freebsd-nq/lib/libpmc/pmc.k8.3

.\" Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Joseph Koshy.  All rights reserved.
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.\" $FreeBSD$
.\"
.Dd October 4, 2008
.Dt PMC.K8 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm pmc.k8
.Nd measurement events for
.Tn AMD
.Tn Athlon 64
(K8 family) CPUs
.Sh LIBRARY
.Lb libpmc
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In pmc.h
.Sh DESCRIPTION
AMD K8 PMCs are present in the
.Tn "AMD Athlon64"
and
.Tn "AMD Opteron"
series of CPUs.
They are documented in the
.Rs
.%B "BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide for the AMD Athlon(tm) 64 and AMD Opteron Processors"
.%N "Publication No. 26094"
.%D "April 2004"
.%Q "Advanced Micro Devices, Inc."
.Re
.Ss PMC Features
AMD K8 PMCs are 48 bits wide.
Each CPU contains 4 PMCs with the following capabilities:
.Bl -column "PMC_CAP_INTERRUPT" "Support"
.It Em Capability Ta Em Support
.It PMC_CAP_CASCADE Ta \&No
.It PMC_CAP_EDGE Ta Yes
.It PMC_CAP_INTERRUPT Ta Yes
.It PMC_CAP_INVERT Ta Yes
.It PMC_CAP_READ Ta Yes
.It PMC_CAP_PRECISE Ta \&No
.It PMC_CAP_SYSTEM Ta Yes
.It PMC_CAP_TAGGING Ta \&No
.It PMC_CAP_THRESHOLD Ta Yes
.It PMC_CAP_USER Ta Yes
.It PMC_CAP_WRITE Ta Yes
.El
.Ss Event Qualifiers
.Pp
Event specifiers for AMD K8 PMCs can have the following optional
qualifiers:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Li count= Ns Ar value
Configure the counter to increment only if the number of configured
events measured in a cycle is greater than or equal to
.Ar value .
.It Li edge
Configure the counter to only count negated-to-asserted transitions
of the conditions expressed by the other fields.
In other words, the counter will increment only once whenever a given
condition becomes true, irrespective of the number of clocks during
which the condition remains true.
.It Li inv
Invert the sense of comparison when the
.Dq Li count
qualifier is present, making the counter to increment when the
number of events per cycle is less than the value specified by
the
.Dq Li count
qualifier.
.It Li mask= Ns Ar qualifier
Many event specifiers for AMD K8 PMCs need to be additionally
qualified using a mask qualifier.
These additional qualifiers are event-specific and are documented
along with their associated event specifiers below.
.It Li os
Configure the PMC to count events happening at privilege level 0.
.It Li usr
Configure the PMC to count events occurring at privilege levels 1, 2
or 3.
.El
.Pp
If neither of the
.Dq Li os
or
.Dq Li usr
qualifiers were specified, the default is to enable both.
.Ss AMD K8 Event Specifiers
The event specifiers supported on AMD K8 PMCs are:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Li k8-bu-cpu-clk-unhalted
.Pq Event 76H
Count the number of clock cycles when the CPU is not in the HLT or
STPCLK states.
.It Li k8-bu-fill-request-l2-miss Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 7EH
Count fill requests that missed in the L2 cache.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li dc-fill
Count data cache fill requests.
.It Li ic-fill
Count instruction cache fill requests.
.It Li tlb-reload
Count TLB reloads.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of requests.
.It Li k8-bu-fill-into-l2 Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 7FH
The number of lines written to and from the L2 cache.
The event may be further qualified by using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li dirty-l2-victim
Count lines written into L2 cache due to victim writebacks from the
Icache or Dcache, TLB page table walks or hardware data prefetches.
.It Li victim-from-l2
Count writebacks of dirty lines from L2 to the system.
.El
.It Li k8-bu-internal-l2-request Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 7DH
Count internally generated requests to the L2 cache.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li cancelled
Count cancelled requests.
.It Li dc-fill
Count data cache fill requests.
.It Li ic-fill
Count instruction cache fill requests.
.It Li tag-snoop
Count tag snoop requests.
.It Li tlb-reload
Count TLB reloads.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of requests.
.It Li k8-dc-access
.Pq Event 40H
Count data cache accesses including microcode scratch pad accesses.
.It Li k8-dc-copyback Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 44H
Count data cache copyback operations.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li exclusive
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq exclusive
state.
.It Li invalid
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq invalid
state.
.It Li modified
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq modified
state.
.It Li owner
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq owner
state.
.It Li shared
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq shared
state.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count operations for lines in all the
above states.
.It Li k8-dc-dcache-accesses-by-locks Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 4CH
Count data cache accesses by lock instructions.
This event is only available on processors of revision C or later
vintage.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li accesses
Count data cache accesses by lock instructions.
.It Li misses
Count data cache misses by lock instructions.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all accesses.
.It Li k8-dc-dispatched-prefetch-instructions Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 4BH
Count the number of dispatched prefetch instructions.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li load
Count load operations.
.It Li nta
Count non-temporal operations.
.It Li store
Count store operations.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all operations.
.It Li k8-dc-l1-dtlb-miss-and-l2-dtlb-hit
.Pq Event 45H
Count L1 DTLB misses that are L2 DTLB hits.
.It Li k8-dc-l1-dtlb-miss-and-l2-dtlb-miss
.Pq Event 46H
Count L1 DTLB misses that are also misses in the L2 DTLB.
.It Li k8-dc-microarchitectural-early-cancel-of-an-access
.Pq Event 49H
Count microarchitectural early cancels of data cache accesses.
.It Li k8-dc-microarchitectural-late-cancel-of-an-access
.Pq Event 48H
Count microarchitectural late cancels of data cache accesses.
.It Li k8-dc-misaligned-data-reference
.Pq Event 47H
Count misaligned data references.
.It Li k8-dc-miss
.Pq Event 41H
Count data cache misses.
.It Li k8-dc-one-bit-ecc-error Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 4AH
Count one bit ECC errors found by the scrubber.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li scrubber
Count scrubber detected errors.
.It Li piggyback
Count piggyback scrubber errors.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count both kinds of errors.
.It Li k8-dc-refill-from-l2 Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 42H
Count data cache refills from L2 cache.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li exclusive
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq exclusive
state.
.It Li invalid
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq invalid
state.
.It Li modified
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq modified
state.
.It Li owner
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq owner
state.
.It Li shared
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq shared
state.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count operations for lines in all the
above states.
.It Li k8-dc-refill-from-system Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 43H
Count data cache refills from system memory.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li exclusive
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq exclusive
state.
.It Li invalid
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq invalid
state.
.It Li modified
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq modified
state.
.It Li owner
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq owner
state.
.It Li shared
Count operations for lines in the
.Dq shared
state.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count operations for lines in all the
above states.
.It Li k8-fp-cycles-with-no-fpu-ops-retired
.Pq Event 01H
Count cycles when no FPU ops were retired.
This event is supported in revision B and later CPUs.
.It Li k8-fp-dispatched-fpu-fast-flag-ops
.Pq Event 02H
Count dispatched FPU ops that use the fast flag interface.
This event is supported in revision B and later CPUs.
.It Li k8-fp-dispatched-fpu-ops Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 00H
Count the number of dispatched FPU ops.
This event is supported in revision B and later CPUs.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li add-pipe-excluding-junk-ops
Count add pipe ops excluding junk ops.
.It Li add-pipe-junk-ops
Count junk ops in the add pipe.
.It Li multiply-pipe-excluding-junk-ops
Count multiply pipe ops excluding junk ops.
.It Li multiply-pipe-junk-ops
Count junk ops in the multiply pipe.
.It Li store-pipe-excluding-junk-ops
Count store pipe ops excluding junk ops
.It Li store-pipe-junk-ops
Count junk ops in the store pipe.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of ops.
.It Li k8-fr-decoder-empty
.Pq Event D0H
Count cycles when there was nothing to dispatch (i.e., the decoder
was empty).
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stall-for-segment-load
.Pq Event D4H
Count dispatch stalls for segment loads.
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stall-for-serialization
.Pq Event D3H
Count dispatch stalls for serialization.
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stall-from-branch-abort-to-retire
.Pq Event D2H
Count dispatch stalls from branch abort to retiral.
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stall-when-fpu-is-full
.Pq Event D7H
Count dispatch stalls when the FPU is full.
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stall-when-ls-is-full
.Pq Event D8H
Count dispatch stalls when the load/store unit is full.
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stall-when-reorder-buffer-is-full
.Pq Event D5H
Count dispatch stalls when the reorder buffer is full.
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stall-when-reservation-stations-are-full
.Pq Event D6H
Count dispatch stalls when reservation stations are full.
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stall-when-waiting-far-xfer-or-resync-branch-pending
.Pq Event DAH
Count dispatch stalls when a far control transfer or a resync branch
is pending.
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stall-when-waiting-for-all-to-be-quiet
.Pq Event D9H
Count dispatch stalls when waiting for all to be quiet.
.\" XXX What does "waiting for all to be quiet" mean?
.It Li k8-fr-dispatch-stalls
.Pq Event D1H
Count all dispatch stalls.
.It Li k8-fr-fpu-exceptions Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event DBH
Count FPU exceptions.
This event is supported in revision B and later CPUs.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li sse-and-x87-microtraps
Count SSE and x87 microtraps.
.It Li sse-reclass-microfaults
Count SSE reclass microfaults
.It Li sse-retype-microfaults
Count SSE retype microfaults
.It Li x87-reclass-microfaults
Count x87 reclass microfaults.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of exceptions.
.It Li k8-fr-interrupts-masked-cycles
.Pq Event CDH
Count cycles when interrupts were masked (by CPU RFLAGS field IF was zero).
.It Li k8-fr-interrupts-masked-while-pending-cycles
.Pq Event CEH
Count cycles while interrupts were masked while pending (i.e., cycles
when INTR was asserted while CPU RFLAGS field IF was zero).
.It Li k8-fr-number-of-breakpoints-for-dr0
.Pq Event DCH
Count the number of breakpoints for DR0.
.It Li k8-fr-number-of-breakpoints-for-dr1
.Pq Event DDH
Count the number of breakpoints for DR1.
.It Li k8-fr-number-of-breakpoints-for-dr2
.Pq Event DEH
Count the number of breakpoints for DR2.
.It Li k8-fr-number-of-breakpoints-for-dr3
.Pq Event DFH
Count the number of breakpoints for DR3.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-branches
.Pq Event C2H
Count retired branches including exceptions and interrupts.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-branches-mispredicted
.Pq Event C3H
Count mispredicted retired branches.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-far-control-transfers
.Pq Event C6H
Count retired far control transfers (which are always mispredicted).
.It Li k8-fr-retired-fastpath-double-op-instructions Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event CCH
Count retired fastpath double op instructions.
This event is supported in revision B and later CPUs.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li low-op-pos-0
Count instructions with the low op in position 0.
.It Li low-op-pos-1
Count instructions with the low op in position 1.
.It Li low-op-pos-2
Count instructions with the low op in position 2.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of instructions.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-fpu-instructions Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event CBH
Count retired FPU instructions.
This event is supported in revision B and later CPUs.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li mmx-3dnow
Count MMX and 3DNow!\& instructions.
.It Li packed-sse-sse2
Count packed SSE and SSE2 instructions.
.It Li scalar-sse-sse2
Count scalar SSE and SSE2 instructions
.It Li x87
Count x87 instructions.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of instructions.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-near-returns
.Pq Event C8H
Count retired near returns.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-near-returns-mispredicted
.Pq Event C9H
Count mispredicted near returns.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-resyncs
.Pq Event C7H
Count retired resyncs (non-control transfer branches).
.It Li k8-fr-retired-taken-branches
.Pq Event C4H
Count retired taken branches.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-taken-branches-mispredicted
.Pq Event C5H
Count retired taken branches that were mispredicted.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-taken-branches-mispredicted-by-addr-miscompare
.Pq Event CAH
Count retired taken branches that were mispredicted only due to an
address miscompare.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-taken-hardware-interrupts
.Pq Event CFH
Count retired taken hardware interrupts.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-uops
.Pq Event C1H
Count retired uops.
.It Li k8-fr-retired-x86-instructions
.Pq Event C0H
Count retired x86 instructions including exceptions and interrupts.
.It Li k8-ic-fetch
.Pq Event 80H
Count instruction cache fetches.
.It Li k8-ic-instruction-fetch-stall
.Pq Event 87H
Count cycles in stalls due to instruction fetch.
.It Li k8-ic-l1-itlb-miss-and-l2-itlb-hit
.Pq Event 84H
Count L1 ITLB misses that are L2 ITLB hits.
.It Li k8-ic-l1-itlb-miss-and-l2-itlb-miss
.Pq Event 85H
Count ITLB misses that miss in both L1 and L2 ITLBs.
.It Li k8-ic-microarchitectural-resync-by-snoop
.Pq Event 86H
Count microarchitectural resyncs caused by snoops.
.It Li k8-ic-miss
.Pq Event 81H
Count instruction cache misses.
.It Li k8-ic-refill-from-l2
.Pq Event 82H
Count instruction cache refills from L2 cache.
.It Li k8-ic-refill-from-system
.Pq Event 83H
Count instruction cache refills from system memory.
.It Li k8-ic-return-stack-hits
.Pq Event 88H
Count hits to the return stack.
.It Li k8-ic-return-stack-overflow
.Pq Event 89H
Count overflows of the return stack.
.It Li k8-ls-buffer2-full
.Pq Event 23H
Count load/store buffer2 full events.
.It Li k8-ls-locked-operation Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 24H
Count locked operations.
For revision C and later CPUs, the following qualifiers are supported:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li cycles-in-request
Count the number of cycles in the lock request/grant stage.
.It Li cycles-to-complete
Count the number of cycles a lock takes to complete once it is
non-speculative and is the older load/store operation.
.It Li locked-instructions
Count the number of lock instructions executed.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count the number of lock instructions executed.
.It Li k8-ls-microarchitectural-late-cancel
.Pq Event 25H
Count microarchitectural late cancels of operations in the load/store
unit.
.It Li k8-ls-microarchitectural-resync-by-self-modifying-code
.Pq Event 21H
Count microarchitectural resyncs caused by self-modifying code.
.It Li k8-ls-microarchitectural-resync-by-snoop
.Pq Event 22H
Count microarchitectural resyncs caused by snoops.
.It Li k8-ls-retired-cflush-instructions
.Pq Event 26H
Count retired CFLUSH instructions.
.It Li k8-ls-retired-cpuid-instructions
.Pq Event 27H
Count retired CPUID instructions.
.It Li k8-ls-segment-register-load Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event 20H
Count segment register loads.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li cs
Count CS register loads.
.It Li ds
Count DS register loads.
.It Li es
Count ES register loads.
.It Li fs
Count FS register loads.
.It Li gs
Count GS register loads.
.\" .It Li hs
.\" Count HS register loads.
.\" XXX "HS" register?
.It Li ss
Count SS register loads.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of loads.
.It Li k8-nb-ht-bus0-bandwidth Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.It Li k8-nb-ht-bus1-bandwidth Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.It Li k8-nb-ht-bus2-bandwidth Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Events F6H, F7H and F8H respectively
Count events on the HyperTransport(tm) buses.
These events may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li buffer-release
Count buffer release messages sent.
.It Li command
Count command messages sent.
.It Li data
Count data messages sent.
.It Li nop
Count nop messages sent.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of messages.
.It Li k8-nb-memory-controller-bypass-saturation Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event E4H
Count memory controller bypass counter saturation events.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li dram-controller-interface-bypass
Count DRAM controller interface bypass.
.It Li dram-controller-queue-bypass
Count DRAM controller queue bypass.
.It Li memory-controller-hi-pri-bypass
Count memory controller high priority bypasses.
.It Li memory-controller-lo-pri-bypass
Count memory controller low priority bypasses.
.El
.Pp
.It Li k8-nb-memory-controller-dram-slots-missed
.Pq Event E2H
Count memory controller DRAM command slots missed (in MemClks).
.It Li k8-nb-memory-controller-page-access-event Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event E0H
Count memory controller page access events.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li page-conflict
Count page conflicts.
.It Li page-hit
Count page hits.
.It Li page-miss
Count page misses.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of events.
.It Li k8-nb-memory-controller-page-table-overflow
.Pq Event E1H
Count memory control page table overflow events.
.It Li k8-nb-memory-controller-turnaround Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event E3H
Count memory control turnaround events.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.\" XXX doc is unclear whether these are cycle counts or event counts
.It Li dimm-turnaround
Count DIMM turnarounds.
.It Li read-to-write-turnaround
Count read to write turnarounds.
.It Li write-to-read-turnaround
Count write to read turnarounds.
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of events.
.It Li k8-nb-probe-result Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event ECH
Count probe events.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li probe-hit
Count all probe hits.
.It Li probe-hit-dirty-no-memory-cancel
Count probe hits without memory cancels.
.It Li probe-hit-dirty-with-memory-cancel
Count probe hits with memory cancels.
.It Li probe-miss
Count probe misses.
.El
.It Li k8-nb-sized-commands Op Li ,mask= Ns Ar qualifier
.Pq Event EBH
Count sized commands issued.
This event may be further qualified using
.Ar qualifier ,
which is a
.Ql +
separated set of the following keywords:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
.It Li nonpostwrszbyte
.It Li nonpostwrszdword
.It Li postwrszbyte
.It Li postwrszdword
.It Li rdszbyte
.It Li rdszdword
.It Li rdmodwr
.El
.Pp
The default is to count all types of commands.
.El
.Ss Event Name Aliases
The following table shows the mapping between the PMC-independent
aliases supported by
.Lb libpmc
and the underlying hardware events used.
.Bl -column "branch-mispredicts" "Description"
.It Em Alias Ta Em Event
.It Li branches Ta Li k8-fr-retired-taken-branches
.It Li branch-mispredicts Ta Li k8-fr-retired-taken-branches-mispredicted
.It Li dc-misses Ta Li k8-dc-miss
.It Li ic-misses Ta Li k8-ic-miss
.It Li instructions Ta Li k8-fr-retired-x86-instructions
.It Li interrupts Ta Li k8-fr-taken-hardware-interrupts
.It Li unhalted-cycles Ta Li k8-bu-cpu-clk-unhalted
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr pmc 3 ,
.Xr pmc.atom 3 ,
.Xr pmc.core 3 ,
.Xr pmc.core2 3 ,
.Xr pmc.iaf 3 ,
.Xr pmc.k7 3 ,
.Xr pmc.p4 3 ,
.Xr pmc.p5 3 ,
.Xr pmc.p6 3 ,
.Xr pmc.tsc 3 ,
.Xr pmclog 3 ,
.Xr hwpmc 4
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm pmc
library first appeared in
.Fx 6.0 .
.Sh AUTHORS
The
.Lb libpmc
library was written by
.An "Joseph Koshy"
.Aq jkoshy@FreeBSD.org .