1012 lines
31 KiB
Groff
1012 lines
31 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 International Computer Science Institute
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.\"
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.\" Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
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.\" copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
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.\" to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
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.\" the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
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.\" and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
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.\" Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
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.\"
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.\" The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
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.\" all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
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.\"
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.\" The names and trademarks of copyright holders may not be used in
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.\" advertising or publicity pertaining to the software without specific
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.\" prior permission. Title to copyright in this software and any associated
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.\" documentation will at all times remain with the copyright holders.
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.\"
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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.\" FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
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.\" AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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.\" LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
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.\" FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
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.\" DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd May 27, 2009
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.Dt MULTICAST 4
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.Os
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.\"
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm multicast
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.Nd Multicast Routing
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.\"
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Cd "options MROUTING"
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.Pp
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.In sys/types.h
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.In sys/socket.h
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.In netinet/in.h
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.In netinet/ip_mroute.h
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.In netinet6/ip6_mroute.h
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.Ft int
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.Fn getsockopt "int s" IPPROTO_IP MRT_INIT "void *optval" "socklen_t *optlen"
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.Ft int
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.Fn setsockopt "int s" IPPROTO_IP MRT_INIT "const void *optval" "socklen_t optlen"
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.Ft int
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.Fn getsockopt "int s" IPPROTO_IPV6 MRT6_INIT "void *optval" "socklen_t *optlen"
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.Ft int
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.Fn setsockopt "int s" IPPROTO_IPV6 MRT6_INIT "const void *optval" "socklen_t optlen"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Tn "Multicast routing"
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is used to efficiently propagate data
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packets to a set of multicast listeners in multipoint networks.
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If unicast is used to replicate the data to all listeners,
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then some of the network links may carry multiple copies of the same
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data packets.
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With multicast routing, the overhead is reduced to one copy
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(at most) per network link.
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.Pp
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All multicast-capable routers must run a common multicast routing
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protocol.
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It is recommended that either
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Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM),
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or Protocol Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM)
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are used, as these are now the generally accepted protocols
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in the Internet community.
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The
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.Sx HISTORY
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section discusses previous multicast routing protocols.
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.Pp
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To start multicast routing,
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the user must enable multicast forwarding in the kernel
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(see
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.Sx SYNOPSIS
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about the kernel configuration options),
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and must run a multicast routing capable user-level process.
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From developer's point of view,
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the programming guide described in the
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.Sx "Programming Guide"
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section should be used to control the multicast forwarding in the kernel.
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.\"
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.Ss Programming Guide
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This section provides information about the basic multicast routing API.
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The so-called
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.Dq advanced multicast API
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is described in the
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.Sx "Advanced Multicast API Programming Guide"
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section.
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.Pp
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First, a multicast routing socket must be open.
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That socket would be used
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to control the multicast forwarding in the kernel.
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Note that most operations below require certain privilege
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(i.e., root privilege):
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv4 */
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int mrouter_s4;
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mrouter_s4 = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_IGMP);
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.Ed
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.Bd -literal
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int mrouter_s6;
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mrouter_s6 = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMPV6);
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Note that if the router needs to open an IGMP or ICMPv6 socket
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(in case of IPv4 and IPv6 respectively)
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for sending or receiving of IGMP or MLD multicast group membership messages,
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then the same
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.Va mrouter_s4
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or
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.Va mrouter_s6
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sockets should be used
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for sending and receiving respectively IGMP or MLD messages.
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In case of
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.Bx Ns
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-derived kernel, it may be possible to open separate sockets
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for IGMP or MLD messages only.
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However, some other kernels (e.g.,
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.Tn Linux )
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require that the multicast
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routing socket must be used for sending and receiving of IGMP or MLD
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messages.
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Therefore, for portability reason the multicast
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routing socket should be reused for IGMP and MLD messages as well.
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.Pp
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After the multicast routing socket is open, it can be used to enable
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or disable multicast forwarding in the kernel:
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv4 */
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int v = 1; /* 1 to enable, or 0 to disable */
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setsockopt(mrouter_s4, IPPROTO_IP, MRT_INIT, (void *)&v, sizeof(v));
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.Ed
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv6 */
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int v = 1; /* 1 to enable, or 0 to disable */
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setsockopt(mrouter_s6, IPPROTO_IPV6, MRT6_INIT, (void *)&v, sizeof(v));
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\&...
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/* If necessary, filter all ICMPv6 messages */
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struct icmp6_filter filter;
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ICMP6_FILTER_SETBLOCKALL(&filter);
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setsockopt(mrouter_s6, IPPROTO_ICMPV6, ICMP6_FILTER, (void *)&filter,
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sizeof(filter));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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After multicast forwarding is enabled, the multicast routing socket
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can be used to enable PIM processing in the kernel if we are running PIM-SM or
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PIM-DM
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(see
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.Xr pim 4 ) .
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.Pp
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For each network interface (e.g., physical or a virtual tunnel)
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that would be used for multicast forwarding, a corresponding
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multicast interface must be added to the kernel:
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv4 */
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struct vifctl vc;
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memset(&vc, 0, sizeof(vc));
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/* Assign all vifctl fields as appropriate */
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vc.vifc_vifi = vif_index;
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vc.vifc_flags = vif_flags;
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vc.vifc_threshold = min_ttl_threshold;
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vc.vifc_rate_limit = 0;
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memcpy(&vc.vifc_lcl_addr, &vif_local_address, sizeof(vc.vifc_lcl_addr));
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setsockopt(mrouter_s4, IPPROTO_IP, MRT_ADD_VIF, (void *)&vc,
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sizeof(vc));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The
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.Va vif_index
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must be unique per vif.
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The
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.Va vif_flags
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contains the
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.Dv VIFF_*
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flags as defined in
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.In netinet/ip_mroute.h .
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The
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.Dv VIFF_TUNNEL
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flag is no longer supported by
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.Fx .
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Users who wish to forward multicast datagrams over a tunnel should consider
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configuring a
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.Xr gif 4
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or
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.Xr gre 4
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tunnel and using it as a physical interface.
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.Pp
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The
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.Va min_ttl_threshold
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contains the minimum TTL a multicast data packet must have to be
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forwarded on that vif.
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Typically, it would have value of 1.
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.Pp
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The
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.Va max_rate_limit
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argument is no longer supported in
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.Fx
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and should be set to 0.
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Users who wish to rate-limit multicast datagrams should consider the use of
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.Xr dummynet 4
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or
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.Xr altq 4 .
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.Pp
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The
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.Va vif_local_address
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contains the local IP address of the corresponding local interface.
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The
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.Va vif_remote_address
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contains the remote IP address in case of DVMRP multicast tunnels.
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv6 */
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struct mif6ctl mc;
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memset(&mc, 0, sizeof(mc));
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/* Assign all mif6ctl fields as appropriate */
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mc.mif6c_mifi = mif_index;
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mc.mif6c_flags = mif_flags;
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mc.mif6c_pifi = pif_index;
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setsockopt(mrouter_s6, IPPROTO_IPV6, MRT6_ADD_MIF, (void *)&mc,
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sizeof(mc));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The
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.Va mif_index
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must be unique per vif.
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The
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.Va mif_flags
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contains the
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.Dv MIFF_*
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flags as defined in
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.In netinet6/ip6_mroute.h .
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The
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.Va pif_index
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is the physical interface index of the corresponding local interface.
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.Pp
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A multicast interface is deleted by:
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv4 */
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vifi_t vifi = vif_index;
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setsockopt(mrouter_s4, IPPROTO_IP, MRT_DEL_VIF, (void *)&vifi,
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sizeof(vifi));
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.Ed
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv6 */
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mifi_t mifi = mif_index;
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setsockopt(mrouter_s6, IPPROTO_IPV6, MRT6_DEL_MIF, (void *)&mifi,
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sizeof(mifi));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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After the multicast forwarding is enabled, and the multicast virtual
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interfaces are
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added, the kernel may deliver upcall messages (also called signals
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later in this text) on the multicast routing socket that was open
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earlier with
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.Dv MRT_INIT
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or
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.Dv MRT6_INIT .
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The IPv4 upcalls have
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.Vt "struct igmpmsg"
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header (see
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.In netinet/ip_mroute.h )
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with field
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.Va im_mbz
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set to zero.
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Note that this header follows the structure of
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.Vt "struct ip"
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with the protocol field
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.Va ip_p
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set to zero.
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The IPv6 upcalls have
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.Vt "struct mrt6msg"
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header (see
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.In netinet6/ip6_mroute.h )
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with field
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.Va im6_mbz
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set to zero.
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Note that this header follows the structure of
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.Vt "struct ip6_hdr"
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with the next header field
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.Va ip6_nxt
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set to zero.
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.Pp
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The upcall header contains field
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.Va im_msgtype
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and
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.Va im6_msgtype
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with the type of the upcall
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.Dv IGMPMSG_*
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and
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.Dv MRT6MSG_*
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for IPv4 and IPv6 respectively.
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The values of the rest of the upcall header fields
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and the body of the upcall message depend on the particular upcall type.
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.Pp
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If the upcall message type is
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.Dv IGMPMSG_NOCACHE
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or
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.Dv MRT6MSG_NOCACHE ,
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this is an indication that a multicast packet has reached the multicast
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router, but the router has no forwarding state for that packet.
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Typically, the upcall would be a signal for the multicast routing
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user-level process to install the appropriate Multicast Forwarding
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Cache (MFC) entry in the kernel.
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.Pp
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An MFC entry is added by:
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv4 */
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struct mfcctl mc;
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memset(&mc, 0, sizeof(mc));
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memcpy(&mc.mfcc_origin, &source_addr, sizeof(mc.mfcc_origin));
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memcpy(&mc.mfcc_mcastgrp, &group_addr, sizeof(mc.mfcc_mcastgrp));
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mc.mfcc_parent = iif_index;
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for (i = 0; i < maxvifs; i++)
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mc.mfcc_ttls[i] = oifs_ttl[i];
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setsockopt(mrouter_s4, IPPROTO_IP, MRT_ADD_MFC,
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(void *)&mc, sizeof(mc));
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.Ed
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv6 */
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struct mf6cctl mc;
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memset(&mc, 0, sizeof(mc));
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memcpy(&mc.mf6cc_origin, &source_addr, sizeof(mc.mf6cc_origin));
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memcpy(&mc.mf6cc_mcastgrp, &group_addr, sizeof(mf6cc_mcastgrp));
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mc.mf6cc_parent = iif_index;
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for (i = 0; i < maxvifs; i++)
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if (oifs_ttl[i] > 0)
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IF_SET(i, &mc.mf6cc_ifset);
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setsockopt(mrouter_s6, IPPROTO_IPV6, MRT6_ADD_MFC,
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(void *)&mc, sizeof(mc));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The
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.Va source_addr
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and
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.Va group_addr
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are the source and group address of the multicast packet (as set
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in the upcall message).
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The
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.Va iif_index
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is the virtual interface index of the multicast interface the multicast
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packets for this specific source and group address should be received on.
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The
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.Va oifs_ttl[]
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array contains the minimum TTL (per interface) a multicast packet
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should have to be forwarded on an outgoing interface.
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If the TTL value is zero, the corresponding interface is not included
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in the set of outgoing interfaces.
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Note that in case of IPv6 only the set of outgoing interfaces can
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be specified.
|
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.Pp
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An MFC entry is deleted by:
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv4 */
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struct mfcctl mc;
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memset(&mc, 0, sizeof(mc));
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memcpy(&mc.mfcc_origin, &source_addr, sizeof(mc.mfcc_origin));
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memcpy(&mc.mfcc_mcastgrp, &group_addr, sizeof(mc.mfcc_mcastgrp));
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setsockopt(mrouter_s4, IPPROTO_IP, MRT_DEL_MFC,
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(void *)&mc, sizeof(mc));
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.Ed
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.Bd -literal
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/* IPv6 */
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struct mf6cctl mc;
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memset(&mc, 0, sizeof(mc));
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memcpy(&mc.mf6cc_origin, &source_addr, sizeof(mc.mf6cc_origin));
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memcpy(&mc.mf6cc_mcastgrp, &group_addr, sizeof(mf6cc_mcastgrp));
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setsockopt(mrouter_s6, IPPROTO_IPV6, MRT6_DEL_MFC,
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(void *)&mc, sizeof(mc));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The following method can be used to get various statistics per
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installed MFC entry in the kernel (e.g., the number of forwarded
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packets per source and group address):
|
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.Bd -literal
|
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/* IPv4 */
|
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struct sioc_sg_req sgreq;
|
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memset(&sgreq, 0, sizeof(sgreq));
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memcpy(&sgreq.src, &source_addr, sizeof(sgreq.src));
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memcpy(&sgreq.grp, &group_addr, sizeof(sgreq.grp));
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ioctl(mrouter_s4, SIOCGETSGCNT, &sgreq);
|
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.Ed
|
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.Bd -literal
|
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/* IPv6 */
|
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struct sioc_sg_req6 sgreq;
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memset(&sgreq, 0, sizeof(sgreq));
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memcpy(&sgreq.src, &source_addr, sizeof(sgreq.src));
|
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memcpy(&sgreq.grp, &group_addr, sizeof(sgreq.grp));
|
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ioctl(mrouter_s6, SIOCGETSGCNT_IN6, &sgreq);
|
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.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following method can be used to get various statistics per
|
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multicast virtual interface in the kernel (e.g., the number of forwarded
|
|
packets per interface):
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
/* IPv4 */
|
|
struct sioc_vif_req vreq;
|
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memset(&vreq, 0, sizeof(vreq));
|
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vreq.vifi = vif_index;
|
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ioctl(mrouter_s4, SIOCGETVIFCNT, &vreq);
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
/* IPv6 */
|
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struct sioc_mif_req6 mreq;
|
|
memset(&mreq, 0, sizeof(mreq));
|
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mreq.mifi = vif_index;
|
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ioctl(mrouter_s6, SIOCGETMIFCNT_IN6, &mreq);
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Ss Advanced Multicast API Programming Guide
|
|
If we want to add new features in the kernel, it becomes difficult
|
|
to preserve backward compatibility (binary and API),
|
|
and at the same time to allow user-level processes to take advantage of
|
|
the new features (if the kernel supports them).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
One of the mechanisms that allows us to preserve the backward
|
|
compatibility is a sort of negotiation
|
|
between the user-level process and the kernel:
|
|
.Bl -enum
|
|
.It
|
|
The user-level process tries to enable in the kernel the set of new
|
|
features (and the corresponding API) it would like to use.
|
|
.It
|
|
The kernel returns the (sub)set of features it knows about
|
|
and is willing to be enabled.
|
|
.It
|
|
The user-level process uses only that set of features
|
|
the kernel has agreed on.
|
|
.El
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To support backward compatibility, if the user-level process does not
|
|
ask for any new features, the kernel defaults to the basic
|
|
multicast API (see the
|
|
.Sx "Programming Guide"
|
|
section).
|
|
.\" XXX: edit as appropriate after the advanced multicast API is
|
|
.\" supported under IPv6
|
|
Currently, the advanced multicast API exists only for IPv4;
|
|
in the future there will be IPv6 support as well.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Below is a summary of the expandable API solution.
|
|
Note that all new options and structures are defined
|
|
in
|
|
.In netinet/ip_mroute.h
|
|
and
|
|
.In netinet6/ip6_mroute.h ,
|
|
unless stated otherwise.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The user-level process uses new
|
|
.Fn getsockopt Ns / Ns Fn setsockopt
|
|
options to
|
|
perform the API features negotiation with the kernel.
|
|
This negotiation must be performed right after the multicast routing
|
|
socket is open.
|
|
The set of desired/allowed features is stored in a bitset
|
|
(currently, in
|
|
.Vt uint32_t ;
|
|
i.e., maximum of 32 new features).
|
|
The new
|
|
.Fn getsockopt Ns / Ns Fn setsockopt
|
|
options are
|
|
.Dv MRT_API_SUPPORT
|
|
and
|
|
.Dv MRT_API_CONFIG .
|
|
Example:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
uint32_t v;
|
|
getsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_IP, MRT_API_SUPPORT, (void *)&v, sizeof(v));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
would set in
|
|
.Va v
|
|
the pre-defined bits that the kernel API supports.
|
|
The eight least significant bits in
|
|
.Vt uint32_t
|
|
are same as the
|
|
eight possible flags
|
|
.Dv MRT_MFC_FLAGS_*
|
|
that can be used in
|
|
.Va mfcc_flags
|
|
as part of the new definition of
|
|
.Vt "struct mfcctl"
|
|
(see below about those flags), which leaves 24 flags for other new features.
|
|
The value returned by
|
|
.Fn getsockopt MRT_API_SUPPORT
|
|
is read-only; in other words,
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_API_SUPPORT
|
|
would fail.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To modify the API, and to set some specific feature in the kernel, then:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
uint32_t v = MRT_MFC_FLAGS_DISABLE_WRONGVIF;
|
|
if (setsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_IP, MRT_API_CONFIG, (void *)&v, sizeof(v))
|
|
!= 0) {
|
|
return (ERROR);
|
|
}
|
|
if (v & MRT_MFC_FLAGS_DISABLE_WRONGVIF)
|
|
return (OK); /* Success */
|
|
else
|
|
return (ERROR);
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
In other words, when
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_API_CONFIG
|
|
is called, the
|
|
argument to it specifies the desired set of features to
|
|
be enabled in the API and the kernel.
|
|
The return value in
|
|
.Va v
|
|
is the actual (sub)set of features that were enabled in the kernel.
|
|
To obtain later the same set of features that were enabled, then:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
getsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_IP, MRT_API_CONFIG, (void *)&v, sizeof(v));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The set of enabled features is global.
|
|
In other words,
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_API_CONFIG
|
|
should be called right after
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_INIT .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Currently, the following set of new features is defined:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
#define MRT_MFC_FLAGS_DISABLE_WRONGVIF (1 << 0) /* disable WRONGVIF signals */
|
|
#define MRT_MFC_FLAGS_BORDER_VIF (1 << 1) /* border vif */
|
|
#define MRT_MFC_RP (1 << 8) /* enable RP address */
|
|
#define MRT_MFC_BW_UPCALL (1 << 9) /* enable bw upcalls */
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.\" .Pp
|
|
.\" In the future there might be:
|
|
.\" .Bd -literal
|
|
.\" #define MRT_MFC_GROUP_SPECIFIC (1 << 10) /* allow (*,G) MFC entries */
|
|
.\" .Ed
|
|
.\" .Pp
|
|
.\" to allow (*,G) MFC entries (i.e., group-specific entries) in the kernel.
|
|
.\" For now this is left-out until it is clear whether
|
|
.\" (*,G) MFC support is the preferred solution instead of something more generic
|
|
.\" solution for example.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" 2. The newly defined struct mfcctl2.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The advanced multicast API uses a newly defined
|
|
.Vt "struct mfcctl2"
|
|
instead of the traditional
|
|
.Vt "struct mfcctl" .
|
|
The original
|
|
.Vt "struct mfcctl"
|
|
is kept as is.
|
|
The new
|
|
.Vt "struct mfcctl2"
|
|
is:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
/*
|
|
* The new argument structure for MRT_ADD_MFC and MRT_DEL_MFC overlays
|
|
* and extends the old struct mfcctl.
|
|
*/
|
|
struct mfcctl2 {
|
|
/* the mfcctl fields */
|
|
struct in_addr mfcc_origin; /* ip origin of mcasts */
|
|
struct in_addr mfcc_mcastgrp; /* multicast group associated*/
|
|
vifi_t mfcc_parent; /* incoming vif */
|
|
u_char mfcc_ttls[MAXVIFS];/* forwarding ttls on vifs */
|
|
|
|
/* extension fields */
|
|
uint8_t mfcc_flags[MAXVIFS];/* the MRT_MFC_FLAGS_* flags*/
|
|
struct in_addr mfcc_rp; /* the RP address */
|
|
};
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The new fields are
|
|
.Va mfcc_flags[MAXVIFS]
|
|
and
|
|
.Va mfcc_rp .
|
|
Note that for compatibility reasons they are added at the end.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Va mfcc_flags[MAXVIFS]
|
|
field is used to set various flags per
|
|
interface per (S,G) entry.
|
|
Currently, the defined flags are:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
#define MRT_MFC_FLAGS_DISABLE_WRONGVIF (1 << 0) /* disable WRONGVIF signals */
|
|
#define MRT_MFC_FLAGS_BORDER_VIF (1 << 1) /* border vif */
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Dv MRT_MFC_FLAGS_DISABLE_WRONGVIF
|
|
flag is used to explicitly disable the
|
|
.Dv IGMPMSG_WRONGVIF
|
|
kernel signal at the (S,G) granularity if a multicast data packet
|
|
arrives on the wrong interface.
|
|
Usually, this signal is used to
|
|
complete the shortest-path switch in case of PIM-SM multicast routing,
|
|
or to trigger a PIM assert message.
|
|
However, it should not be delivered for interfaces that are not in
|
|
the outgoing interface set, and that are not expecting to
|
|
become an incoming interface.
|
|
Hence, if the
|
|
.Dv MRT_MFC_FLAGS_DISABLE_WRONGVIF
|
|
flag is set for some of the
|
|
interfaces, then a data packet that arrives on that interface for
|
|
that MFC entry will NOT trigger a WRONGVIF signal.
|
|
If that flag is not set, then a signal is triggered (the default action).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Dv MRT_MFC_FLAGS_BORDER_VIF
|
|
flag is used to specify whether the Border-bit in PIM
|
|
Register messages should be set (in case when the Register encapsulation
|
|
is performed inside the kernel).
|
|
If it is set for the special PIM Register kernel virtual interface
|
|
(see
|
|
.Xr pim 4 ) ,
|
|
the Border-bit in the Register messages sent to the RP will be set.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The remaining six bits are reserved for future usage.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Va mfcc_rp
|
|
field is used to specify the RP address (in case of PIM-SM multicast routing)
|
|
for a multicast
|
|
group G if we want to perform kernel-level PIM Register encapsulation.
|
|
The
|
|
.Va mfcc_rp
|
|
field is used only if the
|
|
.Dv MRT_MFC_RP
|
|
advanced API flag/capability has been successfully set by
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_API_CONFIG .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" 3. Kernel-level PIM Register encapsulation
|
|
.\"
|
|
If the
|
|
.Dv MRT_MFC_RP
|
|
flag was successfully set by
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_API_CONFIG ,
|
|
then the kernel will attempt to perform
|
|
the PIM Register encapsulation itself instead of sending the
|
|
multicast data packets to user level (inside
|
|
.Dv IGMPMSG_WHOLEPKT
|
|
upcalls) for user-level encapsulation.
|
|
The RP address would be taken from the
|
|
.Va mfcc_rp
|
|
field
|
|
inside the new
|
|
.Vt "struct mfcctl2" .
|
|
However, even if the
|
|
.Dv MRT_MFC_RP
|
|
flag was successfully set, if the
|
|
.Va mfcc_rp
|
|
field was set to
|
|
.Dv INADDR_ANY ,
|
|
then the
|
|
kernel will still deliver an
|
|
.Dv IGMPMSG_WHOLEPKT
|
|
upcall with the
|
|
multicast data packet to the user-level process.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
In addition, if the multicast data packet is too large to fit within
|
|
a single IP packet after the PIM Register encapsulation (e.g., if
|
|
its size was on the order of 65500 bytes), the data packet will be
|
|
fragmented, and then each of the fragments will be encapsulated
|
|
separately.
|
|
Note that typically a multicast data packet can be that
|
|
large only if it was originated locally from the same hosts that
|
|
performs the encapsulation; otherwise the transmission of the
|
|
multicast data packet over Ethernet for example would have
|
|
fragmented it into much smaller pieces.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Note that if this code is ported to IPv6, we may need the kernel to
|
|
.\" perform MTU discovery to the RP, and keep those discoveries inside
|
|
.\" the kernel so the encapsulating router may send back ICMP
|
|
.\" Fragmentation Required if the size of the multicast data packet is
|
|
.\" too large (see "Encapsulating data packets in the Register Tunnel"
|
|
.\" in Section 4.4.1 in the PIM-SM spec
|
|
.\" draft-ietf-pim-sm-v2-new-05.{txt,ps}).
|
|
.\" For IPv4 we may be able to get away without it, but for IPv6 we need
|
|
.\" that.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" 4. Mechanism for "multicast bandwidth monitoring and upcalls".
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Typically, a multicast routing user-level process would need to know the
|
|
forwarding bandwidth for some data flow.
|
|
For example, the multicast routing process may want to timeout idle MFC
|
|
entries, or in case of PIM-SM it can initiate (S,G) shortest-path switch if
|
|
the bandwidth rate is above a threshold for example.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The original solution for measuring the bandwidth of a dataflow was
|
|
that a user-level process would periodically
|
|
query the kernel about the number of forwarded packets/bytes per
|
|
(S,G), and then based on those numbers it would estimate whether a source
|
|
has been idle, or whether the source's transmission bandwidth is above a
|
|
threshold.
|
|
That solution is far from being scalable, hence the need for a new
|
|
mechanism for bandwidth monitoring.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Below is a description of the bandwidth monitoring mechanism.
|
|
.Bl -bullet
|
|
.It
|
|
If the bandwidth of a data flow satisfies some pre-defined filter,
|
|
the kernel delivers an upcall on the multicast routing socket
|
|
to the multicast routing process that has installed that filter.
|
|
.It
|
|
The bandwidth-upcall filters are installed per (S,G).
|
|
There can be
|
|
more than one filter per (S,G).
|
|
.It
|
|
Instead of supporting all possible comparison operations
|
|
(i.e., < <= == != > >= ), there is support only for the
|
|
<= and >= operations,
|
|
because this makes the kernel-level implementation simpler,
|
|
and because practically we need only those two.
|
|
Further, the missing operations can be simulated by secondary
|
|
user-level filtering of those <= and >= filters.
|
|
For example, to simulate !=, then we need to install filter
|
|
.Dq bw <= 0xffffffff ,
|
|
and after an
|
|
upcall is received, we need to check whether
|
|
.Dq measured_bw != expected_bw .
|
|
.It
|
|
The bandwidth-upcall mechanism is enabled by
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_API_CONFIG
|
|
for the
|
|
.Dv MRT_MFC_BW_UPCALL
|
|
flag.
|
|
.It
|
|
The bandwidth-upcall filters are added/deleted by the new
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_ADD_BW_UPCALL
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_DEL_BW_UPCALL
|
|
respectively (with the appropriate
|
|
.Vt "struct bw_upcall"
|
|
argument of course).
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
From application point of view, a developer needs to know about
|
|
the following:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
/*
|
|
* Structure for installing or delivering an upcall if the
|
|
* measured bandwidth is above or below a threshold.
|
|
*
|
|
* User programs (e.g. daemons) may have a need to know when the
|
|
* bandwidth used by some data flow is above or below some threshold.
|
|
* This interface allows the userland to specify the threshold (in
|
|
* bytes and/or packets) and the measurement interval. Flows are
|
|
* all packet with the same source and destination IP address.
|
|
* At the moment the code is only used for multicast destinations
|
|
* but there is nothing that prevents its use for unicast.
|
|
*
|
|
* The measurement interval cannot be shorter than some Tmin (currently, 3s).
|
|
* The threshold is set in packets and/or bytes per_interval.
|
|
*
|
|
* Measurement works as follows:
|
|
*
|
|
* For >= measurements:
|
|
* The first packet marks the start of a measurement interval.
|
|
* During an interval we count packets and bytes, and when we
|
|
* pass the threshold we deliver an upcall and we are done.
|
|
* The first packet after the end of the interval resets the
|
|
* count and restarts the measurement.
|
|
*
|
|
* For <= measurement:
|
|
* We start a timer to fire at the end of the interval, and
|
|
* then for each incoming packet we count packets and bytes.
|
|
* When the timer fires, we compare the value with the threshold,
|
|
* schedule an upcall if we are below, and restart the measurement
|
|
* (reschedule timer and zero counters).
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
struct bw_data {
|
|
struct timeval b_time;
|
|
uint64_t b_packets;
|
|
uint64_t b_bytes;
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
struct bw_upcall {
|
|
struct in_addr bu_src; /* source address */
|
|
struct in_addr bu_dst; /* destination address */
|
|
uint32_t bu_flags; /* misc flags (see below) */
|
|
#define BW_UPCALL_UNIT_PACKETS (1 << 0) /* threshold (in packets) */
|
|
#define BW_UPCALL_UNIT_BYTES (1 << 1) /* threshold (in bytes) */
|
|
#define BW_UPCALL_GEQ (1 << 2) /* upcall if bw >= threshold */
|
|
#define BW_UPCALL_LEQ (1 << 3) /* upcall if bw <= threshold */
|
|
#define BW_UPCALL_DELETE_ALL (1 << 4) /* delete all upcalls for s,d*/
|
|
struct bw_data bu_threshold; /* the bw threshold */
|
|
struct bw_data bu_measured; /* the measured bw */
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
/* max. number of upcalls to deliver together */
|
|
#define BW_UPCALLS_MAX 128
|
|
/* min. threshold time interval for bandwidth measurement */
|
|
#define BW_UPCALL_THRESHOLD_INTERVAL_MIN_SEC 3
|
|
#define BW_UPCALL_THRESHOLD_INTERVAL_MIN_USEC 0
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Vt bw_upcall
|
|
structure is used as an argument to
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_ADD_BW_UPCALL
|
|
and
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_DEL_BW_UPCALL .
|
|
Each
|
|
.Fn setsockopt MRT_ADD_BW_UPCALL
|
|
installs a filter in the kernel
|
|
for the source and destination address in the
|
|
.Vt bw_upcall
|
|
argument,
|
|
and that filter will trigger an upcall according to the following
|
|
pseudo-algorithm:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
if (bw_upcall_oper IS ">=") {
|
|
if (((bw_upcall_unit & PACKETS == PACKETS) &&
|
|
(measured_packets >= threshold_packets)) ||
|
|
((bw_upcall_unit & BYTES == BYTES) &&
|
|
(measured_bytes >= threshold_bytes)))
|
|
SEND_UPCALL("measured bandwidth is >= threshold");
|
|
}
|
|
if (bw_upcall_oper IS "<=" && measured_interval >= threshold_interval) {
|
|
if (((bw_upcall_unit & PACKETS == PACKETS) &&
|
|
(measured_packets <= threshold_packets)) ||
|
|
((bw_upcall_unit & BYTES == BYTES) &&
|
|
(measured_bytes <= threshold_bytes)))
|
|
SEND_UPCALL("measured bandwidth is <= threshold");
|
|
}
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
In the same
|
|
.Vt bw_upcall
|
|
the unit can be specified in both BYTES and PACKETS.
|
|
However, the GEQ and LEQ flags are mutually exclusive.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Basically, an upcall is delivered if the measured bandwidth is >= or
|
|
<= the threshold bandwidth (within the specified measurement
|
|
interval).
|
|
For practical reasons, the smallest value for the measurement
|
|
interval is 3 seconds.
|
|
If smaller values are allowed, then the bandwidth
|
|
estimation may be less accurate, or the potentially very high frequency
|
|
of the generated upcalls may introduce too much overhead.
|
|
For the >= operation, the answer may be known before the end of
|
|
.Va threshold_interval ,
|
|
therefore the upcall may be delivered earlier.
|
|
For the <= operation however, we must wait
|
|
until the threshold interval has expired to know the answer.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Example of usage:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
struct bw_upcall bw_upcall;
|
|
/* Assign all bw_upcall fields as appropriate */
|
|
memset(&bw_upcall, 0, sizeof(bw_upcall));
|
|
memcpy(&bw_upcall.bu_src, &source, sizeof(bw_upcall.bu_src));
|
|
memcpy(&bw_upcall.bu_dst, &group, sizeof(bw_upcall.bu_dst));
|
|
bw_upcall.bu_threshold.b_data = threshold_interval;
|
|
bw_upcall.bu_threshold.b_packets = threshold_packets;
|
|
bw_upcall.bu_threshold.b_bytes = threshold_bytes;
|
|
if (is_threshold_in_packets)
|
|
bw_upcall.bu_flags |= BW_UPCALL_UNIT_PACKETS;
|
|
if (is_threshold_in_bytes)
|
|
bw_upcall.bu_flags |= BW_UPCALL_UNIT_BYTES;
|
|
do {
|
|
if (is_geq_upcall) {
|
|
bw_upcall.bu_flags |= BW_UPCALL_GEQ;
|
|
break;
|
|
}
|
|
if (is_leq_upcall) {
|
|
bw_upcall.bu_flags |= BW_UPCALL_LEQ;
|
|
break;
|
|
}
|
|
return (ERROR);
|
|
} while (0);
|
|
setsockopt(mrouter_s4, IPPROTO_IP, MRT_ADD_BW_UPCALL,
|
|
(void *)&bw_upcall, sizeof(bw_upcall));
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To delete a single filter, then use
|
|
.Dv MRT_DEL_BW_UPCALL ,
|
|
and the fields of bw_upcall must be set
|
|
exactly same as when
|
|
.Dv MRT_ADD_BW_UPCALL
|
|
was called.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To delete all bandwidth filters for a given (S,G), then
|
|
only the
|
|
.Va bu_src
|
|
and
|
|
.Va bu_dst
|
|
fields in
|
|
.Vt "struct bw_upcall"
|
|
need to be set, and then just set only the
|
|
.Dv BW_UPCALL_DELETE_ALL
|
|
flag inside field
|
|
.Va bw_upcall.bu_flags .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The bandwidth upcalls are received by aggregating them in the new upcall
|
|
message:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
#define IGMPMSG_BW_UPCALL 4 /* BW monitoring upcall */
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This message is an array of
|
|
.Vt "struct bw_upcall"
|
|
elements (up to
|
|
.Dv BW_UPCALLS_MAX
|
|
= 128).
|
|
The upcalls are
|
|
delivered when there are 128 pending upcalls, or when 1 second has
|
|
expired since the previous upcall (whichever comes first).
|
|
In an
|
|
.Vt "struct upcall"
|
|
element, the
|
|
.Va bu_measured
|
|
field is filled-in to
|
|
indicate the particular measured values.
|
|
However, because of the way
|
|
the particular intervals are measured, the user should be careful how
|
|
.Va bu_measured.b_time
|
|
is used.
|
|
For example, if the
|
|
filter is installed to trigger an upcall if the number of packets
|
|
is >= 1, then
|
|
.Va bu_measured
|
|
may have a value of zero in the upcalls after the
|
|
first one, because the measured interval for >= filters is
|
|
.Dq clocked
|
|
by the forwarded packets.
|
|
Hence, this upcall mechanism should not be used for measuring
|
|
the exact value of the bandwidth of the forwarded data.
|
|
To measure the exact bandwidth, the user would need to
|
|
get the forwarded packets statistics with the
|
|
.Fn ioctl SIOCGETSGCNT
|
|
mechanism
|
|
(see the
|
|
.Sx Programming Guide
|
|
section) .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note that the upcalls for a filter are delivered until the specific
|
|
filter is deleted, but no more frequently than once per
|
|
.Va bu_threshold.b_time .
|
|
For example, if the filter is specified to
|
|
deliver a signal if bw >= 1 packet, the first packet will trigger a
|
|
signal, but the next upcall will be triggered no earlier than
|
|
.Va bu_threshold.b_time
|
|
after the previous upcall.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr getsockopt 2 ,
|
|
.Xr recvfrom 2 ,
|
|
.Xr recvmsg 2 ,
|
|
.Xr setsockopt 2 ,
|
|
.Xr socket 2 ,
|
|
.Xr sourcefilter 3 ,
|
|
.Xr altq 4 ,
|
|
.Xr dummynet 4 ,
|
|
.Xr gif 4 ,
|
|
.Xr gre 4 ,
|
|
.Xr icmp6 4 ,
|
|
.Xr igmp 4 ,
|
|
.Xr inet 4 ,
|
|
.Xr inet6 4 ,
|
|
.Xr intro 4 ,
|
|
.Xr ip 4 ,
|
|
.Xr ip6 4 ,
|
|
.Xr mld 4 ,
|
|
.Xr pim 4
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)
|
|
was the first developed multicast routing protocol.
|
|
Later, other protocols such as Multicast Extensions to OSPF (MOSPF)
|
|
and Core Based Trees (CBT), were developed as well.
|
|
Routers at autonomous system boundaries may now exchange multicast
|
|
routes with peers via the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
|
|
Many other routing protocols are able to redistribute multicast routes
|
|
for use with
|
|
.Dv PIM-SM
|
|
and
|
|
.Dv PIM-DM .
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
.An -nosplit
|
|
The original multicast code was written by
|
|
.An David Waitzman
|
|
(BBN Labs),
|
|
and later modified by the following individuals:
|
|
.An Steve Deering
|
|
(Stanford),
|
|
.An Mark J. Steiglitz
|
|
(Stanford),
|
|
.An Van Jacobson
|
|
(LBL),
|
|
.An Ajit Thyagarajan
|
|
(PARC),
|
|
.An Bill Fenner
|
|
(PARC).
|
|
The IPv6 multicast support was implemented by the KAME project
|
|
.Pq Pa http://www.kame.net ,
|
|
and was based on the IPv4 multicast code.
|
|
The advanced multicast API and the multicast bandwidth
|
|
monitoring were implemented by
|
|
.An Pavlin Radoslavov
|
|
(ICSI)
|
|
in collaboration with
|
|
.An Chris Brown
|
|
(NextHop).
|
|
The IGMPv3 and MLDv2 multicast support was implemented by
|
|
.An Bruce Simpson .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This manual page was written by
|
|
.An Pavlin Radoslavov
|
|
(ICSI).
|