462 lines
10 KiB
Groff
462 lines
10 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: passwd.5,v 1.12.2.2 1999/12/17 23:14:50 he Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1988, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\" Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Jason Downs. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" From: @(#)passwd.5 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd May 29, 2014
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.Dt PASSWD 5
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm passwd ,
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.Nm master.passwd
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.Nd format of the password file
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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files are the local source of password information.
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They can be used in conjunction with the Hesiod domains
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.Sq Li passwd
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and
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.Sq Li uid ,
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and the
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.Tn NIS
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maps
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.Sq Li passwd.byname ,
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.Sq Li passwd.byuid ,
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.Sq Li master.passwd.byname ,
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and
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.Sq Li master.passwd.byuid ,
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as controlled by
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.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 .
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.Pp
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For consistency, none of these files should ever be modified
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manually.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm master.passwd
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file is readable only by root, and consists of newline separated
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records, one per user, containing ten colon
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.Pq Ql \&:
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separated
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fields.
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These fields are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width ".Ar password" -offset indent
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.It Ar name
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User's login name.
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.It Ar password
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User's
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.Em encrypted
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password.
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.It Ar uid
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User's id.
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.It Ar gid
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User's login group id.
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.It Ar class
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User's login class.
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.It Ar change
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Password change time.
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.It Ar expire
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Account expiration time.
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.It Ar gecos
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General information about the user.
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.It Ar home_dir
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User's home directory.
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.It Ar shell
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User's login shell.
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.El
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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file is generated from the
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.Nm master.passwd
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file by
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.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 ,
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has the
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.Ar class ,
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.Ar change ,
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and
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.Ar expire
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fields removed, and the
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.Ar password
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field replaced by a
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.Ql *
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character.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar name
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field is the login used to access the computer account, and the
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.Ar uid
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field is the number associated with it.
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They should both be unique
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across the system (and often across a group of systems) since they
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control file access.
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.Pp
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While it is possible to have multiple entries with identical login names
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and/or identical user id's, it is usually a mistake to do so.
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Routines
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that manipulate these files will often return only one of the multiple
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entries, and that one by random selection.
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.Pp
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The login name must not begin with a hyphen
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.Pq Ql \&- ,
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and cannot contain 8-bit characters, tabs or spaces, or any of these
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symbols:
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.Ql \&,:+&#%^\&(\&)!@~*?<>=|\e\\&/" .
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The dollar symbol
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.Pq Ql \&$
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is allowed only as the last character for use with Samba.
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No field may contain a
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colon
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.Pq Ql \&:
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as this has been used historically to separate the fields
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in the user database.
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.Pp
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Case is significant.
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Login names
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.Ql Lrrr
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and
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.Ql lrrr
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represent different users.
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Be aware of this when interoperating with systems that do not have
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case-sensitive login names.
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.Pp
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In the
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.Nm master.passwd
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file,
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the
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.Ar password
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field is the
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.Em encrypted
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form of the password, see
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.Xr crypt 3 .
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If the
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.Ar password
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field is empty, no password will be required to gain access to the
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machine.
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This is almost invariably a mistake, so authentication components
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such as PAM can forcibly disallow remote access to passwordless accounts.
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Because this file contains the encrypted user passwords, it should
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not be readable by anyone without appropriate privileges.
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.Pp
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A password of
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.Ql *
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indicates that
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password authentication is disabled for that account
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(logins through other forms of
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authentication, e.g., using
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.Xr ssh 1
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keys, will still work).
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The field only contains encrypted passwords, and
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.Ql *
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can never be the result of encrypting a password.
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.Pp
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An encrypted password prefixed by
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.Ql *LOCKED*
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means that the account is temporarily locked out
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and no one can log into it using any authentication.
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For a convenient command-line interface to account locking, see
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.Xr pw 8 .
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar group
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field is the group that the user will be placed in upon login.
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Since this system supports multiple groups (see
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.Xr groups 1 )
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this field currently has little special meaning.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar class
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field is a key for a user's login class.
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Login classes
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are defined in
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.Xr login.conf 5 ,
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which is a
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.Xr termcap 5
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style database of user attributes, accounting, resource,
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and environment settings.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar change
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field is the number of seconds from the epoch,
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.Dv UTC ,
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until the
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password for the account must be changed.
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This field may be left empty to turn off the password aging feature;
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a value of zero is equivalent to leaving the field empty.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar expire
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field is the number of seconds from the epoch,
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.Dv UTC ,
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until the
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account expires.
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This field may be left empty to turn off the account aging feature;
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a value of zero is equivalent to leaving the field empty.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar gecos
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field normally contains comma
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.Pq Ql \&,
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separated subfields as follows:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width ".Ar office" -offset indent -compact
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.It Ar name
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user's full name
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.It Ar office
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user's office number
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.It Ar wphone
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user's work phone number
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.It Ar hphone
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user's home phone number
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.El
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.Pp
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The full
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.Ar name
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may contain an ampersand
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.Pq Ql &
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which will be replaced by
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the capitalized login
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.Ar name
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when the
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.Ar gecos
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field is displayed or used
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by various programs such as
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.Xr finger 1 ,
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.Xr sendmail 8 ,
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etc.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar office
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and phone number subfields are used by the
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.Xr finger 1
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program, and possibly other applications.
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.Pp
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The user's home directory,
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.Ar home_dir ,
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is the full
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.Ux
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path name where the user
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will be placed on login.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar shell
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field is the command interpreter the user prefers.
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If there is nothing in the
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.Ar shell
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field, the Bourne shell
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.Pq Pa /bin/sh
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is assumed.
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The conventional way to disable logging into an account once and for all,
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as it is done for system accounts,
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is to set its
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.Ar shell
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to
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.Pa /sbin/nologin
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.Pq see Xr nologin 8 .
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.Sh HESIOD SUPPORT
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If
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.Sq Li dns
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is specified for the
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.Sq Li passwd
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database in
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.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 ,
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then
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.Nm
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lookups occur from the
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.Sq Li passwd
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Hesiod domain.
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.Sh NIS SUPPORT
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If
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.Sq Li nis
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is specified for the
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.Sq Li passwd
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database in
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.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 ,
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then
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.Nm
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lookups occur from the
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.Sq Li passwd.byname ,
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.Sq Li passwd.byuid ,
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.Sq Li master.passwd.byname ,
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and
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.Sq Li master.passwd.byuid
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.Tn NIS
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maps.
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.Sh COMPAT SUPPORT
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If
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.Sq Li compat
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is specified for the
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.Sq Li passwd
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database, and either
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.Sq Li dns
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or
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.Sq Li nis
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is specified for the
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.Sq Li passwd_compat
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database in
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.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 ,
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then the
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.Nm
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file also supports standard
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.Sq Li + Ns / Ns Li -
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exclusions and inclusions, based on user names and netgroups.
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.Pp
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Lines beginning with a
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.Ql -
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(minus sign) are entries marked as being excluded
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from any following inclusions, which are marked with a
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.Ql +
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(plus sign).
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.Pp
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If the second character of the line is a
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.Ql @
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(at sign), the operation
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involves the user fields of all entries in the netgroup specified by the
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remaining characters of the
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.Ar name
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field.
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Otherwise, the remainder of the
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.Ar name
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field is assumed to be a specific user name.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ql +
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token may also be alone in the
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.Ar name
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field, which causes all users from either the Hesiod domain
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.Nm
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(with
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.Sq Li passwd_compat: dns )
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or
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.Sq Li passwd.byname
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and
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.Sq Li passwd.byuid
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.Tn NIS
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maps (with
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.Sq Li passwd_compat: nis )
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to be included.
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.Pp
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If the entry contains non-empty
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.Ar uid
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or
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.Ar gid
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fields, the specified numbers will override the information retrieved
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from the Hesiod domain or the
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.Tn NIS
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maps.
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Likewise, if the
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.Ar gecos ,
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.Ar dir
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or
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.Ar shell
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entries contain text, it will override the information included via
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Hesiod or
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.Tn NIS .
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On some systems, the
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.Ar passwd
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field may also be overridden.
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /etc/master.passwd" -compact
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.It Pa /etc/passwd
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.Tn ASCII
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password file, with passwords removed
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.It Pa /etc/pwd.db
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.Xr db 3 Ns -format
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password database, with passwords removed
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.It Pa /etc/master.passwd
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.Tn ASCII
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password file, with passwords intact
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.It Pa /etc/spwd.db
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.Xr db 3 Ns -format
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password database, with passwords intact
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.El
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.Sh COMPATIBILITY
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The password file format has changed since
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.Bx 4.3 .
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The following awk script can be used to convert your old-style password
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file into a new style password file.
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The additional fields
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.Ar class ,
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.Ar change
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and
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.Ar expire
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are added, but are turned off by default
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.Pq setting these fields to zero is equivalent to leaving them blank .
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Class is currently not implemented, but change and expire are; to set them,
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use the current day in seconds from the epoch + whatever number of seconds
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of offset you want.
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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BEGIN { FS = ":"}
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{ print $1 ":" $2 ":" $3 ":" $4 "::0:0:" $5 ":" $6 ":" $7 }
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.Ed
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr chpass 1 ,
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.Xr login 1 ,
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.Xr passwd 1 ,
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.Xr crypt 3 ,
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.Xr getpwent 3 ,
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.Xr login.conf 5 ,
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.Xr netgroup 5 ,
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.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 ,
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.Xr adduser 8 ,
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.Xr nologin 8 ,
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.Xr pw 8 ,
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.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 ,
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.Xr vipw 8 ,
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.Xr yp 8
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.Pp
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.%T "Managing NFS and NIS"
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(O'Reilly & Associates)
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.Sh HISTORY
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A
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.Nm
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file format appeared in
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.At v6 .
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.Pp
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The
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.Tn NIS
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.Nm
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file format first appeared in SunOS.
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.Pp
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The Hesiod support first appeared in
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.Fx 4.1 .
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It was imported from the
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.Nx
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Project, where it first appeared in
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.Nx 1.4 .
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.Sh BUGS
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User information should (and eventually will) be stored elsewhere.
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.Pp
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Placing
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.Sq Li compat
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exclusions in the file after any inclusions will have
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unexpected results.
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