1130b656e5
This will make a number of things easier in the future, as well as (finally!) avoiding the Id-smashing problem which has plagued developers for so long. Boy, I'm glad we're not using sup anymore. This update would have been insane otherwise.
1007 lines
21 KiB
Groff
1007 lines
21 KiB
Groff
.\" $FreeBSD$
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.TH ED 1 "21 May 1993"
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.SH NAME
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.\" ed, red \- text editor
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ed \- text editor
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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ed [-] [-sx] [-p \fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
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.\" .LP
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.\" red [-] [-sx] [-p \fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.B ed
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is a line-oriented text editor.
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It is used to create, display, modify and otherwise manipulate text
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files.
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.\" .B red
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.\" is a restricted
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.\" .BR ed :
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.\" it can only edit files in the current
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.\" directory and cannot execute shell commands.
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If invoked with a
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.I file
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argument, then a copy of
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.I file
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is read into the editor's buffer.
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Changes are made to this copy and not directly to
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.I file
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itself.
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Upon quitting
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.BR ed ,
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any changes not explicitly saved with a
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.I `w'
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command are lost.
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Editing is done in two distinct modes:
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.I command
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and
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.IR input .
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When first invoked,
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.B ed
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is in command mode.
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In this mode commands are read from the standard input and
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executed to manipulate the contents of the editor buffer.
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A typical command might look like:
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.sp
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.RS
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,s/\fIold\fR/\fInew\fR/g
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.RE
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.sp
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which replaces all occurrences of the string
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.I old
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with
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.IR new .
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When an input command, such as
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.I `a'
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(append),
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.I `i'
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(insert) or
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.I `c'
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(change), is given,
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.B ed
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enters input mode. This is the primary means
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of adding text to a file.
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In this mode, no commands are available;
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instead, the standard input is written
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directly to the editor buffer. Lines consist of text up to and
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including a
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.IR newline
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character.
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Input mode is terminated by
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entering a single period (\fI.\fR) on a line.
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All
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.B ed
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commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines; e.g.,
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the
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.I `d'
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command deletes lines; the
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.I `m'
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command moves lines, and so on.
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It is possible to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement,
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as in the example above. However even here, the
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.I `s'
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command is applied to whole lines at a time.
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In general,
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.B ed
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commands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed by a single
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character command and possibly additional parameters; i.e.,
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commands have the structure:
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.sp
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.RS
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.I [address [,address]]command[parameters]
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.RE
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.sp
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The address(es) indicate the line or range of lines to be affected by the
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command. If fewer addresses are given than the command accepts, then
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default addresses are supplied.
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.SS OPTIONS
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.TP 8
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-s
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Suppresses diagnostics. This should be used if
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.BR ed 's
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standard input is from a script.
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.TP 8
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-x
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Prompts for an encryption key to be used in subsequent reads and writes
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(see the
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.I `x'
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command).
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.TP 8
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.RI \-p \ string
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Specifies a command prompt. This may be toggled on and off with the
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.I `P'
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command.
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.TP 8
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.I file
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Specifies the name of a file to read. If
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.I file
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is prefixed with a
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bang (!), then it is interpreted as a shell command. In this case,
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what is read is
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the standard output of
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.I file
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executed via
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.IR sh (1).
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To read a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix the
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name with a backslash (\\).
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The default filename is set to
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.I file
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only if it is not prefixed with a bang.
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.SS LINE ADDRESSING
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An address represents the number of a line in the buffer.
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.B ed
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maintains a
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.I current address
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which is
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typically supplied to commands as the default address when none is specified.
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When a file is first read, the current address is set to the last line
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of the file. In general, the current address is set to the last line
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affected by a command.
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A line address is
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constructed from one of the bases in the list below, optionally followed
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by a numeric offset. The offset may include any combination
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of digits, operators (i.e.,
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.IR + ,
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.I -
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and
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.IR ^ )
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and whitespace.
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Addresses are read from left to right, and their values are computed
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relative to the current address.
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One exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the
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address
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.I 0
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(zero).
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This means "before the first line,"
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and is legal wherever it makes sense.
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An address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or
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semi-colon. The value of the first address in a range cannot exceed the
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value of the second. If only one address is given in a range, then
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the second address is set to the given address. If an
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.IR n- tuple
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of addresses is given where
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.I n > 2,
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then the corresponding range is determined by the last two addresses in
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the
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.IR n- tuple.
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If only one address is expected, then the last address is used.
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Each address in a comma-delimited range is interpreted relative to the
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current address. In a semi-colon-delimited range, the first address is
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used to set the current address, and the second address is interpreted
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relative to the first.
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The following address symbols are recognized.
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.TP 8
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\&.
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The current line (address) in the buffer.
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.TP 8
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$
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The last line in the buffer.
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.TP 8
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n
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The
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.IR n th,
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line in the buffer
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where
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.I n
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is a number in the range
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.I [0,$].
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.TP 8
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- or ^
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The previous line.
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This is equivalent to
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.I -1
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and may be repeated with cumulative effect.
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.TP 8
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-\fIn\fR or ^\fIn\fR
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The
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.IR n th
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previous line, where
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.I n
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is a non-negative number.
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.TP 8
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+
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The
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next line.
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This is equivalent to
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.I +1
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and may be repeated with cumulative effect.
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.TP 8
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+\fIn\fR or whitespace\fIn\fR
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The
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.IR n th
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next line, where
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.I n
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is a non-negative number.
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.I whitespace
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followed by a number
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.I n
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is interpreted as
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.IR +n .
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.TP 8
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, \fRor\fB %
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The first through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to
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the address range
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.I 1,$.
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.TP 8
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;
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The
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current through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to
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the address range
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.I .,$.
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.TP 8
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.RI / re/
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The
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next line containing the regular expression
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.IR re .
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The search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the
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current line, if necessary.
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// repeats the last search.
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.TP 8
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.RI ? re?
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The
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previous line containing the regular expression
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.IR re .
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The search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the
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current line, if necessary.
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?? repeats the last search.
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.TP 8
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.RI \' lc
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The
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line previously marked by a
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.I `k'
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(mark) command, where
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.I lc
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is a lower case letter.
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.SS REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
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Regular expressions are patterns used in selecting text.
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For example, the
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.B ed
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command
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.sp
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.RS
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g/\fIstring\fR/
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.RE
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.sp
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prints all lines containing
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.IR string .
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Regular expressions are also
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used by the
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.I `s'
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command for selecting old text to be replaced with new.
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In addition to a specifying string literals, regular expressions can
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represent
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classes of strings. Strings thus represented are said to be matched
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by the corresponding regular expression.
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If it is possible for a regular expression
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to match several strings in a line, then the left-most longest match is
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the one selected.
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The following symbols are used in constructing regular expressions:
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.TP 8
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c
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Any character
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.I c
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not listed below, including `{', '}', `(', `)', `<' and `>',
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matches itself.
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.TP 8
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\fR\e\fIc\fR
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Any backslash-escaped character
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.IR c ,
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except for `{', '}', `(', `)', `<' and `>',
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matches itself.
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.TP 8
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\fR.\fR
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Matches any single character.
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.TP 8
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.I [char-class]
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Matches any single character in
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.IR char-class .
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To include a `]'
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in
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.IR char-class ,
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it must be the first character.
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A range of characters may be specified by separating the end characters
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of the range with a `-', e.g., `a-z' specifies the lower case characters.
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The following literal expressions can also be used in
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.I char-class
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to specify sets of characters:
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.sp
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\ \ [:alnum:]\ \ [:cntrl:]\ \ [:lower:]\ \ [:space:]
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.PD 0
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\ \ [:alpha:]\ \ [:digit:]\ \ [:print:]\ \ [:upper:]
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.PD 0
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\ \ [:blank:]\ \ [:graph:]\ \ [:punct:]\ \ [:xdigit:]
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.sp
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If `-' appears as the first or last
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character of
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.IR char-class ,
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then it matches itself.
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All other characters in
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.I char-class
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match themselves.
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.sp
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Patterns in
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.I char-class
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of the form:
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.sp
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\ \ [.\fIcol-elm\fR.] or,
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.PD 0
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\ \ [=\fIcol-elm\fR=]
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.sp
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where
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.I col-elm
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is a
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.I collating element
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are interpreted according to
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.IR locale (5)
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(not currently supported).
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See
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.IR regex (3)
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for an explanation of these constructs.
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.TP 8
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[^\fIchar-class\fR]
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Matches any single character, other than newline, not in
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.IR char-class .
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.IR char-class
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is defined
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as above.
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.TP 8
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^
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If `^' is the first character of a regular expression, then it
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anchors the regular expression to the beginning of a line.
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Otherwise, it matches itself.
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.TP 8
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$
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If `$' is the last character of a regular expression, it
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anchors the regular expression to the end of a line.
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Otherwise, it matches itself.
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.TP 8
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\fR\e<\fR
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Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression
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immediately following it to the beginning of a word.
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(This may not be available)
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.TP 8
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\fR\e>\fR
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Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression
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immediately following it to the end of a word.
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(This may not be available)
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.TP 8
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\fR\e(\fIre\fR\e)\fR
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Defines a subexpression
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.IR re .
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Subexpressions may be nested.
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A subsequent backreference of the form \fI`\en'\fR, where
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.I n
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is a number in the range [1,9], expands to the text matched by the
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.IR n th
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subexpression.
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For example, the regular expression `\e(.*\e)\e1' matches any string
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consisting of identical adjacent substrings.
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Subexpressions are ordered relative to
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their left delimiter.
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.TP 8
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*
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Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression
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immediately preceding it zero or more times. If '*' is the first
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character of a regular expression or subexpression, then it matches
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itself. The `*' operator sometimes yields unexpected results.
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For example, the regular expression `b*' matches the beginning of
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the string `abbb' (as opposed to the substring `bbb'), since a null match
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is the only left-most match.
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.TP 8
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\fR\e{\fIn,m\fR\e}\fR or \fR\e{\fIn,\fR\e}\fR or \fR\e{\fIn\fR\e}\fR
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Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression
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immediately preceding it at least
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.I n
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and at most
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.I m
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times.
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If
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.I m
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is omitted, then it matches at least
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.I n
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times.
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If the comma is also omitted, then it matches exactly
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.I n
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times.
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.LP
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Additional regular expression operators may be defined depending on the
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particular
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.IR regex (3)
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implementation.
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.SS COMMANDS
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All
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.B ed
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commands are single characters, though some require additonal parameters.
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If a command's parameters extend over several lines, then
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each line except for the last
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must be terminated with a backslash (\\).
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In general, at most one command is allowed per line.
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However, most commands accept a print suffix, which is any of
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.I `p'
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(print),
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.I `l'
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(list) ,
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or
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.I `n'
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(enumerate),
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to print the last line affected by the command.
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An interrupt (typically ^C) has the effect of aborting the current command
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and returning the editor to command mode.
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.B ed
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recognizes the following commands. The commands are shown together with
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the default address or address range supplied if none is
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specified (in parenthesis).
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.TP 8
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(.)a
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Appends text to the buffer after the addressed line.
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Text is entered in input mode.
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The current address is set to last line entered.
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.TP 8
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(.,.)c
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Changes lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are deleted
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from the buffer, and text is appended in their place.
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Text is entered in input mode.
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The current address is set to last line entered.
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.TP 8
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(.,.)d
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Deletes the addressed lines from the buffer.
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If there is a line after the deleted range, then the current address is set
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to this line. Otherwise the current address is set to the line
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before the deleted range.
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.TP 8
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.RI e \ file
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Edits
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.IR file ,
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and sets the default filename.
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If
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.I file
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is not specified, then the default filename is used.
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Any lines in the buffer are deleted before
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the new file is read.
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The current address is set to the last line read.
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.TP 8
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.RI e \ !command
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Edits the standard output of
|
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.IR `!command' ,
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(see
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.RI ! command
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below).
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The default filename is unchanged.
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Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the output of
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.I command
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is read.
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The current address is set to the last line read.
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|
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.TP 8
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.RI E \ file
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Edits
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.I file
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unconditionally.
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This is similar to the
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.I e
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command,
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except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning.
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The current address is set to the last line read.
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|
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.TP 8
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.RI f \ file
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Sets the default filename to
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.IR file .
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If
|
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.I file
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is not specified, then the default unescaped filename is printed.
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|
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.TP 8
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.RI (1,$)g /re/command-list
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Applies
|
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.I command-list
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to each of the addressed lines matching a regular expression
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.IR re .
|
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The current address is set to the
|
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line currently matched before
|
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.I command-list
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is executed.
|
|
At the end of the
|
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.I `g'
|
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command, the current address is set to the last line affected by
|
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.IR command-list .
|
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Each command in
|
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.I command-list
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must be on a separate line,
|
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and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash
|
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(\\).
|
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Any commands are allowed, except for
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.IR `g' ,
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.IR `G' ,
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.IR `v' ,
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and
|
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.IR `V' .
|
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A newline alone in
|
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.I command-list
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is equivalent to a
|
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.I `p'
|
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command.
|
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|
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.TP 8
|
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.RI (1,$)G /re/
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Interactively edits the addressed lines matching a regular expression
|
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.IR re.
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For each matching line,
|
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the line is printed,
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the current address is set,
|
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and the user is prompted to enter a
|
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.IR command-list .
|
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At the end of the
|
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.I `G'
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command, the current address
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is set to the last line affected by (the last)
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.IR command-list .
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The format of
|
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.I command-list
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is the same as that of the
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.I `g'
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command. A newline alone acts as a null command list.
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A single `&' repeats the last non-null command list.
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.TP 8
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H
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Toggles the printing of error explanations.
|
|
By default, explanations are not printed.
|
|
It is recommended that ed scripts begin with this command to
|
|
aid in debugging.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
h
|
|
Prints an explanation of the last error.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.)i
|
|
Inserts text in the buffer before the current line.
|
|
Text is entered in input mode.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line entered.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.+1)j
|
|
Joins the addressed lines. The addressed lines are
|
|
deleted from the buffer and replaced by a single
|
|
line containing their joined text.
|
|
The current address is set to the resultant line.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (.)k lc
|
|
Marks a line with a lower case letter
|
|
.IR lc .
|
|
The line can then be addressed as
|
|
.I 'lc
|
|
(i.e., a single quote followed by
|
|
.I lc
|
|
) in subsequent commands. The mark is not cleared until the line is
|
|
deleted or otherwise modified.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)l
|
|
Prints the addressed lines unambiguously.
|
|
If a single line fills for than one screen (as might be the case
|
|
when viewing a binary file, for instance), a `--More--'
|
|
prompt is printed on the last line.
|
|
.B ed
|
|
waits until the RETURN key is pressed
|
|
before displaying the next screen.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line
|
|
printed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)m(.)
|
|
Moves lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are moved to after the
|
|
right-hand destination address, which may be the address
|
|
.IR 0
|
|
(zero).
|
|
The current address is set to the
|
|
last line moved.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)n
|
|
Prints the addressed lines along with
|
|
their line numbers. The current address is set to the last line
|
|
printed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)p
|
|
Prints the addressed lines. The current address is set to the last line
|
|
printed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
P
|
|
Toggles the command prompt on and off.
|
|
Unless a prompt was specified by with command-line option
|
|
\fI-p string\fR, the command prompt is by default turned off.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
q
|
|
Quits ed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
Q
|
|
Quits ed unconditionally.
|
|
This is similar to the
|
|
.I q
|
|
command,
|
|
except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI ($)r \ file
|
|
Reads
|
|
.I file
|
|
to after the addressed line. If
|
|
.I file
|
|
is not specified, then the default
|
|
filename is used. If there was no default filename prior to the command,
|
|
then the default filename is set to
|
|
.IR file .
|
|
Otherwise, the default filename is unchanged.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line read.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI ($)r \ !command
|
|
Reads
|
|
to after the addressed line
|
|
the standard output of
|
|
.IR `!command' ,
|
|
(see the
|
|
.RI ! command
|
|
below).
|
|
The default filename is unchanged.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line read.
|
|
|
|
.HP
|
|
.RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.HP
|
|
.RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/\fRg\fR
|
|
.HP
|
|
.RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/n
|
|
.br
|
|
Replaces text in the addressed lines
|
|
matching a regular expression
|
|
.I re
|
|
with
|
|
.IR replacement .
|
|
By default, only the first match in each line is replaced.
|
|
If the
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
(global) suffix is given, then every match to be replaced.
|
|
The
|
|
.I `n'
|
|
suffix, where
|
|
.I n
|
|
is a positive number, causes only the
|
|
.IR n th
|
|
match to be replaced.
|
|
It is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed
|
|
lines.
|
|
The current address is set the last line affected.
|
|
|
|
.I re
|
|
and
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
may be delimited by any character other than space and newline
|
|
(see the
|
|
.I `s'
|
|
command below).
|
|
If one or two of the last delimiters is omitted, then the last line
|
|
affected is printed as though the print suffix
|
|
.I `p'
|
|
were specified.
|
|
|
|
|
|
An unescaped `&' in
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
is replaced by the currently matched text.
|
|
The character sequence
|
|
\fI`\em'\fR,
|
|
where
|
|
.I m
|
|
is a number in the range [1,9], is replaced by the
|
|
.IR m th
|
|
backreference expression of the matched text.
|
|
If
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
consists of a single `%', then
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
from the last substitution is used.
|
|
Newlines may be embedded in
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
if they are escaped with a backslash (\\).
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)s
|
|
Repeats the last substitution.
|
|
This form of the
|
|
.I `s'
|
|
command accepts a count suffix
|
|
.IR `n' ,
|
|
or any combination of the characters
|
|
.IR `r' ,
|
|
.IR `g' ,
|
|
and
|
|
.IR `p' .
|
|
If a count suffix
|
|
.I `n'
|
|
is given, then only the
|
|
.IR n th
|
|
match is replaced.
|
|
The
|
|
.I `r'
|
|
suffix causes
|
|
the regular expression of the last search to be used instead of the
|
|
that of the last substitution.
|
|
The
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
suffix toggles the global suffix of the last substitution.
|
|
The
|
|
.I `p'
|
|
suffix toggles the print suffix of the last substitution
|
|
The current address is set to the last line affected.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)t(.)
|
|
Copies (i.e., transfers) the addressed lines to after the right-hand
|
|
destination address, which may be the address
|
|
.IR 0
|
|
(zero).
|
|
The current address is set to the last line
|
|
copied.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
u
|
|
Undoes the last command and restores the current address
|
|
to what it was before the command.
|
|
The global commands
|
|
.IR `g' ,
|
|
.IR `G' ,
|
|
.IR `v' ,
|
|
and
|
|
.IR `V' .
|
|
are treated as a single command by undo.
|
|
.I `u'
|
|
is its own inverse.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)v /pat/command-list
|
|
Applies
|
|
.I command-list
|
|
to each of the addressed lines not matching a regular expression
|
|
.IR re .
|
|
This is similar to the
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)V /re/
|
|
Interactively edits the addressed lines not matching a regular expression
|
|
.IR re.
|
|
This is similar to the
|
|
.I `G'
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)w \ file
|
|
Writes the addressed lines to
|
|
.IR file .
|
|
Any previous contents of
|
|
.I file
|
|
is lost without warning.
|
|
If there is no default filename, then the default filename is set to
|
|
.IR file,
|
|
otherwise it is unchanged. If no filename is specified, then the default
|
|
filename is used.
|
|
The current address is unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)wq \ file
|
|
Writes the addressed lines to
|
|
.IR file ,
|
|
and then executes a
|
|
.I `q'
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)w \ !command
|
|
Writes the addressed lines to the standard input of
|
|
.IR `!command' ,
|
|
(see the
|
|
.RI ! command
|
|
below).
|
|
The default filename and current address are unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)W \ file
|
|
Appends the addressed lines to the end of
|
|
.IR file .
|
|
This is similar to the
|
|
.I `w'
|
|
command, expect that the previous contents of file is not clobbered.
|
|
The current address is unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
x
|
|
Prompts for an encryption key which is used in subsequent reads and
|
|
writes. If a newline alone is entered as the key, then encryption is
|
|
turned off. Otherwise, echoing is disabled while a key is read.
|
|
Encryption/decryption is done using the bdes(1) algorithm.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (.+1)z n
|
|
Scrolls
|
|
.I n
|
|
lines at a time starting at addressed line. If
|
|
.I n
|
|
is not specified, then the current window size is used.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line printed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI ! command
|
|
Executes
|
|
.I command
|
|
via
|
|
.IR sh (1).
|
|
If the first character of
|
|
.I command
|
|
is `!', then it is replaced by text of the
|
|
previous
|
|
.IR `!command' .
|
|
.B ed
|
|
does not process
|
|
.I command
|
|
for backslash (\\) escapes.
|
|
However, an unescaped
|
|
.I `%'
|
|
is replaced by the default filename.
|
|
When the shell returns from execution, a `!'
|
|
is printed to the standard output.
|
|
The current line is unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
($)=
|
|
Prints the line number of the addressed line.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.+1)newline
|
|
Prints the addressed line, and sets the current address to
|
|
that line.
|
|
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
.TP 20
|
|
/tmp/ed.*
|
|
Buffer file
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.TP 20
|
|
ed.hup
|
|
The file to which
|
|
.B ed
|
|
attempts to write the buffer if the terminal hangs up.
|
|
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
|
|
|
.IR vi (1),
|
|
.IR sed (1),
|
|
.IR regex (3),
|
|
.IR bdes (1),
|
|
.IR sh (1).
|
|
|
|
USD:12-13
|
|
|
|
B. W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger,
|
|
.I Software Tools in Pascal ,
|
|
Addison-Wesley, 1981.
|
|
|
|
.SH LIMITATIONS
|
|
.B ed
|
|
processes
|
|
.I file
|
|
arguments for backslash escapes, i.e., in a filename,
|
|
any characters preceded by a backslash (\\) are
|
|
interpreted literally.
|
|
|
|
If a text (non-binary) file is not terminated by a newline character,
|
|
then
|
|
.B ed
|
|
appends one on reading/writing it. In the case of a binary file,
|
|
.B ed
|
|
does not append a newline on reading/writing.
|
|
|
|
per line overhead: 4 ints
|
|
|
|
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
|
|
When an error occurs,
|
|
.B ed
|
|
prints a `?' and either returns to command mode
|
|
or exits if its input is from a script.
|
|
An explanation of the last error can be
|
|
printed with the
|
|
.I `h'
|
|
(help) command.
|
|
|
|
Since the
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
(global) command masks any errors from failed searches and substitutions,
|
|
it can be used to perform conditional operations in scripts; e.g.,
|
|
.sp
|
|
.RS
|
|
g/\fIold\fR/s//\fInew\fR/
|
|
.RE
|
|
.sp
|
|
replaces any occurrences of
|
|
.I old
|
|
with
|
|
.IR new .
|
|
If the
|
|
.I `u'
|
|
(undo) command occurs in a global command list, then
|
|
the command list is executed only once.
|
|
|
|
If diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit
|
|
.B ed
|
|
or edit another file before writing a modified buffer
|
|
results in an error.
|
|
If the command is entered a second time, it succeeds,
|
|
but any changes to the buffer are lost.
|
|
.SH HISTORY
|
|
A
|
|
.I ed
|
|
command appeared in
|
|
Version 1 AT&T UNIX.
|