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This change is the next step in implementing the cache control functionality

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required by video card drivers.  Specifically, this change introduces
vm_cache_mode_t with an appropriate VM_CACHE_DEFAULT definition on all
architectures.  In addition, this changes adds a vm_cache_mode_t parameter
to kmem_alloc_contig() and vm_phys_alloc_contig().  These will be the
interfaces for allocating mapped kernel memory and physical memory,
respectively, with non-default cache modes.

In collaboration with:	jhb
This commit is contained in:
Alan Cox 2009-06-26 04:47:43 +00:00
parent 58f30773d8
commit e999111ae7
15 changed files with 338 additions and 8 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

45
sys/amd64/include/vm.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
/*-
* Copyright (c) 2009 Advanced Computing Technologies LLC
* Written by: John H. Baldwin <jhb@FreeBSD.org>
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_VM_H_
#define _MACHINE_VM_H_
#include <machine/specialreg.h>
/* Cache control options. */
#define VM_CACHE_UNCACHEABLE ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_UNCACHEABLE)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_COMBINING ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_WRITE_COMBINING)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_THROUGH ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_WRITE_THROUGH)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_PROTECTED ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_WRITE_PROTECTED)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_BACK ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_WRITE_BACK)
#define VM_CACHE_UNCACHED ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_UNCACHED)
#define VM_CACHE_DEFAULT VM_CACHE_WRITE_BACK
#endif /* !_MACHINE_PMAP_H_ */

35
sys/arm/include/vm.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
/*-
* Copyright (c) 2009 Alan L. Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_VM_H_
#define _MACHINE_VM_H_
/* Cache control is not (yet) implemented. */
#define VM_CACHE_DEFAULT 0
#endif /* !_MACHINE_PMAP_H_ */

45
sys/i386/include/vm.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
/*-
* Copyright (c) 2009 Advanced Computing Technologies LLC
* Written by: John H. Baldwin <jhb@FreeBSD.org>
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_VM_H_
#define _MACHINE_VM_H_
#include <machine/specialreg.h>
/* Cache control options. */
#define VM_CACHE_UNCACHEABLE ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_UNCACHEABLE)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_COMBINING ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_WRITE_COMBINING)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_THROUGH ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_WRITE_THROUGH)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_PROTECTED ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_WRITE_PROTECTED)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_BACK ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_WRITE_BACK)
#define VM_CACHE_UNCACHED ((vm_cache_mode_t)PAT_UNCACHED)
#define VM_CACHE_DEFAULT VM_CACHE_WRITE_BACK
#endif /* !_MACHINE_PMAP_H_ */

44
sys/ia64/include/vm.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
/*-
* Copyright (c) 2009 Alan L. Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_VM_H_
#define _MACHINE_VM_H_
#include <machine/atomic.h>
#include <machine/pte.h>
/* Cache control options. */
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_BACK ((vm_cache_mode_t)PTE_MA_WB)
#define VM_CACHE_UNCACHEABLE ((vm_cache_mode_t)PTE_MA_UC)
#define VM_CACHE_UNCACHEABLE_EXPORTED ((vm_cache_mode_t)PTE_MA_UCE)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_COMBINING ((vm_cache_mode_t)PTE_MA_WC)
#define VM_CACHE_NATPAGE ((vm_cache_mode_t)PTE_MA_NATPAGE)
#define VM_CACHE_DEFAULT VM_CACHE_WRITE_BACK
#endif /* !_MACHINE_PMAP_H_ */

2
sys/kern/kern_mbuf.c
View File

@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ mbuf_jumbo_alloc(uma_zone_t zone, int bytes, u_int8_t *flags, int wait)
/* Inform UMA that this allocator uses kernel_map/object. */
*flags = UMA_SLAB_KERNEL;
return ((void *)kmem_alloc_contig(kernel_map, bytes, wait,
(vm_paddr_t)0, ~(vm_paddr_t)0, 1, 0));
(vm_paddr_t)0, ~(vm_paddr_t)0, 1, 0, VM_CACHE_DEFAULT));
}
/*

40
sys/mips/include/vm.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
/*-
* Copyright (c) 2009 Alan L. Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_VM_H_
#define _MACHINE_VM_H_
#include <machine/pte.h>
/* Cache control options. */
#define VM_CACHE_UNCACHED ((vm_cache_mode_t)PTE_UNCACHED)
#define VM_CACHE_CACHEABLE_NONCOHERENT ((vm_cache_mode_t)PTE_CACHE)
#define VM_CACHE_DEFAULT VM_CACHE_CACHEABLE_NONCOHERENT
#endif /* !_MACHINE_PMAP_H_ */

40
sys/powerpc/include/vm.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
/*-
* Copyright (c) 2009 Alan L. Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_VM_H_
#define _MACHINE_VM_H_
#include <machine/pte.h>
/* Cache control options. */
#define VM_CACHE_INHIBIT ((vm_cache_mode_t)PTE_I)
#define VM_CACHE_WRITE_THROUGH ((vm_cache_mode_t)PTE_W)
#define VM_CACHE_DEFAULT 0
#endif /* !_MACHINE_PMAP_H_ */

35
sys/sparc64/include/vm.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
/*-
* Copyright (c) 2009 Alan L. Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_VM_H_
#define _MACHINE_VM_H_
/* Cache control is not (yet) implemented. */
#define VM_CACHE_DEFAULT 0
#endif /* !_MACHINE_PMAP_H_ */

35
sys/sun4v/include/vm.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
/*-
* Copyright (c) 2009 Alan L. Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
* SUCH DAMAGE.
*
* $FreeBSD$
*/
#ifndef _MACHINE_VM_H_
#define _MACHINE_VM_H_
/* Cache control is not (yet) implemented. */
#define VM_CACHE_DEFAULT 0
#endif /* !_MACHINE_PMAP_H_ */

3
sys/sun4v/sun4v/pmap.c
View File

@ -1297,7 +1297,8 @@ pmap_alloc_zeroed_contig_pages(int npages, uint64_t alignment)
while (m == NULL) {
for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1] != 0; i += 2) {
m = vm_phys_alloc_contig(npages, phys_avail[i],
phys_avail[i + 1], alignment, (1UL<<34));
phys_avail[i + 1], alignment, (1UL<<34),
VM_CACHE_DEFAULT);
if (m)
goto found;
}

8
sys/vm/vm.h
View File

@ -61,6 +61,14 @@
#ifndef VM_H
#define VM_H
#include <machine/vm.h>
/*
* The exact set of cache control codes is machine dependent. However, every
* machine is required to define VM_CACHE_DEFAULT.
*/
typedef char vm_cache_mode_t; /* cache control codes */
typedef char vm_inherit_t; /* inheritance codes */
#define VM_INHERIT_SHARE ((vm_inherit_t) 0)

8
sys/vm/vm_contig.c
View File

@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ contigmalloc(
void *ret;
ret = (void *)kmem_alloc_contig(kernel_map, size, flags, low, high,
alignment, boundary);
alignment, boundary, VM_CACHE_DEFAULT);
if (ret != NULL)
malloc_type_allocated(type, round_page(size));
return (ret);
@ -244,7 +244,8 @@ contigmalloc(
vm_offset_t
kmem_alloc_contig(vm_map_t map, vm_size_t size, int flags, vm_paddr_t low,
vm_paddr_t high, unsigned long alignment, unsigned long boundary)
vm_paddr_t high, unsigned long alignment, unsigned long boundary,
vm_cache_mode_t mode)
{
vm_offset_t ret;
vm_page_t pages;
@ -255,7 +256,8 @@ kmem_alloc_contig(vm_map_t map, vm_size_t size, int flags, vm_paddr_t low,
npgs = size >> PAGE_SHIFT;
tries = 0;
retry:
pages = vm_phys_alloc_contig(npgs, low, high, alignment, boundary);
pages = vm_phys_alloc_contig(npgs, low, high, alignment, boundary,
mode);
if (pages == NULL) {
if (tries < ((flags & M_NOWAIT) != 0 ? 1 : 3)) {
vm_page_lock_queues();

2
sys/vm/vm_extern.h
View File

@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ int kernacc(void *, int, int);
vm_offset_t kmem_alloc(vm_map_t, vm_size_t);
vm_offset_t kmem_alloc_contig(vm_map_t map, vm_size_t size, int flags,
vm_paddr_t low, vm_paddr_t high, unsigned long alignment,
unsigned long boundary);
unsigned long boundary, vm_cache_mode_t mode);
vm_offset_t kmem_alloc_nofault(vm_map_t, vm_size_t);
vm_offset_t kmem_alloc_wait(vm_map_t, vm_size_t);
void kmem_free(vm_map_t, vm_offset_t, vm_size_t);

2
sys/vm/vm_phys.c
View File

@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ vm_phys_zero_pages_idle(void)
*/
vm_page_t
vm_phys_alloc_contig(unsigned long npages, vm_paddr_t low, vm_paddr_t high,
unsigned long alignment, unsigned long boundary)
unsigned long alignment, unsigned long boundary, vm_cache_mode_t mode)
{
struct vm_freelist *fl;
struct vm_phys_seg *seg;

2
sys/vm/vm_phys.h
View File

@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
void vm_phys_add_page(vm_paddr_t pa);
vm_page_t vm_phys_alloc_contig(unsigned long npages,
vm_paddr_t low, vm_paddr_t high,
unsigned long alignment, unsigned long boundary);
unsigned long alignment, unsigned long boundary, vm_cache_mode_t mode);
vm_page_t vm_phys_alloc_pages(int pool, int order);
vm_paddr_t vm_phys_bootstrap_alloc(vm_size_t size, unsigned long alignment);
void vm_phys_free_pages(vm_page_t m, int order);