519 lines
13 KiB
Groff
519 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: makefs.8,v 1.33 2011/05/22 21:51:39 christos Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Written by Luke Mewburn for Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
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.\" Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\" 4. The name of Wasabi Systems, Inc. may not be used to endorse
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.\" or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
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.\" written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY WASABI SYSTEMS, INC. ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
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.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WASABI SYSTEMS, INC
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.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
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.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
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.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
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.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
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.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
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.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
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.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd September 17, 2020
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.Dt MAKEFS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm makefs
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.Nd create a file system image from a directory tree or a mtree manifest
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl DxZ
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.Op Fl B Ar endian
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.Op Fl b Ar free-blocks
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.Op Fl d Ar debug-mask
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.Op Fl F Ar mtree-specfile
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.Op Fl f Ar free-files
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.Op Fl M Ar minimum-size
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.Op Fl m Ar maximum-size
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.Op Fl N Ar userdb-dir
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.Op Fl O Ar offset
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.Op Fl o Ar fs-options
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.Op Fl R Ar roundup-size
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.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
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.Op Fl s Ar image-size
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.Op Fl T Ar timestamp
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.Op Fl t Ar fs-type
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.Ar image-file
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.Ar directory | manifest
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.Op Ar extra-directory ...
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The utility
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.Nm
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creates a file system image into
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.Ar image-file
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from the directory tree
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.Ar directory
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or from the mtree manifest
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.Ar manifest .
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If any optional directory trees are passed in the
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.Ar extra-directory
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arguments, then the directory tree of each argument will be merged
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into the
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.Ar directory
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or
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.Ar manifest
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first before creating
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.Ar image-file .
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No special devices or privileges are required to perform this task.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width flag
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.It Fl B Ar endian
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Set the byte order of the image to
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.Ar endian .
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Valid byte orders are
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.Ql 4321 ,
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.Ql big ,
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or
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.Ql be
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for big endian, and
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.Ql 1234 ,
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.Ql little ,
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or
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.Ql le
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for little endian.
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Some file systems may have a fixed byte order; in those cases this
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argument will be ignored.
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.It Fl b Ar free-blocks
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Ensure that a minimum of
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.Ar free-blocks
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free blocks exist in the image.
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An optional
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.Ql %
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suffix may be provided to indicate that
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.Ar free-blocks
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indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
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.It Fl D
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Treat duplicate paths in an mtree manifest as warnings not error.
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.It Fl d Ar debug-mask
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Enable various levels of debugging, depending upon which bits are
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set in
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.Ar debug-mask .
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XXX: document these
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.It Fl F Ar mtree-specfile
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.Em This is almost certainly not the option you are looking for.
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To create an image from a list of files in an mtree format manifest,
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specify it as the last argument on the command line, not as a the
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argument to
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.Fl F .
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.Pp
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Use
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.Ar mtree-specfile
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as an
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.Xr mtree 8
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.Sq specfile
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specification.
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This option has no effect when the image is created from a mtree manifest
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rather than a directory.
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.Pp
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If a specfile entry exists in the underlying file system, its
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permissions and modification time will be used unless specifically
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overridden by the specfile.
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An error will be raised if the type of entry in the specfile
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conflicts with that of an existing entry.
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.Pp
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In the opposite case (where a specfile entry does not have an entry
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in the underlying file system) the following occurs:
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If the specfile entry is marked
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.Sy optional ,
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the specfile entry is ignored.
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Otherwise, the entry will be created in the image, and it is
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necessary to specify at least the following parameters in the
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specfile:
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.Sy type ,
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.Sy mode ,
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.Sy gname ,
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or
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.Sy gid ,
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and
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.Sy uname
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or
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.Sy uid ,
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and
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.Sy link
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(in the case of symbolic links).
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If
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.Sy time
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is not provided, the current time will be used.
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If
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.Sy flags
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is not provided, the current file flags will be used.
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Missing regular file entries will be created as zero-length files.
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.It Fl f Ar free-files
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Ensure that a minimum of
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.Ar free-files
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free files (inodes) exist in the image.
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An optional
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.Ql %
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suffix may be provided to indicate that
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.Ar free-files
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indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
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.It Fl M Ar minimum-size
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Set the minimum size of the file system image to
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.Ar minimum-size .
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.It Fl m Ar maximum-size
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Set the maximum size of the file system image to
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.Ar maximum-size .
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An error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger
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than this to accommodate the provided directory tree.
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.It Fl N Ar userdb-dir
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Use the user database text file
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.Pa master.passwd
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and group database text file
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.Pa group
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from
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.Ar userdb-dir ,
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rather than using the results from the system's
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.Xr getpwnam 3
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and
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.Xr getgrnam 3
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(and related) library calls.
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.It Fl O Ar offset
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Instead of creating the filesystem at the beginning of the file, start
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at offset.
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Valid only for
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.Sy ffs
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and
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.Sy msdos .
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.It Fl o Ar fs-options
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Set file system specific options.
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.Ar fs-options
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is a comma separated list of options.
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Valid file system specific options are detailed below.
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.It Fl p
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Deprecated.
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See the
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.Fl Z
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flag.
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.It Fl R Ar roundup-size
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Round the image up to
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.Ar roundup-size .
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.Ar roundup-size
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should be a multiple of the file system block size.
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This option only applies to the
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.Sy ffs
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file system type.
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.It Fl S Ar sector-size
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Set the file system sector size to
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.Ar sector-size .
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.\" XXX: next line also true for cd9660?
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Defaults to 512.
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.It Fl s Ar image-size
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Set the size of the file system image to
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.Ar image-size .
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This is equivalent to setting both the minimum
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.Fl ( M )
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and the maximum
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.Fl ( m )
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sizes to the same value.
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For
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.Sy ffs
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and
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.Sy msdos
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the
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.Ar image-size
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does not include the
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.Ar offset .
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.Ar offset
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is not included in that size.
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.It Fl T Ar timestamp
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Specify a timestamp to be set for all filesystem files and directories
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created so that repeatable builds are possible.
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The
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.Ar timestamp
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can be a
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.Pa pathname ,
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where the timestamps are derived from that file, or an integer
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value interpreted as the number of seconds from the Epoch.
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Note that timestamps specified in an
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.Xr mtree 5
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spec file, override the default timestamp.
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.It Fl t Ar fs-type
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Create an
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.Ar fs-type
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file system image.
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The following file system types are supported:
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.Bl -tag -width cd9660 -offset indent
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.It Sy ffs
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BSD fast file system (default).
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.It Sy cd9660
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ISO 9660 file system.
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.It Sy msdos
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FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 file system.
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.El
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.It Fl x
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Exclude file system nodes not explicitly listed in the specfile.
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.It Fl Z
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Create a sparse file for
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.Sy ffs .
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This is useful for virtual machine images.
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.El
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.Pp
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Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected.
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Two or more numbers may be separated by an
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.Dq x
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to indicate a product.
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Each number may have one of the following optional suffixes:
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.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
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.It b
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Block; multiply by 512
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.It k
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Kibi; multiply by 1024 (1 KiB)
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.It m
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Mebi; multiply by 1048576 (1 MiB)
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.It g
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Gibi; multiply by 1073741824 (1 GiB)
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.It t
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Tebi; multiply by 1099511627776 (1 TiB)
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.It w
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Word; multiply by the number of bytes in an integer
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.El
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.\"
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.\"
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.Ss FFS-specific options
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.Sy ffs
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images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided.
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Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width optimization -offset indent -compact
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.It Sy avgfilesize
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Expected average file size.
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.It Sy avgfpdir
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Expected number of files per directory.
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.It Sy bsize
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Block size.
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.It Sy density
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Bytes per inode.
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.It Sy fsize
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Fragment size.
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.It Sy label
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Label name of the image.
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.It Sy maxbpg
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Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group.
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.It Sy minfree
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Minimum % free.
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.It Sy optimization
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Optimization preference; one of
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.Ql space
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or
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.Ql time .
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.It Sy extent
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Maximum extent size.
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.It Sy maxbpcg
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Maximum total number of blocks in a cylinder group.
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.It Sy version
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UFS version.
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1 for FFS (default), 2 for UFS2.
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.It Sy softupdates
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0 for disable (default), 1 for enable
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.El
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.Ss CD9660-specific options
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.Sy cd9660
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images have ISO9660-specific optional parameters that may be
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provided.
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The arguments consist of a keyword and, optionally, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact
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.It Sy allow-deep-trees
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Allow the directory structure to exceed the maximum specified in
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the spec.
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.It Sy allow-illegal-chars
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Allow illegal characters in filenames.
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This option is not implemented.
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.It Sy allow-lowercase
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Allow lowercase characters in filenames.
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This option is not implemented.
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.It Sy allow-max-name
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Allow 37 instead of 33 characters for filenames by omitting the
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version id.
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.It Sy allow-multidot
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Allow multiple dots in a filename.
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.It Sy applicationid
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Application ID of the image.
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.It Sy archimedes
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Use the
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.Ql ARCHIMEDES
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extension to encode
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.Tn RISC OS
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metadata.
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.It Sy bootimagedir
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Boot image directory.
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This option is not implemented.
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.It Sy chrp-boot
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Write an MBR partition table to the image to allow older CHRP hardware to
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boot.
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.It Sy boot-load-segment
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Set load segment for the boot image.
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.It Sy bootimage
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Filename of a boot image in the format
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.Dq sysid;filename ,
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where
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.Dq sysid
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is one of
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.Ql i386 ,
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.Ql mac68k ,
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.Ql macppc ,
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.Ql powerpc ,
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or
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.Ql efi .
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.It Sy generic-bootimage
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Load a generic boot image into the first 32K of the cd9660 image.
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.It Sy hard-disk-boot
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Boot image is a hard disk image.
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.It Sy isolevel
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An integer representing the ISO 9660 interchange level where
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.Dq level
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is either
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.Ql 1
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or
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.Ql 2 .
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.Dq level
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.Ql 3
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is not implemented.
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.It Sy keep-bad-images
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Do not discard images whose write was aborted due to an error.
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For debugging purposes.
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.It Sy label
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Label name of the image.
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.It Sy no-boot
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Boot image is not bootable.
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.It Sy no-emul-boot
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Boot image is a
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.Dq no emulation
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ElTorito image.
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.It Sy no-trailing-padding
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Do not pad the image (apparently Linux needs the padding).
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.It Sy omit-trailing-period
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Omit trailing periods in filenames.
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.It Sy platformid
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Set platform ID of section header entry of the boot image.
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.It Sy preparer
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Preparer ID of the image.
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.It Sy publisher
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Publisher ID of the image.
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.It Sy rockridge
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Use RockRidge extensions (for longer filenames, etc.).
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.It Sy verbose
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Turns on verbose output.
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.It Sy volumeid
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Volume set identifier of the image.
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.El
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.Ss msdos-specific options
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.Sy msdos
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images have MS-DOS-specific optional parameters that may be
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provided.
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The arguments consist of a keyword, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported (see
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.Xr newfs_msdos 8
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for more details):
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact
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.It Cm backup_sector
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Location of the backup boot sector.
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.It Cm block_size
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Block size.
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.It Cm bootstrap
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Bootstrap file.
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.It Cm bytes_per_sector
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Bytes per sector.
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.It Cm create_size
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Create file size.
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.It Cm directory_entries
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Directory entries.
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.It Cm drive_heads
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Drive heads.
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.It Cm fat_type
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FAT type (12, 16, or 32).
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.It Cm floppy
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Preset drive parameters for standard format floppy disks
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(160, 180, 320, 360, 640, 720, 1200, 1232, 1440, or 2880).
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.It Cm hidden_sectors
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Hidden sectors.
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.It Cm info_sector
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Location of the info sector.
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.It Cm media_descriptor
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Media descriptor.
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.It Cm num_FAT
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Number of FATs.
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.It Cm OEM_string
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OEM string.
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.It Cm offset
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Offset in device.
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This option will be ignored if
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.Fl O
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is set to a positive number.
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.It Cm reserved_sectors
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Reserved sectors.
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.It Cm sectors_per_cluster
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Sectors per cluster.
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.It Cm sectors_per_fat
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Sectors per FAT.
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.It Cm sectors_per_track
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Sectors per track.
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.It Cm size
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File System size.
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.It Cm volume_id
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Volume ID.
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.It Cm volume_label
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Volume Label.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr mtree 5 ,
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.Xr mtree 8 ,
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.Xr newfs 8
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
|
|
utility appeared in
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.Nx 1.6 .
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It was ported to
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.Fx
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and first appeared in
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.Fx 8.0 .
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.Sh AUTHORS
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.An Luke Mewburn
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.Aq Mt lukem@NetBSD.org
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(original program),
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.An Daniel Watt ,
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.An Walter Deignan ,
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.An Ryan Gabrys ,
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.An Alan Perez-Rathke ,
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.An Ram Vedam
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(cd9660 support),
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.An Christos Zoulas
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(msdos support).
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