280 lines
7.0 KiB
Groff
280 lines
7.0 KiB
Groff
.\" $Id: eqn.7,v 1.29 2013/07/13 19:41:16 schwarze Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
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.\"
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.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
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.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
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.\"
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
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.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
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.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
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.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
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.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
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.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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.\"
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.Dd $Mdocdate: July 13 2013 $
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.Dt EQN 7
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm eqn
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.Nd eqn language reference for mandoc
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm eqn
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language is an equation-formatting language.
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It is used within
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.Xr mdoc 7
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and
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.Xr man 7
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.Ux
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manual pages.
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It describes the
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.Em structure
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of an equation, not its mathematical meaning.
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This manual describes the
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.Nm
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language accepted by the
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.Xr mandoc 1
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utility, which corresponds to the Second Edition eqn specification (see
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.Sx SEE ALSO
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for references).
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.Pp
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Equations within
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.Xr mdoc 7
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or
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.Xr man 7
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documents are enclosed by the standalone
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.Sq \&.EQ
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and
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.Sq \&.EN
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tags.
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Equations are multi-line blocks consisting of formulas and control
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statements.
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.Sh EQUATION STRUCTURE
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Each equation is bracketed by
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.Sq \&.EQ
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and
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.Sq \&.EN
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strings.
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.Em Note :
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these are not the same as
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.Xr roff 7
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macros, and may only be invoked as
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.Sq \&.EQ .
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.Pp
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The equation grammar is as follows, where quoted strings are
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case-sensitive literals in the input:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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eqn : box | eqn box
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box : text
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| \*q{\*q eqn \*q}\*q
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| \*qdefine\*q text text
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| \*qndefine\*q text text
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| \*qtdefine\*q text text
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| \*qgfont\*q text
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| \*qgsize\*q text
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| \*qset\*q text text
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| \*qundef\*q text
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| box pos box
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| box mark
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| \*qmatrix\*q \*q{\*q [col \*q{\*q list \*q}\*q ]*
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| pile \*q{\*q list \*q}\*q
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| font box
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| \*qsize\*q text box
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| \*qleft\*q text eqn [\*qright\*q text]
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col : \*qlcol\*q | \*qrcol\*q | \*qccol\*q | \*qcol\*q
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text : [^space\e\*q]+ | \e\*q.*\e\*q
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pile : \*qlpile\*q | \*qcpile\*q | \*qrpile\*q | \*qpile\*q
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pos : \*qover\*q | \*qsup\*q | \*qsub\*q | \*qto\*q | \*qfrom\*q
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mark : \*qdot\*q | \*qdotdot\*q | \*qhat\*q | \*qtilde\*q | \*qvec\*q
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| \*qdyad\*q | \*qbar\*q | \*qunder\*q
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font : \*qroman\*q | \*qitalic\*q | \*qbold\*q | \*qfat\*q
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list : eqn
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| list \*qabove\*q eqn
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space : [\e^~ \et]
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.Ed
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.Pp
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White-space consists of the space, tab, circumflex, and tilde
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characters.
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If within a quoted string, these space characters are retained.
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Quoted strings are also not scanned for replacement definitions.
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.Pp
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The following text terms are translated into a rendered glyph, if
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available: alpha, beta, chi, delta, epsilon, eta, gamma, iota, kappa,
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lambda, mu, nu, omega, omicron, phi, pi, psi, rho, sigma, tau, theta,
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upsilon, xi, zeta, DELTA, GAMMA, LAMBDA, OMEGA, PHI, PI, PSI, SIGMA,
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THETA, UPSILON, XI, inter (intersection), union (union), prod (product),
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int (integral), sum (summation), grad (gradient), del (vector
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differential), times (multiply), cdot (centre-dot), nothing (zero-width
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space), approx (approximately equals), prime (prime), half (one-half),
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partial (partial differential), inf (infinity), >> (much greater), <<
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(much less), \-> (left arrow), <\- (right arrow), += (plus-minus), !=
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(not equal), == (equivalence), <= (less-than-equal), and >=
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(more-than-equal).
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.Pp
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The following control statements are available:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Cm define
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Replace all occurrences of a key with a value.
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Its syntax is as follows:
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.Pp
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.D1 define Ar key cvalc
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.Pp
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The first character of the value string,
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.Ar c ,
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is used as the delimiter for the value
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.Ar val .
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This allows for arbitrary enclosure of terms (not just quotes), such as
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.Pp
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.D1 define Ar foo 'bar baz'
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.D1 define Ar foo cbar bazc
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.Pp
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It is an error to have an empty
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.Ar key
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or
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.Ar val .
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Note that a quoted
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.Ar key
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causes errors in some
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.Nm
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implementations and should not be considered portable.
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It is not expanded for replacements.
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Definitions may refer to other definitions; these are evaluated
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recursively when text replacement occurs and not when the definition is
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created.
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.Pp
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Definitions can create arbitrary strings, for example, the following is
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a legal construction.
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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define foo 'define'
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foo bar 'baz'
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Self-referencing definitions will raise an error.
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The
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.Cm ndefine
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statement is a synonym for
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.Cm define ,
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while
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.Cm tdefine
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is discarded.
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.It Cm gfont
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Set the default font of subsequent output.
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Its syntax is as follows:
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.Pp
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.D1 gfont Ar font
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.Pp
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In mandoc, this value is discarded.
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.It Cm gsize
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Set the default size of subsequent output.
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Its syntax is as follows:
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.Pp
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.D1 gsize Ar size
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar size
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value should be an integer.
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.It Cm set
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Set an equation mode.
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In mandoc, both arguments are thrown away.
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Its syntax is as follows:
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.Pp
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.D1 set Ar key val
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar key
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and
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.Ar val
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are not expanded for replacements.
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This statement is a GNU extension.
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.It Cm undef
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Unset a previously-defined key.
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Its syntax is as follows:
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.Pp
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.D1 define Ar key
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.Pp
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Once invoked, the definition for
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.Ar key
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is discarded.
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The
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.Ar key
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is not expanded for replacements.
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This statement is a GNU extension.
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.El
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.Sh COMPATIBILITY
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This section documents the compatibility of mandoc
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.Nm
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and the troff
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.Nm
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implementation (including GNU troff).
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.Pp
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.Bl -dash -compact
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.It
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The text string
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.Sq \e\*q
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is interpreted as a literal quote in troff.
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In mandoc, this is interpreted as a comment.
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.It
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In troff, The circumflex and tilde white-space symbols map to
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fixed-width spaces.
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In mandoc, these characters are synonyms for the space character.
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.It
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The troff implementation of
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.Nm
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allows for equation alignment with the
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.Cm mark
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and
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.Cm lineup
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tokens.
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mandoc discards these tokens.
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The
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.Cm back Ar n ,
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.Cm fwd Ar n ,
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.Cm up Ar n ,
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and
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.Cm down Ar n
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commands are also ignored.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr mandoc 1 ,
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.Xr man 7 ,
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.Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
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.Xr mdoc 7 ,
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.Xr roff 7
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.Rs
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.%A Brian W. Kernighan
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.%A Lorinda L. Cherry
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.%T System for Typesetting Mathematics
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.%J Communications of the ACM
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.%V 18
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.%P 151\(en157
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.%D March, 1975
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.Re
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.Rs
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.%A Brian W. Kernighan
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.%A Lorinda L. Cherry
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.%T Typesetting Mathematics, User's Guide
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.%D 1976
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.Re
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.Rs
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.%A Brian W. Kernighan
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.%A Lorinda L. Cherry
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.%T Typesetting Mathematics, User's Guide (Second Edition)
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.%D 1978
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.Re
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.Sh HISTORY
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The eqn utility, a preprocessor for troff, was originally written by
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Brian W. Kernighan and Lorinda L. Cherry in 1975.
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The GNU reimplementation of eqn, part of the GNU troff package, was
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released in 1989 by James Clark.
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The eqn component of
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.Xr mandoc 1
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was added in 2011.
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.Sh AUTHORS
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This
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.Nm
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reference was written by
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.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
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