290 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
290 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)ms.diffs 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.nr LL 6.5i
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.nr FL 6.0i
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.if t .nr PD .5v
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.if t .ds m \u\(ul\dm
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.if n .ds m -m
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.AM
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.OH 'A Revised Version of \*ms''USD:18-%'
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.EH 'USD:18-%''A Revised Version of \*ms'
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.TL
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A Revised Version of \*ms
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.AU
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Bill Tuthill
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.AI
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Computing Services
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University of California
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Berkeley, CA 94720
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.PP
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The \*ms macros have been slightly revised and re\%arranged for the
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Berkeley Unix distribution.
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Because of the rearrangement,
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the new macros can be read by the computer
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in about half the time required by the previous version of \*ms.
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This means that output will begin to appear between ten seconds
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and several minutes more quickly, depending on the system load.
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On long files, however, the savings in total time are not substantial.
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The old version of \*ms is still available as \*mos.
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.PP
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Several bugs in \*ms have been fixed, including
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a bad problem with the .1C macro,
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minor difficulties with boxed text,
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a break induced by .EQ before initialization,
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the failure to set tab stops in displays,
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and several bothersome errors in the \fBrefer\fP macros.
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Macros used only at Bell Laboratories have been removed.
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There are a few extensions to previous \*ms macros,
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and a number of new macros, but all the documented \*ms macros
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still work exactly as they did before, and have the same names as before.
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Output produced with \*ms should look like output produced with \*mos.
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.PP
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One important new feature is automatically numbered footnotes.
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Footnote numbers are printed by means of a pre-defined string
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(\e\(**\(**), which you invoke separately from .FS and .FE.
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Each time it is used, this string increases the footnote number by one,
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whether or not you use .FS and .FE in your text.
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Footnote numbers will be superscripted on the phototypesetter
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and on daisy-wheel terminals, but on low-resolution devices
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(such as the lpr and a crt), they will be bracketed.
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If you use \e\(**\(** to indicate numbered footnotes,
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then the .FS macro will automatically include
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the footnote number at the bottom of the page.
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This footnote, for example, was produced as follows:\**
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.DS
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This footnote, for example, was produced as follows:\e\(**\(**
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\&.FS
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.sp -.2
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...
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\&.FE
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.DE
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.FS
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If you never use the ``\e\(**\(**'' string,
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no footnote numbers will appear anywhere in the text,
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including down here.
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The output footnotes will look exactly like
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footnotes produced with \*mos.
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.FE
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If you are using \e\(**\(** to number footnotes,
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but want a particular footnote to be marked with an asterisk or a dagger,
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then give that mark as the first argument to .FS: \(dg
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.DS
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then give that mark as the first argument to .FS: \e(dg
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\&.FS \e(dg
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.sp -.2
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...
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\&.FE
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.DE
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.FS \(dg
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In the footnote, the dagger will appear where the footnote
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number would otherwise appear, as on the left.
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.FE
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Footnote numbering will be temporarily suspended,
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because the \e\(**\(** string is not used.
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Instead of a dagger, you could use an asterisk *
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or double dagger \(dd, represented as \|\e(dd.
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.PP
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Another new feature is a macro for printing theses
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according to Berkeley standards.
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This macro is called .TM, which stands for thesis mode.
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(It is much like the .th macro in \*me.)
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It will put page numbers in the upper right-hand corner;
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number the first page; suppress the date;
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and doublespace everything except quotes, displays, and keeps.
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Use it at the top of each file making up your thesis.
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Calling .TM defines the .CT macro for chapter titles,
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which skips to a new page and moves the pagenumber to the center footer.
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The .P1 (P one) macro can be used even without thesis mode
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to print the header on page 1,
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which is suppressed except in thesis mode.
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If you want roman numeral page numbering,
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use an ``.af\0PN\0i'' request.
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.PP
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There is a new macro especially for bibliography entries,
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called .XP, which stands for exdented paragraph.
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It will exdent the first line of the paragraph by \en(PI units,
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usually 5n (the same as the indent for the first line of a .PP).
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Most bibliographies are printed this way.
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Here are some examples of exdented paragraphs:
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.XP
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Lumley, Lyle S., \fISex in Crustaceans: Shell Fish Habits,\fP\|
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Harbinger Press, Tampa Bay and San Diego, October 1979.
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243 pages.
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The pioneering work in this field.
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.XP
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Leffadinger, Harry A., ``Mollusk Mating Season: 52 Weeks, or All Year?''
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in \fIActa Biologica,\fP\| vol. 42, no. 11, November 1980.
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A provocative thesis, but the conclusions are wrong.
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.LP
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Of course, you will have to take care of
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italicizing the book title and journal,
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and quoting the title of the journal article.
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Indentation or exdentation can be changed
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by setting the value of number register PI.
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.PP
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If you need to produce endnotes rather than footnotes,
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put the references in a file of their own.
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This is similar to what you would do if you were
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typing the paper on a conventional typewriter.
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Note that you can use automatic footnote numbering
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without actually having .FS and .FE pairs in your text.
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If you place footnotes in a separate file,
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you can use .IP macros with \e\(**\(**\| as a hanging tag;
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this will give you numbers at the left-hand margin.
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With some styles of endnotes,
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you would want to use .PP rather then .IP macros,
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and specify \e\(**\(** before the reference begins.
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.PP
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There are four new macros to help produce a table of contents.
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Table of contents entries must be enclosed in .XS and .XE pairs,
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with optional .XA macros for additional entries;
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arguments to .XS and .XA specify the page number,
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to be printed at the right.
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A final .PX macro prints out the table of contents.
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Here is a sample of typical input and output text:
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.DS
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\&.XS ii
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Introduction
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\&.XA 1
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Chapter 1: Review of the Literature
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\&.XA 23
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Chapter 2: Experimental Evidence
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\&.XE
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\&.PX
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.sp .5
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.lt 5.5i
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.tl ''\fBTable of Contents\fP''
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.ta 5i 5.5iR
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.sp
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Introduction ii\|
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Chapter 1: Review of the Literature 1
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Chapter 2: Experimental Evidence 23
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.sp .5
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.DE
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The .XS and .XE pairs may also be used in the text,
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after a section header for instance,
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in which case page numbers are supplied automatically.
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However, most documents that require a table of contents
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are too long to produce in one run,
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which is necessary if this method is to work.
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It is recommended that you do a table of contents
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after finishing your document.
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To print out the table of contents, use the .PX macro;
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if you forget it, nothing will happen.
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.PP
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As an aid in producing text that will format correctly
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with both \fBnroff\fP and \fBtroff\fP,
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there are some new string definitions that define quotation marks
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and dashes for each of these two formatting programs.
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The \e\(**\^\u_\d string will yield two hyphens in \fBnroff\fP,
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but in \fBtroff\fP it will produce an em dash\*-
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like this one.
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The \e\(**Q and \e\(**U strings will produce
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`` and '' in \fBtroff\fP, but " in \fBnroff\fP.
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(In typesetting, the double quote is traditionally considered bad form.)
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.PP
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There are now a large number of optional
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foreign accent marks defined by the \*ms macros.
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All the accent marks available in \*mos are present,
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and they all work just as they always did.
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However, there are better definitions available
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by placing .AM at the beginning of your document.
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Unlike the \*mos accent marks,
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the accent strings should come \fIafter\fP\| the letter being accented.
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Here is a list of the diacritical marks,
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with examples of what they look like.
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.DS
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.ta 2i 3i
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name of accent input output
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\l'3.5i'
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acute accent e\e\(**\' e\*'
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grave accent e\e\(**\` e\*`
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circumflex o\e\(**\d^\u o\*^
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cedilla c\e\(**, c\*,
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tilde n\e\(**\d~\u n\*~
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question \e\(**? \*?
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exclamation \e\(**! \*!
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umlaut u\e\(**: u\*:
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digraph s \e\(**8 \*8
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hac\*vek c\e\(**v c\*v
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macron a\e\(**_ a\*_
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underdot s\e\(**. s\*.
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o-slash o\e\(**/ o\*/
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angstrom a\e\(**o a\*o
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yogh kni\e\(**3t kni\*3t
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Thorn \e\(**(Th \*(Th
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thorn \e\(**(th \*(th
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Eth \e\(**(D- \*(D-
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eth \e\(**(d- \*(d-
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hooked o \e\(**q \*q
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ae ligature \e\(**(ae \*(ae
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AE ligature \e\(**(Ae \*(Ae
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oe ligature \e\(**(oe \*(oe
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OE ligature \e\(**(Oe \*(Oe
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.DE
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If you want to use these new diacritical marks,
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don't forget the .AM at the top of your file.
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Without it, some will not print at all,
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and others will be placed on the wrong letter.
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.PP
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It is also possible to produce custom headers and footers
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that are different on even and odd pages.
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The .OH and .EH macros define odd and even headers,
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while .OF and .EF define odd and even footers.
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Arguments to these four macros are specified as with .tl.
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This document was produced with:
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.DS
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\&.OH \'\ef\^IThe -mx Macros\'\'Page %\ef\^P\'
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\&.EH \'\ef\^IPage %\'\'The -mx Macros\ef\^P\'
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.DE
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Note that it would be an error to have an apostrophe in the header text;
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if you need one, you will have to use a different delimiter
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around the left, center, and right portions of the title.
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You can use any character as a delimiter, provided it doesn't appear
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elsewhere in the argument to .OH, .EH, .OF, or EF.
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.PP
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The \*ms macros work in conjunction with
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the \fBtbl\fR, \fBeqn\fR, and \fBrefer\fR preprocessors.
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Macros to deal with these items are read in only as needed,
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as are the thesis macros (.TM),
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the special accent mark definitions (.AM),
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table of contents macros (.XS and .XE),
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and macros to format the optional cover page.
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The code for the \*ms package lives in /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.s,
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and sourced files reside in the directory /usr/ucb/lib/ms.
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.sp
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.tl '''\*(DY'
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