3be5f1f5ce
track.
The $Id$ line is normally at the bottom of the main comment block in the
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.\"
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Otherwise, an additional blank line is inserted.
Approved by: bde
217 lines
6.1 KiB
Groff
217 lines
6.1 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)join.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/28/95
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.\" $Id$
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.\"
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.Dd April 28, 1995
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.Dt JOIN 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm join
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.Nd relational database operator
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm join
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.Oo
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.Fl a Ar file_number | Fl v Ar file_number
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.Oc
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.Op Fl e Ar string
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.Op Fl j Ar file_number field
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.Op Fl o Ar list
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.Bk -words
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.Ek
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.Op Fl t Ar char
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.Op Fl \&1 Ar field
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.Op Fl \&2 Ar field
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.Ar file1
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.Ar file2
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The join utility performs an ``equality join'' on the specified files
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and writes the result to the standard output.
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The ``join field'' is the field in each file by which the files are compared.
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The first field in each line is used by default.
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There is one line in the output for each pair of lines in
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.Ar file1
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and
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.Ar file2
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which have identical join fields.
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Each output line consists of the join field, the remaining fields from
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.Ar file1
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and then the remaining fields from
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.Ar file2 .
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.Pp
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The default field separators are tab and space characters.
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In this case, multiple tabs and spaces count as a single field separator,
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and leading tabs and spaces are ignored.
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The default output field separator is a single space character.
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.Pp
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Many of the options use file and field numbers.
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Both file numbers and field numbers are 1 based, i.e. the first file on
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the command line is file number 1 and the first field is field number 1.
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The following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width Fl
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.It Fl a Ar file_number
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In addition to the default output, produce a line for each unpairable
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line in file
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.Ar file_number .
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(The argument to
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.Fl a
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must not be preceded by a space; see the
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.Sx COMPATIBILITY
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section.)
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.It Fl e Ar string
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Replace empty output fields with
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.Ar string .
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.It Fl o Ar list
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The
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.Fl o
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option specifies the fields that will be output from each file for
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each line with matching join fields.
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Each element of
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.Ar list
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has the form
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.Ql file_number.field ,
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where
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.Ar file_number
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is a file number and
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.Ar field
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is a field number.
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The elements of list must be either comma (``,'') or whitespace separated.
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(The latter requires quoting to protect it from the shell, or, a simpler
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approach is to use multiple
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.Fl o
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options.)
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.It Fl t Ar char
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Use character
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.Ar char
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as a field delimiter for both input and output.
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Every occurrence of
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.Ar char
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in a line is significant.
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.It Fl v Ar file_number
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Do not display the default output, but display a line for each unpairable
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line in file
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.Ar file_number .
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The options
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.Fl v Ar 1
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and
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.Fl v Ar 2
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may be specified at the same time.
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.It Fl 1 Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of file 1.
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.It Fl 2 Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of file 2.
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.El
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.Pp
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When the default field delimiter characters are used, the files to be joined
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should be ordered in the collating sequence of
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.Xr sort 1 ,
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using the
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.Fl b
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option, on the fields on which they are to be joined, otherwise
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.Nm join
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may not report all field matches.
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When the field delimiter characters are specified by the
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.Fl t
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option, the collating sequence should be the same as
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.Xr sort
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without the
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.Fl b
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option.
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.Pp
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If one of the arguments
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.Ar file1
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or
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.Ar file2
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is ``-'', the standard input is used.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm join
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utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
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.Sh COMPATIBILITY
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For compatibility with historic versions of
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.Nm join ,
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the following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width Fl
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.It Fl a
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In addition to the default output, produce a line for each unpairable line
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in both file 1 and file 2.
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(To distinguish between this and
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.Fl a Ar file_number ,
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.Nm join
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currently requires that the latter not include any white space.)
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.It Fl j1 Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of file 1.
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.It Fl j2 Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of file 2.
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.It Fl j Ar field
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Join on the
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.Ar field Ns 'th
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field of both file 1 and file 2.
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.It Fl o Ar list ...
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Historical implementations of
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.Nm join
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permitted multiple arguments to the
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.Fl o
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option.
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These arguments were of the form ``file_number.field_number'' as described
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for the current
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.Fl o
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option.
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This has obvious difficulties in the presence of files named ``1.2''.
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.El
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.Pp
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These options are available only so historic shellscripts don't require
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modification and should not be used.
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.Sh STANDARDS
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The
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.Nm join
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command is expected to be
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.St -p1003.2
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compatible.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr awk 1 ,
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.Xr comm 1 ,
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.Xr paste 1 ,
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.Xr sort 1 ,
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.Xr uniq 1
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