251 lines
6.6 KiB
Groff
251 lines
6.6 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1993
|
|
.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
|
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
|
.\" are met:
|
|
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
|
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
|
|
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
|
|
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
|
|
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
|
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
.\" without specific prior written permission.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
|
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
|
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
|
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
|
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
|
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
|
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
|
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
|
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
|
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
|
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" @(#)grep.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Dd April 18, 1994
|
|
.Dt GREP 1
|
|
.Os
|
|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm grep
|
|
.Nd file pattern searcher
|
|
.Sh SYNOPSIS
|
|
.Nm grep
|
|
.Op Fl bchilnosvw
|
|
.Op Fl e Ar pattern
|
|
.Op Ar
|
|
.Nm egrep
|
|
.Op Fl bchilnosv
|
|
.Op Fl e Ar pattern
|
|
.Op Fl f Ar pattern_file
|
|
.Op Ar
|
|
.Nm fgrep
|
|
.Op Fl bchilnosvx
|
|
.Op Fl e Ar pattern
|
|
.Op Fl f Ar pattern_file
|
|
.Op Ar
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm grep
|
|
utilities search the given input files selecting lines
|
|
which match one or more patterns; the type of patterns is controlled
|
|
by the options specified.
|
|
By default, a pattern
|
|
matches an input line if any regular expression (RE) in the
|
|
pattern matches the input line without its trailing <new-line>.
|
|
A null RE matches every line.
|
|
Each input line that matches at
|
|
least one of the patterns is written to the standard output.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
For simple patterns or
|
|
.Xr ex 1
|
|
or
|
|
.Xr ed 1
|
|
style regular expressions, the
|
|
.Nm grep
|
|
utility is used.
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm egrep
|
|
utility
|
|
can handle extended regular expressions and
|
|
embedded <newline>s in patterns.
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm fgrep
|
|
utility is quick but can handle only fixed strings.
|
|
A fixed string
|
|
is a string of characters,
|
|
each character
|
|
is matched only by itself.
|
|
The pattern
|
|
value can consist of multiple lines with
|
|
embedded <newline>s.
|
|
In this case, the <newline>s
|
|
act as alternation characters, allowing any of the
|
|
pattern lines to match a portion of the input.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following options are available:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
|
.It Fl b
|
|
The block number on the disk in which a matched pattern is located
|
|
is displayed in front of the respective matched line.
|
|
.It Fl c
|
|
Only a count of selected lines is written to standard
|
|
output.
|
|
.It Fl e Ar expression
|
|
Specify a pattern used during the search of the
|
|
input.
|
|
Multiple
|
|
.Fl e
|
|
options can be used to specify
|
|
multiple patterns; an input line is selected if it
|
|
matches any of the specified patterns.
|
|
.It Fl f Ar pattern_file
|
|
The pattern is read from the file named by the
|
|
pathname pattern_file.
|
|
Trailing newlines
|
|
in the pattern_file are ignored.
|
|
.Pf ( Nm Egrep
|
|
and
|
|
.Nm fgrep
|
|
only).
|
|
.It Fl h
|
|
Never print filename headers with output lines.
|
|
.It Fl i
|
|
The case of letters is ignored in making comparisons \- that is, upper and
|
|
lower case are considered identical.
|
|
.It Fl l
|
|
Only the names of files containing selected lines
|
|
are written to standard output.
|
|
Pathnames are
|
|
listed once per file searched.
|
|
If the standard
|
|
input is searched, the pathname
|
|
.Sq Fl
|
|
is written.
|
|
.It Fl n
|
|
Each output line is preceded by its relative line
|
|
number in the file; each file starting at line 1.
|
|
The line number counter is reset for each file processed.
|
|
This option is ignored if
|
|
.Fl c ,
|
|
.Fl l ,
|
|
or
|
|
.Fl s
|
|
is
|
|
specified.
|
|
.It Fl o
|
|
Always print filename headers with output lines.
|
|
.It Fl s
|
|
Silent mode. Nothing is printed (except error messages).
|
|
This is useful for checking the error status.
|
|
.It Fl v
|
|
Selected lines are those
|
|
.Em not
|
|
matching the specified
|
|
patterns.
|
|
.It Fl x
|
|
Only input lines selected against an entire fixed
|
|
string or regular expression are considered to be
|
|
matching lines.
|
|
.Pf ( Nm Fgrep
|
|
only).
|
|
.It Fl w
|
|
The expression is searched for as a word
|
|
(as if surrounded by `\e<' and `\e>', see
|
|
.Xr ex 1 . )
|
|
.Pf ( Nm Grep
|
|
only)
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.El
|
|
If no file arguments are specified, the
|
|
standard input is used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm grep
|
|
utility exits with one of the following values:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width flag -compact
|
|
.It Li 0
|
|
One or more lines were selected.
|
|
.It Li 1
|
|
No lines were selected.
|
|
.It Li >1
|
|
An error occurred.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh EXTENDED REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
|
|
The following characters are interpreted by
|
|
.Nm egrep :
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width flag -compact
|
|
.It Cm \&$
|
|
Align the match from the end of the line.
|
|
.It Cm \&^
|
|
Align the match from the beginning of the line.
|
|
.It Cm \&|
|
|
Add another pattern (see example below).
|
|
.It Cm \&?
|
|
Match 1 or less sequential repetitions of the pattern.
|
|
.It Cm \&+
|
|
Match 1 or more sequential repetitions of the pattern.
|
|
.It Cm \&*
|
|
Match 0 or more sequential repetitions of the pattern.
|
|
.It Cm \&[]
|
|
Match any single character or range of characters
|
|
enclosed in the brackets.
|
|
.It Cm \&\e
|
|
Escape special characters which have meaning to
|
|
.Nm egrep ,
|
|
the set of {$,.,^,[,],|,?,+,*,(,)}.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
To find all occurrences of the word patricia in a file:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl grep patricia myfile
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To find all occurrences of the pattern
|
|
.Ql \&.Pp
|
|
at the beginning of a line:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl grep '^\e.Pp'
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The apostrophes assure the entire expression is evaluated by
|
|
.Nm grep
|
|
instead of by the
|
|
users shell.
|
|
The carat or hat
|
|
.Ql Li \&^
|
|
means
|
|
.Em from the beginning of a line ,
|
|
and the
|
|
.Ql Li \&\e
|
|
escapes the
|
|
.Ql Li \&.
|
|
which would otherwise match any character.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A simple example of an extended regular expression:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl egrep '19|20|25' calendar
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Peruses the file calendar looking for either 19, 20
|
|
or 25.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr ed 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ex 1 ,
|
|
.Xr sed 1
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm grep
|
|
command appeared in
|
|
.At v6 .
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
Lines are limited to 256 characters; longer lines are truncated.
|