freebsd-dev/share/doc/handbook/install.sgml

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<chapt><heading>Installing FreeBSD<label id="install"></heading>
<sect>MS-DOS user's Questions and Answers
<p><bf>Help! I have no space! Do I need to delete
everything first?</bf>
If your machine is already running MS-DOS and has little
or no free space available for FreeBSD's installation,
all is not lost! You may find the FIPS utility, provided
in the <tt>tools</tt> directory on the FreeBSD CDROM or
on the various FreeBSD ftp sites, to be quite useful.
FIPS allows you to split an existing MS-DOS partition
into two pieces, preserving the original partition and
allowing you to install onto the second free piece. You
first defragment your MS-DOS partition, using the DOS
6.xx DEFRAG utility or the Norton Disk tools, then run
FIPS. It will prompt you for the rest of the information
it needs. Afterwards, you can reboot and install FreeBSD
on the new free slice. See the <em>Distributions</em>
menu for an estimation of how much free space you'll need
for the kind of installation you want.
<bf>Can I use compressed MS-DOS filesystems from
FreeBSD?</bf>
No. If you are using a utility such as Stacker(tm) or
DoubleSpace(tm), FreeBSD will only be able to use
whatever portion of the filesystem you leave
uncompressed. The rest of the filesystem will show up as
one large file (the stacked/dblspaced file!). <bf>Do not
remove that file!</bf> You will probably regret it
greatly!
It is probably better to create another uncompressed
MS-DOS primary partition and use this for communications
between MS-DOS and FreeBSD.
<bf>Can I mount my MS-DOS extended partitions?</bf>
This feature isn't in FreeBSD 2.0.5 but should be in 2.1.
We've laid all the groundwork for making this happen, now
we just need to do the last 1 percent of the work involved.
<bf>Can I run MS-DOS binaries under FreeBSD?</bf>
Not yet! We'd like to add support for this someday, but
are still lacking anyone to actually do the work.
Ongoing work with Linux's PCEMU utility may bring this
much closer to being a reality sometime soon. Send mail
to hackers@freebsd.org if you're interested in joining
this effort!
<sect>Supported Configurations<label id="install:hw">
<p>FreeBSD currently runs on a wide variety of ISA, VLB,
EISA and PCI bus based PC's, ranging from 386sx to
Pentium class machines (though the 386sx is not
recommended). Support for generic IDE or ESDI drive
configurations, various SCSI controller, network and
serial cards is also provided.
A minimum of four megabytes of RAM is required to run FreeBSD.
To run the X-window system, eight megabytes of RAM is the
recommended minimum.
Following is a list of all disk controllers and ethernet
cards currently known to work with FreeBSD. Other
configurations may very well work, and we have simply not
received any indication of this.
<sect1>Disk Controllers
<p>
<itemize>
<item>WD1003 (any generic MFM/RLL)
<item>WD1007 (any generic IDE/ESDI)
<item>WD7000
<item>IDE
<item>ATA
<item>Adaptec 152x series ISA SCSI controllers
<item>Adaptec 154x series ISA SCSI controllers
<item>Adaptec 174x series EISA SCSI controller in
standard and enhanced mode.
<item>Adaptec 274X/284X/2940 (Narrow/Wide/Twin)
series ISA/EISA/PCI SCSI controllers
<item>Adaptec AIC-6260 and AIC-6360 based boards,
which includes the AHA-152x and SoundBlaster SCSI
cards.
<bf>Note:</bf> You cannot boot from the
SoundBlaster cards as they have no on-board BIOS,
which is necessary for mapping the boot device into
the system BIOS I/O vectors. They are perfectly
usable for external tapes, CDROMs, etc, however.
The same goes for any other AIC-6x60 based card
without a boot ROM. Some systems DO have a boot
ROM, which is generally indicated by some sort of
message when the system is first powered up or
reset. Check your system/board documentation for
more details.
<item>Buslogic 545S &amp; 545c
<bf>Note:</bf> that Buslogic was formerly known as "Bustec".
<item>Buslogic 445S/445c VLB SCSI controller
<item>Buslogic 742A, 747S, 747c EISA SCSI controller.
<item>Buslogic 946c PCI SCSI controller
<item>Buslogic 956c PCI SCSI controller
<item>NCR 53C810 and 53C825 PCI SCSI controller.
<item>NCR5380/NCR53400 ("ProAudio Spectrum") SCSI controller.
<item>DTC 3290 EISA SCSI controller in 1542 emulation mode.
<item>UltraStor 14F, 24F and 34F SCSI controllers.
<item>Seagate ST01/02 SCSI controllers.
<item>Future Domain 8xx/950 series SCSI controllers.
</itemize>
With all supported SCSI controllers, full support is
provided for SCSI-I &amp; SCSI-II peripherals,
including Disks, tape drives (including DAT) and CD ROM
drives.
The following CD-ROM type systems are supported at this
time:
<itemize>
<item>SCSI (also includes ProAudio Spectrum and
SoundBlaster SCSI) (cd)
<item>Mitsumi proprietary interface (mcd)
<item>Matsushita/Panasonic (Creative) proprietary
interface (matcd)
<item>Sony proprietary interface (scd)
</itemize>
<bf>Note:</bf> CD-Drives with IDE interfaces are not
supported at this time.
Some controllers have limitations with the way they
deal with &gt;16MB of memory, due to the fact that the
ISA bus only has a DMA address space of 24 bits. If
you do your arithmetic, you'll see that this makes it
impossible to do direct DMA to any address &gt;16MB.
This limitation is even true of some EISA controllers
(which are normally 32 bit) when they're configured to
emulate an ISA card, which they then do in *all*
respects. This problem is avoided entirely by IDE
controllers (which do not use DMA), true EISA
controllers (like the UltraStor, Adaptec 1742A or
Adaptec 2742) and most VLB (local bus) controllers. In
the cases where it's necessary, the system will use
"bounce buffers" to talk to the controller so that you
can still use more than 16Mb of memory without
difficulty.
<sect1>Ethernet cards
<p>
<itemize>
<item>SMC Elite 16 WD8013 ethernet interface, and
most other WD8003E, WD8003EBT, WD8003W, WD8013W,
WD8003S, WD8003SBT and WD8013EBT based clones. SMC
Elite Ultra is also supported.
<item>DEC EtherWORKS III NICs (DE203, DE204, and DE205)
<item>DEC EtherWORKS II NICs (DE200, DE201, DE202, and DE422)
<item>DEC DC21140 based NICs (SMC???? DE???)
<item>DEC FDDI (DEFPA/DEFEA) NICs
<item>Fujitsu MB86960A family of NICs
<item>Intel EtherExpress
<item>Isolan AT 4141-0 (16 bit)
<item>Isolink 4110 (8 bit)
<item>Novell NE1000, NE2000, and NE2100 ethernet interface.
<item>3Com 3C501 cards
<item>3Com 3C503 Etherlink II
<item>3Com 3c505 Etherlink/+
<item>3Com 3C507 Etherlink 16/TP
<item>3Com 3C509, 3C579, 3C589 (PCMCIA) Etherlink III
<item>Toshiba ethernet cards
<item>PCMCIA ethernet cards from IBM and National
Semiconductor are also supported.
</itemize>
<sect1>Misc
<p>
<itemize>
<item>AST 4 port serial card using shared IRQ.
<item>ARNET 8 port serial card using shared IRQ.
<item>BOCA ATIO66 6 port serial card using shared IRQ.
<item>Cyclades Cyclom-y Serial Board.
<item>STB 4 port card using shared IRQ.
<item>Mitsumi (all models) CDROM interface and drive.
<item>SDL Communications Riscom/8 Serial Board.
<item>Soundblaster SCSI and ProAudio Spectrum SCSI
CDROM interface and drive.
<item>Matsushita/Panasonic (Creative SoundBlaster)
CDROM interface and drive.
<item>Adlib, SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro,
ProAudioSpectrum, Gravis UltraSound and Roland
MPU-401 sound cards.
</itemize>
FreeBSD currently does NOT support IBM's microchannel
(MCA) bus, but support is apparently close to
materializing. Details will be posted as the situation
develops.
<sect>Preparing for the installation</heading>
<p>There are a number of different methods by which FreeBSD
can be installed. The following describes what
preparation needs to be done for each type.
<sect1>Before installing from CDROM
<p>If your CDROM is of an unsupported type, such as an
IDE CDROM, then please skip to section 2.3: MS-DOS
Preparation.
There is not a lot of preparatory work that needs to be
done to successfully install from one of Walnut Creek's
FreeBSD CDROMs (other CDROM distributions may work as
well, but I can't say for sure as I have no hand or say
in their creation). You can either boot into the CD
installation directly from MS-DOS using Walnut Creek's
supplied "install" batch file or you can make a boot
floppy by writing the supplied image
(floppies/boot.flp) onto a floppy with the "go"
command, which invokes the rawrite.exe command found in
the tools/ subdirectory.
If you're creating the boot floppy from a UNIX machine,
you may find that ``dd if=floppies/boot.flp
of=/dev/rfd0'' or ``dd if=floppies/boot.flp
of=/dev/floppy'' works well, depending on your hardware
and operating system environment.
Once you've booted from MS-DOS or floppy, you should be
able to select CDROM as the media type in the Media
menu and load the entire distribution from CDROM. No
other types of installation media should be required.
After your system is fully installed and you have
rebooted from the hard disk, you should find the CD
mounted on the directory /cdrom. A utility called
`lndir' comes with the XFree86 distribution which you
may also find useful: It allows you to create "link
tree" directories to things on Read-Only media like
CDROM. One example might be something like this:
<tscreen>mkdir /usr/ports<newline>lndir /cdrom/ports
/usr/ports</tscreen>
Which would allow you to then "cd /usr/ports; make" and
get all the sources from the CD, but yet create all the
intermediate files in /usr/ports, which is presumably
on a more writable media!
<sect1>Before installing from Floppy</heading>
<p>If you must install from floppy disks, either due to
unsupported hardware or just because you enjoy doing
things the hard way, you must first prepare some
floppies for the install.
The first floppy you'll need is ``floppies/root.flp'',
which is somewhat special in that it's not a MS-DOS
filesystem floppy at all, but rather an "image" floppy
(it's actually a gzip'd cpio file). You can use the
rawrite.exe program to do this under DOS, or ``dd'' to
do it on a UNIX Workstation (see notes in section 2.1
concerning the ``floppies/boot.flp'' image). Once this
floppy is made, put it aside. You'll be asked for it
later.
You will also need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB or 1.2MB
floppies as it takes to hold all files in the bin
(binary distribution) directory. THESE floppies *must*
be formatted using MS-DOS, using with the FORMAT
command in MS-DOS or the File Manager format command in
Microsoft Windows(tm). Factory preformatted floppies
will also work well, provided that they haven't been
previously used for something else.
Many problems reported by our users in the past have
resulted from the use of improperly formatted media, so
we simply take special care to mention it here!
After you've MS-DOS formatted the floppies, you'll need
to copy the files onto them. The distribution files
are split into chunks conveniently sized so that 5 of
them will fit on a conventional 1.44MB floppy. Go
through all your floppies, packing as many files as
will fit on each one, until you've got all the
distributions you want packed up in this fashion.
Select ``Floppy'' from the Media menu at installation
time and you will be prompted for everything after
that.
<sect1>Before installing from a MS-DOS partition</heading>
<p>To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition,
you should simply copy the files from the distribution
into a directory called <tt>FREEBSD</tt>. For example, to do
a minimal installation of FreeBSD from DOS using files
copied from the CDROM, you might do something like
this:
<tscreen><verb>
C> MD C:\FREEBSD
C> XCOPY /S E:\DISTS\BIN C:\FREEBSD
C> XCOPY /S E:\FLOPPIES C:\FREEBSD
</verb></tscreen>
Asssuming that <tt>C:</tt> was where you had free space and
<tt>E:</tt> was where your CD was mounted. Note that you need
the <tt>FLOPPIES</tt> directory because the <tt>root.flp</tt> image is
automatically looked for there when you are doing a
MS-DOS installation.
For as many `DISTS' you wish to install from MS-DOS
(and you have free space for), install each one under
<tt>C:&bsol;FREEBSD</tt> - the BIN dist is only the minimal
requirement.
<sect1>Before installing from QIC/SCSI Tape</heading>
<p>Installing from tape is probably the easiest method,
short of an on-line install using FTP or a CDROM
instal. The installation program expects the files to
be simply tar'ed onto the tape, so after getting all of
the files for distribution you're interested in, simply
tar them onto the tape with a command like:
<tscreen>
cd /freebsd/distdir<newline>
tar cvf /dev/rwt0 (or /dev/rst0) dist1 .. dist2
</tscreen>
Make sure that the `floppies/' directory is one of the
"dists" given above, since the installation will look
for `floppies/root.flp' on the tape.
When you go to do the installation, you should also
make sure that you leave enough room in some temporary
directory (which you'll be allowed to choose) to
accommodate the FULL contents of the tape you've
created. Due to the non-random access nature of tapes,
this method of installation requires quite a bit of
temporary storage! You should expect to require as
much temporary storage as you have stuff written on
tape.
<sect1>Before installing over a network</heading>
<p>You can do network installations over 3 types of
communications links:
<descrip>
<tag>Serial port</tag> SLIP or PPP <tag>Parallel
port</tag> PLIP (laplink cable) <tag>Ethernet</tag> A
standard ethernet controller (includes some PCMCIA).
</descrip>
SLIP support is rather primitive, and limited primarily
to hard-wired links, such as a serial cable running
between a laptop computer and another computer. The link
should be hard-wired as the SLIP installation doesn't
currently offer a dialing capability; that facility is
provided with the PPP utility, which should be used in
preference to SLIP whenever possible.
If you're using a modem, then PPP is almost certainly
your only choice. Make sure that you have your service
provider's information handy as you'll need to know it
fairly soon in the installation process. You will need
to know, at the minimum, your service provider's IP
address and possibly your own (though you can also leave
it blank and allow PPP to negotiate it with your ISP).
You also need to know how to use the various "AT
commands" to dial the ISP with your particular modem as
the PPP dialer provides only a very simple terminal
emulator.
If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD (2.0R or
later) machine is available, you might also consider
installing over a "laplink" parallel port cable. The
data rate over the parallel port is much higher than is
what's typically possible over a serial line (up to
50k/sec), thus resulting in a quicker installation.
Finally, for the fastest possible network installation,
an ethernet adaptor is always a good choice! FreeBSD
supports most common PC ethernet cards, a table of
supported cards (and their required settings) provided as
part of the FreeBSD Hardware Guide - see the
Documentation menu on the boot floppy. If you are using
one of the supported PCMCIA ethernet cards, also be sure
that it's plugged in _before_ the laptop is powered on!
FreeBSD does not, unfortunately, currently support "hot
insertion" of PCMCIA cards.
You will also need to know your IP address on the
network, the "netmask" value for your address class and
the name of your machine. Your system administrator can
tell you which values to use for your particular network
setup. If you will be referring to other hosts by name
rather than IP address, you'll also need a name server
and possibly the address of a gateway (if you're using
PPP, it's your provider's IP address) to use in talking
to it. If you do not know the answers to all or most of
these questions, then you should really probably talk to
your system administrator _first_ before trying this type
of installation!
Once you have a network link of some sort working, the
installation can continue over NFS or FTP.
<sect2>Preparing for NFS installation
<p>NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply
copy the FreeBSD distribution files you're interested
onto a server somewhere and then point the NFS media
selection at it.
If this server supports only "privileged port" access
(as is generally the default for Sun workstations),
you will need to set this option in the Options menu
before installation can proceed.
If you have a poor quality ethernet card which
suffers from very slow transfer rates, you may also
wish to toggle the appropriate Options flag.
In order for NFS installation to work, the server
must support "subdir mounts", e.g. if your FreeBSD
2.0.5 distribution directory lives on:
ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD Then ziggy will have
to allow the direct mounting of
/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, not just /usr or
/usr/archive/stuff.
In FreeBSD's /etc/exports file, this is controlled by
the ``-alldirs'' option. Other NFS servers may have
different conventions. If you are getting
`Permission Denied' messages from the server then
it's likely that you don't have this enabled
properly!
<sect2>Preparing for FTP Installation
<p>FTP installation may be done from any mirror site
containing a reasonably up-to-date version of FreeBSD
2.0.5, a full menu of reasonable choices from almost
anywhere in the world being provided by the FTP site
menu.
If you are installing from some other FTP site not
listed in this menu, or you are having troubles
getting your name server configured properly, you can
also specify your own URL by selecting the ``Other''
choice in that menu. A URL can also be a direct IP
address, so the following would work in the absence
of a name server: <tscreen>
ftp://192.216.222.4/pub/FreeBSD/2.0.5-RELEASE</tscreen>
<em><bf>NOTE:</bf> Substitute "ALPHA" for "RELEASE"
during the ALPHA test period!</em>
If you are installing through a firewall then you
should probably select ``Passive mode'' ftp, which is
the default. If you are talking to a server which
does not support passive mode for some reason, see
the Options menu to select Active mode transfers.
<sect>Installing FreeBSD
<p>Once you've taken note of the appropriate
preinstallation steps, you should be able to install
FreeBSD without any further trouble.
Should this not be true, then you may wish to go back and
re-read the relevant preparation section (section 2.x)
for the installation media type you're trying to use -
perhaps there's a helpful hint there that you missed the
first time? If you're having hardware trouble, or
FreeBSD refuses to boot at all, read the Hardware Guide
provided on the boot floppy for a list of possible
solutions.
The FreeBSD boot floppy contains all the on-line
documentation you should need to be able to navigate
through an installation and if it doesn't then I'd like
to know what you found most confusing! It is the
objective of the FreeBSD installation program
(sysinstall) to be self-documenting enough that painful
"step-by-step" guides are no longer necessary. It may
take us a little while to reach that objective, but
that's the objective!
Meanwhile, you may also find the following "typical
installation sequence" to be helpful:
<enum>
<item>Boot the boot floppy. After a boot sequence
which can take anywhere from from 30 seconds to 3
minutes, depending on your hardware, you should be
presented with a menu of initial choices. If the
floppy doesn't boot at all, or the boot hangs at some
stage, go read the Q&amp;A section of the Hardware Guide
for possible causes.
<item>Press F1. You should see some basic usage
instructions on the menu system and general
navigation. If you haven't used this menu system
before then PLEASE read this thoroughly!
<item>If English is not your native language, you may
wish to proceed directly to the Language option and
set your preferred language. This will bring up some
of the documentation in that language instead of
english.
<item>Select the Options item and set any special
preferences you may have.
<item>Select Proceed, bringing you to the Installation Menu.
</enum>
<sect1>The installation menu
<p>You can do anything you like in this menu without
altering your system <em>except</em> for "Commit",
which will perform any requests to alter your system
you may have made.
If you're confused at any point, the F1 key usually
pulls up the right information for the screen you're
in.
<enum>
<item>The first step is generally `Partition', which
allows you to chose how your drives will be used
for FreeBSD.
<item>Next, with the `Label' editor, you can specify
how the space in any allocated FreeBSD partitions
should be used by FreeBSD, or where to mount a
non-FreeBSD partition (such as DOS).
<item>Next, the `Distributions' menu allows you to
specify which parts of FreeBSD you wish to load. A
good choice is "User" for a small system or
"Developer" for someone wanting a bit more out of
FreeBSD. If none of the existing collections sound
applicable, select Custom.
<item>Next, the `Media' menu allows you to specify
what kind of media you wish to install from. If a
desired media choice is found and configured
automatically then this menu will simply return,
otherwise you'll be asked for additional details on
the media device type.
<item>Finally, the Commit command will actually
perform all the actions at once (nothing has been
written to your disk so far, nor will it until you
give the final confirmation). All new or changed
partition information will be written out, file
systems will be created and/or non-destructively
labelled (depending on how you set their newfs
flags in the Label editor) and all selected
distributions will be extracted.
<item>The Configure menu choice allows you to furthur
configure your FreeBSD installation by giving you
menu-driven access to various system defaults.
Some items, like networking, may be especially
important if you did a CDROM/Tape/Floppy
installation and have not yet configured your
network interfaces (assuming you have some).
Properly configuring your network here will allow
FreeBSD to come up on the network when you first
reboot from the hard disk.
<item>Exit returns you to the top menu.
</enum>
At this point, you're generally done with the
sysinstall utility and can select the final `Quit'. If
you're running it as an installer (e.g. before the
system is all the way up) then the system will now
reboot. If you selected the boot manager option, you
will see a small boot menu with an `F?' prompt. Press
the function key for BSD (it will be shown) and you
should boot up into FreeBSD off the hard disk.
If this fails to happen for some reason, see the Q&amp;A
section of the Hardware Guide for possible clues!