <option>-y</option> flag, which
causes the year to be included in the session start time. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.lastlogin.8; utility, which prints the last login
time of each user, has been imported from
NetBSD. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ldconfig.8; now checks directory ownerships and
permissions for greater security; these checks can be disabled
with the <option>-i</option> flag. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ldd.1; can now be used on shared libraries, in addition
to executables. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.ldd.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> flag to list
all the objects that are needed by each loaded object.</para>
<para><filename>libc</filename> is now thread-safe by default;
<filename>libc_r</filename> contains only thread
functions.</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> and
<filename>libdescrypt</filename> have been unified to provide a
configurable password authentication hash library. Both the md5
and des hash methods are provided unless the des hash is
specifically compiled out. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>libcrypt</filename> now has support for Blowfish
password hashing. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386" role="historic"><filename>libdisk</filename> can now do
install-time configuration of the <filename>boot0</filename>
boot loader. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
filesystems containing
<application>bzip2</application>-compressed
files. &merged;</para>
<para><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for
overwriting the contents of a file on a UFS filesystem (it
cannot expand or truncate files because the filesystem may be
dirty or inconsistent).</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>libstand</filename> now has support for loading
large kernels and modules split across several physical
media. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The default TCP port range used by
<filename>libfetch</filename> for passive FTP retrievals has
changed; this affects the behavior of &man.fetch.1;, which has
gained the <option>-U</option> option to restore the old
behavior. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for an
authentication callback. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>libfetch</filename> now has support for a
<envar>HTTP_USER_AGENT</envar> environment
variable. &merged;</para>
<para><filename>libgmp</filename> has been superceded by
<filename>libmp</filename>.
<para>The functions from <filename>libposix1e</filename> have been
integrated into <filename>libc</filename>.</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>libusb</filename> has been renamed as
<filename>libusbhid</filename>, following NetBSD's naming
conventions. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes an <option>-i</option> option to
request user confirmation before overwriting an existing
file. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ln.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> flag to avoid
following a target that is a link, with a <option>-n</option>
flag for compatibility with other
implementations. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.logger.1; can now send messages directly to a remote
syslog. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.login.1; now exports environment variables set by
<application>PAM</application> modules. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.lpc.8; has been improved; <command>lpc clean</command>
is now somewhat safer, and a new <command>lpc tclean</command>
command has been added to check to see what files would be
removed by <command>lpc clean</command>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now takes two new options: <option>-c</option>
will log all connection errors to &man.syslogd.8;, while
<option>-W</option> will allow connections from non-reserved
ports. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now has some support for
<literal>o</literal>-type print-file actions in its control
files, which allows printing of PostScript files generated by
<application>MacOS</application> 10.1. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now recognizes the <option>-s</option> flag as
the preferred synonym for <option>-p</option> (these flags
cause &man.lpd.8; not to open a socket for network print
jobs). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.lpd.8; now implements a new <literal>rc</literal>
printcap option. When specified in a print queue for a remote
host, boolean option causes &man.lpd.8; to resend the data file
for each copy the user requested via <command>lpr
-#<replaceable>n</replaceable></command>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Catching up with most other network utilities in the base
system, &man.lpr.1;, &man.lpd.8;, &man.syslogd.8;, and
&man.logger.1; are now all IPv6-capable. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><command>lprm -</command> now works for remote printer
queues. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ls.1; can produce colorized listings with the
<option>-G</option> flag (and appropriate terminal support).
The <envar>CLICOLOR</envar> environment variable can be set to
enable colorized listings by default. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ls.1; now accepts a <option>-h</option> flag, which
when combined with the <option>-l</option> flag, causes file
sizes to be printed with unit suffixes, such that the number of
digits printed is fewer than four. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.ls.1; program now supports a <option>-m</option>
flag to list files across a page, a <option>-p</option> flag to
force printing of a <literal>/</literal> after directories, and
a <option>-x</option> flag to sort filenames across a
page.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.m4.1; now accepts a <option>-s</option> flag to cause
it to emit <literal>#line</literal> directives for use by
&man.cpp.1;. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.mail.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> flag to avoid
sending messages with empty bodies. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.make.1; has gained the <literal>:C///</literal>
(regular expression substitution), <literal>:L</literal>
(lowercase), and <literal>:U</literal> (uppercase) variable
modifiers. These were added to reduce the differences between
the &os; and OpenBSD/NetBSD &man.make.1; programs.
&merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Bugs in &man.make.1;, among which include broken null suffix
behavior, bad assumptions about current directory permissions,
and potential buffer overflows, have been fixed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The new <varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
<filename>make.conf</filename> variable controls the compilation
of processor-specific optimizations in various pieces of code
such as <application>OpenSSL</application>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &os; <filename>Makefile</filename> infrastructure now
supports the <varname>WARNS</varname> directive from NetBSD.
This directive controls the addition of compiler warning flags
to <varname>CFLAGS</varname> in a relatively compiler-neutral
manner. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.makewhatis.1; is now a C program, instead of a
Perl script.</para>
<para>&man.man.1; is no longer installed SUID
<username>man</username>, in order to reduce vulnerabilities
associated with generating <quote>catpages</quote> (preformatted
manual pages cached for repeated viewing). As a result,
&man.man.1; can no longer create system catpages on a regular
user's behalf. It is still able to do so if the user has write
permissions to the directory holding catpages (e.g. a user's own
manpages) or if the running user is
<username>root</username>.</para>
<para>The &man.mdmfs.8; command has been added; it is a wrapper
around &man.mdconfig.8;, &man.disklabel.8;, &man.newfs.8;, and
&man.mount.8; that mimics the command line option set of the
deprecated &man.mount.mfs.8;.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now sources an
<filename>/etc/mergemaster.rc</filename> file and also prompts
the user to run recommended commands (such as
<command>newaliases</command>) as needed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.mergemaster.8; now supports two new flags.
The <option>-p</option> flag enables a
<quote>pre-<literal>buildworld</literal></quote> mode to files
known to be essential to the success of the
<literal>buildworld</literal> and
<literal>installworld</literal> system updating steps. The
<option>-C</option> flag, used after a successful
&man.mergemaster.8; run, compares options in
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> to the default options in
<filename>/etc/defaults/rc.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">mk_cmds(1) and the associated
<filename>libss</filename> have been removed; they have been
unused for quite some time. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.moused.8; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
control mouse acceleration. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.mtree.8; now includes support for a file that lists
pathnames to be excluded when creating and verifying prototypes.
This makes it easier to use &man.mtree.8; as a part of an
intrusion-detection system. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.mv.1; now takes a (nonstandard) <option>-n</option> to
automatically answer <quote>no</quote> when it would ask to
overwrite a file.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.natd.8; now supports a
<option>-log_ipfw_denied</option> option to log packets that
cannot be re-injected because they are blocked by &man.ipfw.8;
rules. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <quote>in use</quote> percentage metric displayed by
&man.netstat.1; now really reflects the percentage of network
mbufs used. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-W</option> flag that
tells it not to truncate addresses, even if they're too long for
the column they're printed in. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now keeps track of input and output packets
on a per-address basis for each interface. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-z</option> flag to reset
statistics. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.netstat.1; now has a <option>-S</option> flag to print
address numerically but port names symbolically. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now implements write combining, which can make
creation of new filesystems up to seven times
faster. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.newfs.8; now takes a <option>-U</option> option to
enable softupdates on a new filesystem. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The default number of cylinders per group in &man.newfs.8;
is now computed to be the maximum allowable given the current
filesystem parameters. It can be overridden with the
<option>-c</option> option. Formerly, the default was fixed at
16. This change leads to better &man.fsck.8; performance and
reduced fragmentation. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><anchor id="newfs-block-frag-sizes">The default block and
fragment sizes for new filesystems created by &man.newfs.8; are
now 16384 and 2048 bytes, respectively (the old defaults were
8192 and 1024 bytes). This change generally provides increased
performance, at the expense of some wasted disk
space. &merged;</para>
<para>A number of archaic features of &man.newfs.8; have been
removed; these implement tuning features that are essentially
useless on modern hard disks. These features were controlled by
the <option>-O</option>, <option>-d</option>,
<option>-k</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>-n</option>,
<option>-p</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option>,
and <option>-x</option> flags.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.newsyslog.8; now has the ability to compress log files
using &man.bzip2.1;. &merged;</para>
<para><application>NFS</application> now works over IPv6.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ngctl.8; now supports a <option>write</option> command
to send a data packet down a given hook. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.nl.1;, a line numbering filter program, has been
added. &merged;</para>
<para><application>nsswitch</application> support has been merged
from NetBSD. By creating an &man.nsswitch.conf.5; file, &os;
can be configured so that various databases such as
&man.passwd.5; and &man.group.5; can be looked up using flat
files, NIS, or Hesiod. The old
<filename>hosts.conf</filename> file is no longer used.</para>
<para><application>PAM</application> support has been added for
account management and sessions.</para>
<para><application>PAM</application> configuration is now
specified by files in <filename>/etc/pam.d/</filename>, rather
than a single <filename>/etc/pam.conf</filename> file.
<filename>/etc/pam.d/README</filename> has more details.</para>
<para>A &man.pam.ftp.8; module has been added to allow
authentication of anonymous FTP users.</para>
<para>A &man.pam.ftpusers.8; module has been added to perform
checks against the &man.ftpusers.5; file.</para>
<para>A &man.pam.lastlog.8; module has been added to record
sessions in the &man.utmp.5;, &man.wtmp.5;, and &man.lastlog.5;
databases.</para>
<para>A &man.pam.login.access.8; module has been added, to allow
checking against <filename>/etc/login.access</filename>.</para>
<para>The &man.pam.nologin.8; module, which can disallow logins
using &man.nologin.5;, has been added.</para>
<para>The &man.pam.opie.8; and &man.pam.opieaccess.8; modules have
been added to control authentication via &man.opie.4;.</para>
<para>A &man.pam.passwdqc.8; module has been added, to check the
quality of passwords submitted during password changes.</para>
<para>A &man.pam.rhosts.8; module has been added to support
&man.rhosts.5; authentication.</para>
<para>The &man.pam.rootok.8; module, which can be used to
authenticate only the superuser, has been added.</para>
<para>A &man.pam.securetty.8; module has been added to check the
<quote>security</quote> of a TTY, as listed in &man.ttys.5;.</para>
<para>A &man.pam.self.8; module, which allows self-authentication
of a user, has been added.</para>
<para role="historic">A &man.pam.ssh.8; module has been added to allow the use of
SSH passphrases and keypairs for authentication. This module
also handles session management by invoking
&man.ssh-agent.1;. &merged;</para>
<para>A &man.pam.wheel.8; module has been added to permit
authentication to members of a group, which defaults to
<groupname>wheel</groupname>.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.passwd.1; and &man.pw.8; now select the password hash
algorithm at run time. See the <literal>passwd_format</literal>
attribute in
<filename>/etc/login.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.patch.1; now accepts a <option>-i</option> command-line
flag to read a patch from a file, rather than standard
input. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.pathchk.1; utility, which checks pathnames for
validity or portability between POSIX systems, has been
added.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pax.1; has received a number of enhancements, including
&man.cpio.1; functionality, &man.tar.1; compatibility
enhancements, <option>-z</option> and <option>-Z</option> flags
for &man.gzip.1; and &man.compress.1; functionality, and a
number of bug fixes. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pciconf.8; now supports a <option>-v</option> option to
display the vendor/device information of configured devices, in
conjunction with the <option>-l</option> option. The default
vendor/device database can be found at
<filename>/usr/share/misc/pci_vendors</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The behavior of &man.periodic.8; is now controlled by
<filename>/etc/defaults/periodic.conf</filename> and
<filename>/etc/periodic.conf</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-m</option> option to
set the TTL of outgoing packets. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ping.8; now supports a <option>-A</option> option to
beep when packets are lost. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Userland &man.ppp.8; has received a number of updates and
bug fixes. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; has gained the <literal>tcpmssfixup</literal>
option, which adjusts outgoing and incoming TCP SYN packets so
that the maximum receive segment size is no larger than allowed
by the interface MTU. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ppp.8; now supports IPv6. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pppd.8; (the control program for kernel-level PPP) is
now installed mode <literal>4550</literal> and
<username>root</username><literal>:</literal><groupname>dialer</groupname>,
rather than mode <literal>4555</literal> (in other words, it is
no longer world-executable). Users of &man.pppd.8; may need to
change their group settings. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pr.1; now supports the <option>-f</option> and
<option>-p</option> flags to pause output going to a
terminal. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <option>-W</option> option to &man.ps.1; (to extract
information from a specified swap device) has been useless for
some time; it has been removed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pwd.1; can now double as &man.realpath.1;, a program to
resolve pathnames to their underlying physical
paths. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.pwd.1; now supports the <option>-L</option> flag to
print the logical current working directory.</para>
<para>The pseudo-random number generator implemented by
&man.rand.3; has been improved to provide less biased
results.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now has an framework for handling dependencies
between &man.rc.conf.5; variables. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.rc.8; now deletes all non-directory files in
<filename>/var/run</filename> and
<filename>/var/spool/lock</filename> at boot
time. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.rcmd.3; now supports the use of the
<envar>RSH</envar> environment variable to specify a program to
use other than &man.rsh.1; for remote execution. As a result,
programs such as &man.dump.8;, can use &man.ssh.1; for remote
transport.</para>
<para>&man.rdist.1; has been retired from the base system, but is
still available from &os; Ports Collection as
<filename role="package">net/44bsd-rdist</filename>.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.reboot.8; now takes a <option>-k</option> to specify
the next kernel to boot. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.renice.8; command implements a <option>-n</option>
option, which specifies an increment to be applied to the
priority of a process.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.resolver.3; in &os; now implements EDNS0 support,
which will be necessary when working with IPv6 transport-ready
resolvers/DNS servers. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.rfork.thread.3; library call has been added as a
helper function to &man.rfork.2;. Using this function should
avoid the need to implement complex stack swap
code. &merged;</para>
<para>The <option>-v</option> option to &man.rm.1; now displays
the entire pathname of a file being removed.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.route.8; is now more verbose when changing indirect
routes, in the case of a gateway route that is the same route as
the one being modified. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.route.8; now uses
<literal><replaceable>host</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
syntax instead of
<literal><replaceable>net</replaceable>/<replaceable>bits</replaceable></literal>
syntax, for compatibility with &man.netstat.1;. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.route.8; can now create <quote>proxy only</quote>
published ARP entries. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.route.8; <option>add</option> command now supports
the <option>-ifp</option> and <option>-ifa</option>
modifiers. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.rpcbind.8; has replaced &man.portmap.8;.</para>
<para>&man.rpcgen.1; now uses <filename>/usr/bin/cpp</filename>
(as on NetBSD), not
<filename>/usr/libexec/cpp</filename>.</para>
<para>&man.rpc.lockd.8; has been imported from NetBSD. This
daemon provides support for servicing client NFS locks.</para>
<para role="historic">The performance of the ELF dynamic linker &man.rtld.1; has
been improved. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">RSA Security has waived all patent rights to the
<application>RSA</application> algorithm. As a result, the
native <application>OpenSSL</application> implementation of the
RSA algorithm is now activated by default, and the <filename
role="package">security/rsaref</filename> port and the
<filename>librsaUSA</filename> and
<filename>librsaINTL</filename> libraries are no longer required
for USA and non-USA residents respectively. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.rtld.1; will now print the names of all objects that
cause each object to be loaded, if the
<varname>LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_ALL</varname> environment
variable is defined.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now supports a <option>-k</option> option
to prevent clearing a crash dump after saving it. It also
attempts to avoid writing large stretches of zeros to crash dump
files to save space and time. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.savecore.8; now works correctly on machines with 2 GB
or more of RAM. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.sccs.1; front-end to the Source Code Control System
has been revived.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-E</option> option for
extended regular expression support. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.sed.1; now takes a <option>-i</option> option to enable
in-place editing of files.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.send-pr.1; now takes a <option>-a</option> option to
include a file into the <literal>Fix:</literal> section of a
problem report. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.setfacl.1; and &man.getfacl.1; commands have been
added to manage filesystem Access Control Lists.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.setproctitle.3; has been moved from
<filename>libutil</filename> to
<filename>libc</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sh.1; now implements <command>test</command> as a
built-in command for improved efficiency. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.sh.1; no longer implements <command>printf</command> as
a built-in command because it was considered less valuable
compared to the other built-in commands (this functionality is,
of course, still available through the &man.printf.1;
executable).</para>
<para>&man.sh.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option to
prevent existing regular files from being overwritten by output
redirection, and a <option>-u</option> to give an error if an
unset variable is expanded.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sockstat.1; now has <option>-c</option> and
<option>-l</option> flags for listing connected and listening
sockets, respectively. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.spkrtest.8; is now a &man.sh.1; script, rather than a
Perl script.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.split.1; now has the ability to split a file longer
than 2GB. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.split.1; now supports a <option>-a</option> option to
specify the number of letters to use for the suffix of split
files.</para>
<para>In preparation for meeting SUSv2/POSIX
<filename>&lt;sys/select.h&gt;</filename> requirements,
<literal>struct selinfo</literal> and related functions have been
moved to <filename>&lt;sys/selinfo.h&gt;</filename>.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.strnstr.3; and &man.strcasestr.3; variants of
&man.strstr.3; have been implemented. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.stty.1; now has support for an
<literal>erase2</literal> control character, so that, for
example, both the <keycap>Delete</keycap> and
<keycap>Backspace</keycap> keys can be used to erase
characters. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.su.1; now uses <application>PAM</application> for
authentication.</para>
<para role="historic">Boot-time &man.syscons.4; configuration was moved to a
machine-independent
<filename>/etc/rc.syscons</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-N</option> option to
print out variable names only. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; has replaced the <option>-A</option> and
<option>-X</option> options with <option>-ao</option> and
<option>-ax</option> respectively; the former options are now
deprecated. The <option>-w</option> option is deprecated as
well; it is not needed to determine the user's
intentions. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sysctl.8; now supports a <option>-e</option> option to
separate variable names and values by <literal>=</literal>
rather than <literal>:</literal>. This feature is useful for
producing output that can be fed back to
&man.sysctl.8;. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.sysctl.8; now accepts a <option>-d</option> flag to print
the descriptions of variables.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now properly preserves
<filename>/etc/mail</filename> during a binary
upgrade. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now uses some more intuitive defaults
thanks to some new dialog support functions. &merged;</para>
<para>The default root partition in &man.sysinstall.8; is now
100MB on the i386 and pc98, 120MB on the Alpha.</para>
<para>&man.sysinstall.8; now lives in
<filename>/usr/sbin</filename>, which simplifies the
installation process. The &man.sysinstall.8; manpage is also
installed in a more consistent fashion now.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has the ability to load KLDs as a
part of the installation. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">When run from the installation media, &man.sysinstall.8;
will automatically load any device drivers found in the
<filename>/stand/modules</filename> directory of the
<literal>mfsroot</literal> floppy or filesystem image. Note
that any drivers so loaded will not appear in the kernel's boot
messages; the &man.sysinstall.8; debugging screen will provide
additional information. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now enables Soft Updates by default on
all filesystems it creates, except for the root
filesystem. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; has received updates for its
<quote>auto</quote> partitioning mode which provide more
reasonable defaults for the sizes of partitions that are
created; auto-sized partitions can now also recover the space
that becomes available when other partitions are
deleted. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.sysinstall.8; no longer mounts the &man.procfs.5;
filesystem by default on new installs.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sysinstall.8; now has rudimentary support for
retrieving packages from the correct volume of a multiple-volume
installation (such as a multi-CD distribution). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; can take a <option>-n</option> option to
disable DNS queries for every request. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now supports a
<literal>LOG_CONSOLE</literal> facility (disabled by default),
which can be used to log <filename>/dev/console</filename>
output. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now has the ability to bind to a specific
address (as opposed to using every available one) via the
<option>-b</option> option. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.syslogd.8; now accepts a <option>-c</option> flag to
disable repeated line compression. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.tabs.1;, a utility to set terminal tab stops, has been
added.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.tail.1; now has the ability to work on files longer
than 2GB. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.tar.1; now supports the <varname>TAR_RSH</varname>
variable, principally to enable the use of &man.ssh.1; as a
transport. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now does autologin and encryption by default;
a new <option>-y</option> option turns off encryption. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.telnet.1; now supports a <option>-u</option> flag to
allow connections to UNIX-domain (<literal>AF_UNIX</literal>)
sockets. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; now support IPv6. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.tftpd.8; now takes the <option>-c</option> and
<option>-C</option> options, which allow the server to
&man.chroot.2; based on the IP address of the connecting client.
&man.tftp.1; and &man.tftpd.8; can now transfer files larger
than 65535 blocks. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.tftpd.8; now supports RFC 2349 (TFTP Timeout Interval
and Transfer Size Options); this feature is required by some
firmware like EFI boot managers (at least on HP i2000 Itanium
servers) in order to boot an image using
<application>TFTP</application>.</para>
<para arch="alpha">&man.timed.8; now works on the alpha.</para>
<para>A version of Transport Independent RPC
(<application>TI-RPC</application>) has been imported.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.tmpnam.3; will now use the <envar>TMPDIR</envar>
environment variable, if set, to specify the location of
temporary files. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.tip.1; has been updated from
<application>OpenBSD</application>, and has the ability to act
as a &man.cu.1; substitute.</para>
<para>&man.top.1; will now use the full width of its tty.</para>
<para>&man.touch.1; now takes a <option>-h</option> option to
operate on a symbolic link, rather than what the link points
to.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.truncate.1; utility, which truncates or extends the
length of files, has been added. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Ukrainian language support has been added to the &os;
console. &merged;</para>
<para><application>UUCP</application> has been removed from the
base system. It can be found in the Ports Collection, in
<filename role="package">net/freebsd-uucp</filename>.</para>
<para>&man.unexpand.1; now supports a <option>-t</option> to
specify tabstabs analogous to &man.expand.1;.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.units.1; has received some updates and
bugfixes. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.usbdevs.8; now supports a <option>-d</option> flag to
show the device driver associated with each device.</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.usbhidctl.1; utility has been added to manipulate
USB Human Interface Devices. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.uuencode.1; and &man.uudecode.1; now accept a <option>-o</option> option to
set their output files. &man.uuencode.1; can now be made to do base64 encoding
when given the <option>-m</option> flag, while &man.uudecode.1;
can now automatically decode base64 files. &merged;</para>
<para>The base64 capabilities of &man.uuencode.1; and
&man.uudecode.1; can now be automatically enabled by invoking
these utilities as &man.b64encode.1; and &man.b64decode.1;
respectively.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now accepts a <option>-g</option>
parameter to select custom text geometry in the
<literal>VESA_800x600</literal> raster text mode. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now allows the user to omit the font size
specification when loading a font, and has some better
error-handling. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-p</option> option
to take a snapshot of a &man.syscons.4; video buffer. These
snapshots can be manipulated by the
<filename role="package">graphics/scr2png</filename> utility in
the Ports Collection. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.vidcontrol.1; now supports a <option>-C</option> option
to clear the history buffer for a given tty, as well as a
<option>-h</option> option to set the size of the history
buffer. &merged;</para>
<para>The default stripe size in &man.vinum.8; has been changed
from 256KB to 279KB, to spread out superblocks more evenly
between stripes.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.wall.1; now supports a <option>-g</option> flag to
write a message to all users of a given group. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.watch.8; now takes a <option>-f</option> option to
specify a &man.snp.4; device to use. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.which.1; is now a C program, rather than a Perl
script.</para>
<para>&man.who.1; now has a number of new options:
<option>-H</option> shows column headings; <option>-T</option>
shows &man.mesg.1; state; <option>-m</option> is an equivalent
to <option>am i</option>; <option>-u</option> shows idle time;
<option>-q</option> to list names in columns.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.whois.1; now directs queries for IP addresses to ARIN.
If a query to ARIN references APNIC or RIPE, the appropriate
server will also be queried, provided that the
<option>-Q</option> option is not specified. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.whois.1; supports a <option>-c</option> option to
specify a country code to help direct queries towards a
particular whois server. &merged;</para>
<para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-I</option>
<replaceable>replstr</replaceable> option that allows the user
to tell &man.xargs.1; to insert the data read from standard
input at specific points in the command line arguments rather
than at the end. (A &os;-specific <option>-J</option> option is
similar, but is now deprecated in favor of the more portable
<option>-I</option> option.)</para>
<para>&man.xargs.1; now supports a <option>-L</option> option to
force its utility argument to be called after some number of
lines.</para>
<para role="historic">The compiler chain now uses the FSF-supplied C/C++ runtime
initialization code. This change brings about better
compatibility with code generated from the various egcs and gcc
ports, as well as the stock public FSF source. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The threads library has gained some signal handling changes,
bug fixes, and performance enhancements (including zero system
call thread switching). &man.gdb.1; thread support has been
updated to match these changes. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Significant additions have been made to internationalization
support; &os; now has complete locale support for the
<literal>LC_MONETARY</literal>, <literal>LC_NUMERIC</literal>,
and <literal>LC_MESSAGES</literal> categories. A number of
applications have been updated to take advantage of this
support. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Locale names have been changed to improve compatibility with
the names used by X11R6, as well as a number of other UNIX
versions. As an example, the
<literal>en_US.ISO_8859-1</literal> locale name has been changed
to
<literal>en_US.ISO8859-1</literal>. Entries in
<filename>/etc/locale.alias</filename> provide backward
compatibility. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>/usr/src/share/examples/BSD_daemon/</filename> now
contains a scalable Beastie graphic. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">As part of an ongoing process, many manual pages were
improved, both in terms of their formatting markup and in their
content. &merged;</para>
<para>A number of utilities and libraries were enhanced to improve
their conformance with the Single UNIX Specification (SUSv3) and
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (<quote>POSIX.1</quote>). Specific
features added have been listed in the release notes for each
utility. The standards conformance of each utility or library
function is generally listed in its manual page.</para>
<sect3>
<title>Contributed Software</title>
<para><application>am-utils</application> has been updated to
6.0.7.</para>
<para>A 10 February 2002 snapshot of <application>awk</application> from Bell Labs (variously
known as <quote>BWK awk</quote> or <quote>The One True
AWK</quote>) has been imported. It is available as
<command>awk</command> or
<command>nawk</command>.</para>
<para role="historic"><application>bc</application> has been updated from 1.04 to
1.06. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The ISC library from the <application>BIND</application>
distribution is now built as
<filename>libisc</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> is now built with the
<literal>NOADDITIONAL</literal> flag, which causes
&man.named.8; to operate in a more consistent fashion for
certain common misconfigurations. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>BIND</application> has been updated to
8.3.2-T1B. &merged;</para>
<para><application>Binutils</application> has been updated to
2.12.0.</para>
<para role="historic"><application>bzip2</application> 1.0.2 has been imported;
this brings the &man.bzip2.1; program and the
<filename>libbz2</filename> library to the base
system. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.ee.1; <application>Easy Editor</application> has
been updated to 1.4.2. &merged;</para>
<para><application>file</application> has been updated to
3.37.</para>
<para><application>gcc</application> has been updated to
a snapshot of <application>gcc</application> 3.1.
<warning>
<para>The integration of <application>gcc</application> is
very new. Some applications and programs in the base
system require fixes or compiler flags to build
correctly. Work to address these problems is ongoing.</para>
</warning>
</para>
<para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now uses a unified <filename>libgcc</filename>
rather than a separate one for threaded and non-threaded
programs. <filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_r.a</filename> can be
removed. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.gcc.1; now supports the environment variable
<envar>GCC_OPTIONS</envar>, which can hold a set of default
options for <application>GCC</application>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>GNATS</application> has been updated to
3.113. &merged;</para>
<para><application>GNU awk</application> has been updated to
3.1.0. It is now available as <command>gawk</command>.</para>
<para><application>gperf</application> has been updated to
2.7.2.</para>
<para role="historic"><application>groff</application> and its related utilities
have been updated to FSF version 1.17.2. This import brings
in a new &man.mdoc.7; macro package (sometimes referred to as
<literal>mdocNG</literal>), which removes many of the
limitations of its predecessor. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>Heimdal Kerberos</application> has been updated to
0.4e. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The version of <application>IPFilter</application>
provided with &os; now includes the &man.ipfs.8; program,
which allows state information created for NAT entries and
stateful rules to be saved to disk and restored after a
reboot. Boot-time configuration of these features is
supported by &man.rc.conf.5;. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <application>ISC DHCP</application> client has been
updated to 3.0.1RC8. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>Kerberos IV</application> has been updated to
1.0.5. &merged;</para>
<para>The &man.more.1; command has been replaced by
&man.less.1;, although it can still be run as
<command>more</command>. &merged; Version 371 of
<application>less</application> has been imported.</para>
<para role="historic"><application>libpcap</application> has been updated to
0.6.2. &merged;</para>
<para><application>libreadline</application> has been updated to
4.2.</para>
<para><application>libz</application> has been updated to
1.1.4.</para>
<para><application>lint</application> has been updated to
snapshot of NetBSD &man.lint.1; as of 3 March 2002.</para>
<para><application>lukemftp</application> (the FTP client from
NetBSD) has replaced the &os; &man.ftp.1; program. Among its
new features are more automation methods, better standards
compliance, transfer rate throttling, and a customizable
command-line prompt. Some environment variables and
command-line arguments have changed.</para>
<para>The FTP daemon from NetBSD, otherwise known as
<application>lukemftpd</application>, has been imported and is
available as &man.lukemftpd.8;.</para>
<para>&man.m4.1; has been imported from OpenBSD, as of 26 April
2002.</para>
<para><application>ncurses</application> has been updated to
5.2-20020518.</para>
<para role="historic">The <application>NTP</application> suite of programs has
been updated to 4.1.0. &merged;</para>
<para><application>OpenPAM</application>
(<quote>Cinnamon</quote> release) has been imported,
replacing
<application>Linux-PAM</application>.</para>
<para>The <application>OPIE</application> one-time-password
suite has been updated to 2.4. It has completely
replaced the functionality of
<application>S/Key</application>.</para>
<para><application>Perl</application> has been removed from the
&os; base system. It can still be installed from the &os;
Ports Collection or as a binary package; moving it out of the
base system will make future upgrades and maintenence easier.
To reduce the dependence of the base system on
Perl, many utilities have been
rewritten as shell scripts or C programs (specific notes are
made for each affected utility).
<filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename> is now a
<quote>wrapper</quote> program, so that programs expecting to
find a Perl interpreter there will
be able to function correctly.
<warning>
<para>The Perl removal and
package integration work is ongoing.</para>
</warning>
</para>
<para><application>GNU ptx</application> has been removed from
the base system. It is not used anywhere in the base system,
and has not been recently updated or maintained. Users
requiring its functionality can install this utility as a part
of the <filename role="package">textproc/textutils</filename>
port.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.routed.8; has been updated to version
2.22. &merged;</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98">Version 1.4.4 of the
<application>smbfs</application> userland utilities have been
imported.</para>
<para><application>GNU sort</application> has been updated to
the version from <application>GNU textutils
2.0.21</application>.</para>
<para>&man.stat.1; from <application>NetBSD</application>, as of
5 June 2002 has, been imported.</para>
<para><application>GNU tar</application> has been updated to
1.13.25.</para>
<para role="historic"><application>tcpdump</application> has been updated to
3.6.3. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The &man.csh.1; shell has been replaced by &man.tcsh.1;,
although it can still be run as <command>csh</command>.
<application>tcsh</application> has been updated to version
6.11. &merged;</para>
<para>The contributed version of
<application>tcp_wrappers</application> now includes the
&man.tcpd.8; helper daemon. While not strictly necessary in a
standard &os; installation (because &man.inetd.8; already
incorporates this functionality), this may be useful for
&man.inetd.8; replacements such as
<application>xinetd</application>.</para>
<para role="historic"><application>texinfo</application> has been updated to
4.1. &merged;</para>
<para><application>top</application> has been updated to version
3.5b12.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.traceroute.8; now takes its default maximum TTL value
from the <varname>net.inet.ip.ttl</varname> sysctl
variable. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The timezone database has been updated to the
<filename>tzdata2002c</filename> release. &merged;</para>
<sect4>
<title>CVS</title>
<para role="historic"><application>cvs</application> has been updated to
1.11.1p1. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The default value for &man.cvs.1;'s
<envar>CVS_RSH</envar> variable is now
<literal>ssh</literal>, rather than
<literal>rsh</literal>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; now supports a <option>-T</option> option to
update a sandbox's <filename>CVS/Template</filename> file
from the repository. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.cvs.1; <literal>diff</literal> now supports the
<option>-j</option> option to perform differences against a
revision relative to a branch tag. &merged;</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>CVSup</title>
<para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application>, a frequently used
utility in the &os; Ports Collection, was formerly
installable using several ports and packages. The
<filename role="package">net/cvsup-bin</filename> and
<filename role="package">net/cvsupd-bin</filename>
ports/packages are no longer necessary or available; the
<filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename> port should be
used instead. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>CVSup</application> has been updated to
16.1_3, which is available in the &os; Ports Collection as
<filename role="package">net/cvsup</filename>. This update
fixes a long-standing (but only recently encountered) bug
which affects the timestamps on all files after Sun Sep 9
01:46:40 UTC 2001 (1,000,000,000 seconds after the UNIX
epoch). &merged;</para>
</sect4>
<sect4 id="kame-userland">
<title>KAME</title>
<para role="historic">The IPv6 stack is now based on a snapshot based on the
KAME Project's IPv6 snapshot as of 28 May, 2001. Most of
the items listed in this section are a result of this
import.
<xref linkend="kame-kernel"> lists kernel updates to the
KAME IPv6 stack. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.faithd.8; now supports a configuration file for
access control. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
&man.gifconfig.8;. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ifconfig.8; can now perform the functions of
&man.prefix.8;. &man.prefix.8; is now a shell script for
partial backwards compatibility. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.ndp.8; now implements garbage collection for stale
NDP entries, as described in RFC 2461 (Neighbor Discovery
for IP Version 6 (IPv6)). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">pim6dd(8) and pim6sd(8) have been removed due
to restrictive licensing conditions. These programs are
available in the ports collection as
<filename role="package">net/pim6dd</filename> and
<filename role="package">net/pim6sd</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.route6d.8; now supports an <option>-n</option> flag
to avoid updating the kernel forwarding
table. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <option>-R</option> (router renumbering) option to
&man.rtadvd.8; is currently ignored. &merged;</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>OpenSSH</title>
<para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
2.9, which provides support for the SSH2 protocol (now the
default) and DSA keys. &man.ssh-add.1; and
&man.ssh-agent.1; can now handle DSA keys, with support for
authentication forwarding.
<application>OpenSSH</application> users in the USA no
longer need to rely on the restrictively-licensed RSAREF
toolkit which is required to handle RSA keys. Among other
new features: A client and server for &man.sftp.1; has been added.
&man.scp.1; can now handle files larger than 2 GBytes. A
limit on the number of outstanding, unauthenticated
connections in &man.sshd.8; has been added. Support has
been added for the Rijndael encryption algorithm. Rekeying
of existing sessions is now supported, and an experimental
<application>SOCKS4</application> proxy has been added to
&man.ssh.1;. &merged;</para>
<para><application>OpenSSH</application> has been updated to
version 3.1. Among the changes:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The <filename>*2</filename> files are obsolete
(for example,
<filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts</filename> can hold the
contents of
<filename>~/.ssh/known_hosts2</filename>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; can import and export keys using
the SECSH Public Key File Format, for key exchange
with several commercial SSH implementations.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>&man.ssh-add.1; now adds all three default keys.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>&man.ssh-keygen.1; no longer defaults to a
specific key type; one must be specified with the
<option>-t</option> option.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para><application>OpenSSH</application> can now authenticate
using <application>OPIE</application> passwords.</para>
<para><application>PAM</application> support for
<application>OpenSSH</application> has been added.</para>
<para>A long-standing bug in
<application>OpenSSH</application>, which sometimes resulted
in a dropped session when an X11-forwarded client was
closed, was fixed.</para>
<para role="historic"><application>Kerberos</application> compatibility has
been added to
<application>OpenSSH</application>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> has been modified to
be more resistant to traffic analysis by requiring that
<quote>non-echoed</quote> characters are still echoed back
in a null packet, as well as by padding passwords sent so as
not to hint at password lengths. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; is now enabled by default on new
installs. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.sshd.8; <literal>X11Forwarding</literal> is now
turned on by default on the server (any risk is to the
client, where it is already disabled by
default). &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">In <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>, the
<literal>ConnectionsPerPeriod</literal> parameter has been
deprecated in favor of
<literal>MaxStartups</literal>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><application>OpenSSH</application> now has a
<literal>VersionAddendum</literal> configuration setting for
&man.sshd.8; to allow changing the part of the
<application>OpenSSH</application> version string after the
main version number. &merged;</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>OpenSSL</title>
<para><application>OpenSSL</application> has been updated to
0.9.6c.</para>
<para role="historic"><application>OpenSSL</application> now has support for
machine-dependent ASM optimizations, activated by the new
<varname>MACHINE_CPU</varname> and/or
<varname>CPUTYPE</varname>
<filename>make.conf</filename> variables. &merged;</para>
</sect4>
<sect4>
<title>sendmail</title>
<para><application>sendmail</application> has been updated
from version 8.9.3 to version 8.12.4. Important changes
include: &man.sendmail.8; is no longer installed as a
set-user-ID <username>root</username> binary (now set-group-ID <groupname>smmsp</groupname>); new
default file locations (see
<filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/cf/README</filename>);
&man.newaliases.1; is limited to <username>root</username>
and trusted users; STARTTLS encryption; and the MSA port
(587) is turned on by default. See
<filename>/usr/src/contrib/sendmail/RELEASE_NOTES</filename>
for more information. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.mail.local.8; is no longer installed as a
set-user-ID binary. If you are using a
<filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename> from the default
<filename>sendmail.cf</filename> included with &os; any time
after 3.1.0, you are fine. If you are using a
hand-configured <filename>sendmail.cf</filename> and
<command>mail.local</command> for delivery, check to make sure the
<literal>F=S</literal> flag is set on the
<literal>Mlocal</literal> line. Those with
<filename>.mc</filename> files who need to add the flag can
do so by adding the following line to their
<filename>.mc</filename> file and regenerating the
<filename>sendmail.cf</filename> file:</para>
<programlisting role="historic">MODIFY_MAILER_FLAGS(`LOCAL',`+S')dnl</programlisting>
<para role="historic">Note that <literal>FEATURE(`local_lmtp')</literal> already
does this. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The default <filename>/etc/mail/sendmail.cf</filename>
disables the SMTP <literal>EXPN</literal> and
<literal>VRFY</literal> commands. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.vacation.1; has been updated to use the version
included with <application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <application>sendmail</application> configuration
building tools are installed in
<filename>/usr/share/sendmail/cf/</filename>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">New <filename>make.conf</filename> options:
<varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname> and
<varname>SENDMAIL_ADDITIONAL_MC</varname>. See
<filename>/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf</filename> for more
information. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic"><filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now supports:
the new <varname>SENDMAIL_MC</varname>
<filename>make.conf</filename> option; the ability to build
<filename>.cf</filename> files from
<filename>.mc</filename> files; generalized map rebuilding;
rebuilding the aliases file; and the ability to stop, start,
and restart
<application>sendmail</application>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The <username>smmsp</username> and
<username>mailnull</username> users have been added to
<filename>/etc/master.passwd</filename>. In the absence of a
<literal>confDEF_USER_ID</literal> setting, by default,
<application>sendmail</application> will use the
<username>mailnull</username> user for extra security.
Previously, if the <username>mailnull</username> user did
not exist, the <username>daemon</username> user was used.
This change may generate some permissions issues when
mailing to files or to programs (such as <filename
role="package">mail/majordomo</filename>). &merged; The
previous behavior can be restored by adding the following
line to a system's
<filename><replaceable>*</replaceable>.mc</filename>
configuration file:
<programlisting>define(`confDEF_USER_ID', `daemon')</programlisting>
</para>
<para role="historic">Beginning with the import of
<application>sendmail</application> 8.12.2, multiple
<application>sendmail</application> daemons (some required
to handle outgoing mail) are started by &man.rc.8;, even if
the <varname>sendmail_enable</varname> variable is set to
<literal>NO</literal>. To completely disable
<application>sendmail</application>,
<varname>sendmail_enable</varname> must be set to
<literal>NONE</literal>. Alternatively, for systems using a
different MTA, the <varname>mta_start_script</varname> variable can
be used to point to a different startup script (more details
can be found in &man.rc.sendmail.8;). &merged;</para>
<para>By default, &man.rc.8; no longer enables
<application>sendmail</application> for inbound SMTP
connections. Note that &man.sysinstall.8; may override this
default for a binary installation, based on what security
profile is selected. This functionality can also be
manually enabled by adding the following line to
<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>sendmail_enable="YES"</programlisting>
<para>The permissions for <application>sendmail</application>
alias and map databases built via
<filename>/etc/mail/Makefile</filename> now default to mode
0640 to protect against a file locking local denial of service.
It can be changed by setting the new
<varname>SENDMAIL_MAP_PERMS</varname>
<filename>make.conf</filename> option. &merged;</para>
<para>The permissions for the <application>sendmail</application>
statistics file, <filename>/var/log/sendmail.st</filename>, have
been changed from mode 0644 to mode 0640 to protect against
a file locking local denial of service. &merged;</para>
</sect4>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Ports/Packages Collection Infrastructure</title>
<para><application>BSDPAN</application>, a collection of modules
that provides tighter integration of
<application>Perl</application> into the &os; Ports
Collection, has been added.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; and &man.pkg.add.1; can now work with
packages that have been compressed using
&man.bzip2.1;. &man.pkg.add.1; will use the PACKAGEROOT
environment variable to determine a mirror site for new
packages. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now records dependencies in dependency
order rather than in the order specified on the command line.
This improves the functioning of <command>pkg_add
-r</command>. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.create.1; now supports a <option>-b</option> to
create a package file from a locally-installed
package. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">When requested to delete multiple packages,
&man.pkg.delete.1; will now attempt to remove them in
dependency order rather than the order specified on the
command line. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now can perform glob/regexp matching of
package names. In addition, it supports a <option>-a</option>
option for removing all packages and a <option>-i</option>
option for &man.rm.1;-style interactive
confirmation. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.delete.1; now supports a <option>-r</option>
option for recursive package removal. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; now supports globbing against names of
installed packages. The <option>-G</option> option disables
this behavior, and the <option>-x</option> option causes
regular expression matching instead of shell
globbing. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.info.1; can now accept a <option>-g</option> flag
for verifying an installed package against its recorded
checksums (to see if it's been modified post-installation).
Naturally, this mechanism is only as secure as the contents of
<filename>/var/db/pkg</filename> if it's to be used for auditing
purposes. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.sign.1; and &man.pkg.check.1; have been added to
digitally sign and verify the signatures on binary package
files. &merged;</para>
<para>For some time, &os; 5.0-CURRENT (as well as some 4.X
releases) included a pkg_update(1) utility to update installed
packages, as well as their dependencies. This utility has
been removed; a superset of its functionality can be found in
the <filename role="package">sysutils/portupgrade</filename>
port.</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now has a version number comparison
routine that corresponds to the Porters Handbook. It also has
a <option>-t</option> option for testing address comparisons.
&merged;</para>
<para role="historic">&man.pkg.version.1; now takes a <option>-s</option> flag
to limit its operation to ports/packages matching a given
string. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">Version numbers of installed packages have a new
(backward-compatible) syntax, which supports the
<varname>PORTREVISION</varname> and
<varname>PORTEPOCH</varname> variables in Ports Collection
<filename>Makefile</filename>s. These changes help keep track
of changes in the ports collection entries such as security
patches or &os;-specific updates, which aren't reflected in
the original, third-party software distributions.
&man.pkg.version.1; can now compare these new-style version
numbers. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">To improve performance and disk utilization, the
<quote>ports skeletons</quote> in the &os; Ports Collection
have been restructured. Installed ports and packages should
not be affected. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">All packages and ports now contain an
<quote>origin</quote> directive, which makes it easier for
programs such as &man.pkg.version.1; to determine the
directory from which a package was built. &merged;</para>
<para role="historic">The Ports Collection infrastructure now uses
<application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0 as the default version
of the X Window System for the purposes of satisfying
dependencies. To return to using
<application>XFree86</application> 3.3.6, add the following line
to <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>: &merged;</para>
<programlisting role="historic">XFREE86_VERSION=3</programlisting>
<para>The libraries installed by the <filename
role="package">emulators/linux_base</filename> port (required
for Linux emulation) have been updated; they now correspond to
those included with <application>Red Hat Linux</application>
7.1.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Release Engineering and Integration</title>
<para>The <filename>bin</filename> distribution has been renamed
<filename>base</filename>, in order to make creation of combined
install/recovery disks easier.</para>
<para arch="i386">ISO images and CDROMs now use the
<filename>cdboot</filename> boot loader by default. This
eliminates the need for an emulated floppy disk image on
a bootable CDROM and allows for a full
<filename>GENERIC</filename> kernel to be used for CDROM
installations, at the expense of compatability with some old
BIOSs.</para>
<para arch="i386,pc98,alpha" role="historic"><application>XFree86</application> 4.2.0
is now the default version of the X Window System supported by
&man.sysinstall.8;. It installs
<application>XFree86</application> as a set of standard binary
packages, so the usual package utilities such as
&man.pkg.info.1; can be used to examine/manipulate its
components. &merged;</para>
<para>It is now possible to make releases of &os;
&release.current; on a &os; 4-STABLE host. Cross-architecture
(building a release for a target architecture on a host of a
different architecture) releases are also possible. See
&man.release.7; for details.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1>
<title>Upgrading from previous releases of &os;</title>
<para>If you're upgrading from a previous release of &os;, you
generally will have three options:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Using the binary upgrade option of &man.sysinstall.8;.
This option is perhaps the quickest, although it presumes
that your installation of &os; uses no special compilation
options.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Performing a complete reinstall of &os;. Technically,
this is not an upgrading method, and in any case is usually less
convenient than a binary upgrade, in that it requires you to
manually backup and restore the contents of
<filename>/etc</filename>. However, it may be useful in
cases where you want (or need) to change the partitioning of
your disks.
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>From source code in <filename>/usr/src</filename>. This
route is more flexible, but requires more disk space, time,
and more technical expertise. Upgrading from very old
versions of &os; may be problematic; in cases like this, it
is usually more effective to perform a binary upgrade or a
complete reinstall.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>Please read the <filename>INSTALL.TXT</filename> file for more
information, preferably <emphasis>before</emphasis> beginning an
upgrade. If you are upgrading from source, please be sure to read
<filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> as well.</para>
<para>Finally, if you want to use one of various means to track the
-STABLE or -CURRENT branches of &os;, please be sure to consult
the <ulink
url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/current-stable.html"><quote>-CURRENT
vs. -STABLE</quote></ulink> section of the <ulink
url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/">FreeBSD
Handbook</ulink>.</para>
<important>
<para>Upgrading &os; should, of course, only be attempted after
backing up <emphasis>all</emphasis> data and configuration
files.</para>
</important>
</sect1>
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