d740b7c7e8
Using 'sysctl vfs' is not only ugly, but is also not reliable - not all file system types create entries in vfs sysctl tree. Reviewed by: imp MFC after: 1 week
1075 lines
26 KiB
Groff
1075 lines
26 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)find.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 5/9/95
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd March 17, 2010
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.Dt FIND 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm find
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.Nd walk a file hierarchy
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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|
.Nm
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|
.Op Fl H | Fl L | Fl P
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.Op Fl EXdsx
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.Op Fl f Ar path
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.Ar path ...
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.Op Ar expression
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|
.Nm
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|
.Op Fl H | Fl L | Fl P
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|
.Op Fl EXdsx
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|
.Fl f Ar path
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|
.Op Ar path ...
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|
.Op Ar expression
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|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
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|
utility recursively descends the directory tree for each
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.Ar path
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|
listed, evaluating an
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|
.Ar expression
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|
(composed of the
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|
.Dq primaries
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|
and
|
|
.Dq operands
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|
listed below) in terms
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|
of each file in the tree.
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|
.Pp
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|
The options are as follows:
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|
.Bl -tag -width indent
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|
.It Fl E
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|
Interpret regular expressions followed by
|
|
.Ic -regex
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|
and
|
|
.Ic -iregex
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|
primaries as extended (modern) regular expressions rather than basic
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|
regular expressions (BRE's).
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|
The
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|
.Xr re_format 7
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|
manual page fully describes both formats.
|
|
.It Fl H
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|
Cause the file information and file type (see
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|
.Xr stat 2 )
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|
returned for each symbolic link specified on the command line to be
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|
those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
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|
If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
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be for the link itself.
|
|
File information of all symbolic links not on
|
|
the command line is that of the link itself.
|
|
.It Fl L
|
|
Cause the file information and file type (see
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|
.Xr stat 2 )
|
|
returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
|
|
link, not the link itself.
|
|
If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
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|
be for the link itself.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This option is equivalent to the deprecated
|
|
.Ic -follow
|
|
primary.
|
|
.It Fl P
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|
Cause the file information and file type (see
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|
.Xr stat 2 )
|
|
returned for each symbolic link to be those of the link itself.
|
|
This is the default.
|
|
.It Fl X
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|
Permit
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to be safely used in conjunction with
|
|
.Xr xargs 1 .
|
|
If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
|
|
.Xr xargs 1 ,
|
|
a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
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|
is skipped.
|
|
The delimiting characters include single
|
|
.Pq Dq Li " ' "
|
|
and double
|
|
.Pq Dq Li " \*q "
|
|
quotes, backslash
|
|
.Pq Dq Li \e ,
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|
space, tab and newline characters.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
However, you may wish to consider the
|
|
.Fl print0
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|
primary in conjunction with
|
|
.Dq Nm xargs Fl 0
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|
as an effective alternative.
|
|
.It Fl d
|
|
Cause
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to perform a depth-first traversal, i.e., directories
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|
are visited in post-order and all entries in a directory will be acted
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|
on before the directory itself.
|
|
By default,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
visits directories in pre-order, i.e., before their contents.
|
|
Note, the default is
|
|
.Em not
|
|
a breadth-first traversal.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This option is equivalent to the
|
|
.Ic -depth
|
|
primary of
|
|
.St -p1003.1-2001 .
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|
The
|
|
.Fl d
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|
option
|
|
can be useful when
|
|
.Nm
|
|
is used with
|
|
.Xr cpio 1
|
|
to process files that are contained in directories with unusual permissions.
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|
It ensures that you have write permission while you are placing files in a
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|
directory, then sets the directory's permissions as the last thing.
|
|
.It Fl f
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|
Specify a file hierarchy for
|
|
.Nm
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|
to traverse.
|
|
File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
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|
following the options.
|
|
.It Fl s
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|
Cause
|
|
.Nm
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|
to traverse the file hierarchies in lexicographical order,
|
|
i.e., alphabetical order within each directory.
|
|
Note:
|
|
.Ql find -s
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|
and
|
|
.Ql "find | sort"
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|
may give different results.
|
|
.It Fl x
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|
Prevent
|
|
.Nm
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|
from descending into directories that have a device number different
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|
than that of the file from which the descent began.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This option is equivalent to the deprecated
|
|
.Ic -xdev
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|
primary.
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|
.El
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|
.Sh PRIMARIES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
|
.It Ic -Bmin Ar n
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|
True if the difference between the time of a file's inode creation
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|
and the time
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|
.Nm
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|
was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
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|
.Ar n
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|
minutes.
|
|
.It Ic -Bnewer Ar file
|
|
Same as
|
|
.Ic -newerBm .
|
|
.It Ic -Btime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw
|
|
If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to
|
|
true if the difference between the time of a file's inode creation
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|
and the time
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|
.Nm
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|
was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
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|
.Ar n
|
|
24-hour periods.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If units are specified, this primary evaluates to
|
|
true if the difference between the time of a file's inode creation
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|
and the time
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|
.Nm
|
|
was started is exactly
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
units.
|
|
Please refer to the
|
|
.Ic -atime
|
|
primary description for information on supported time units.
|
|
.It Ic -acl
|
|
May be used in conjunction with other primaries to locate
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|
files with extended ACLs.
|
|
See
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|
.Xr acl 3
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|
for more information.
|
|
.It Ic -amin Ar n
|
|
True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
minutes.
|
|
.It Ic -anewer Ar file
|
|
Same as
|
|
.Ic -neweram .
|
|
.It Ic -atime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw
|
|
If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to
|
|
true if the difference between the file last access time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
24-hour periods.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If units are specified, this primary evaluates to
|
|
true if the difference between the file last access time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started is exactly
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
units.
|
|
Possible time units are as follows:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
|
|
.It Cm s
|
|
second
|
|
.It Cm m
|
|
minute (60 seconds)
|
|
.It Cm h
|
|
hour (60 minutes)
|
|
.It Cm d
|
|
day (24 hours)
|
|
.It Cm w
|
|
week (7 days)
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Any number of units may be combined in one
|
|
.Ic -atime
|
|
argument, for example,
|
|
.Dq Li "-atime -1h30m" .
|
|
Units are probably only useful when used in conjunction with the
|
|
.Cm +
|
|
or
|
|
.Cm -
|
|
modifier.
|
|
.It Ic -cmin Ar n
|
|
True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
|
|
information and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
minutes.
|
|
.It Ic -cnewer Ar file
|
|
Same as
|
|
.Ic -newercm .
|
|
.It Ic -ctime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw
|
|
If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to
|
|
true if the difference between the time of last change of file status
|
|
information and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
24-hour periods.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If units are specified, this primary evaluates to
|
|
true if the difference between the time of last change of file status
|
|
information and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started is exactly
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
units.
|
|
Please refer to the
|
|
.Ic -atime
|
|
primary description for information on supported time units.
|
|
.It Ic -d
|
|
Same as
|
|
.Ic depth .
|
|
GNU find implements this as a primary in mistaken emulation of
|
|
.Fx
|
|
.Xr find 1 .
|
|
.It Ic -delete
|
|
Delete found files and/or directories.
|
|
Always returns true.
|
|
This executes
|
|
from the current working directory as
|
|
.Nm
|
|
recurses down the tree.
|
|
It will not attempt to delete a filename with a
|
|
.Dq Pa /
|
|
character in its pathname relative to
|
|
.Dq Pa \&.
|
|
for security reasons.
|
|
Depth-first traversal processing is implied by this option.
|
|
Following symlinks is incompatible with this option.
|
|
.It Ic -depth
|
|
Always true;
|
|
same as the
|
|
.Fl d
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Ic -depth Ar n
|
|
True if the depth of the file relative to the starting point of the traversal
|
|
is
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
.It Ic -empty
|
|
True if the current file or directory is empty.
|
|
.It Ic -exec Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&;
|
|
True if the program named
|
|
.Ar utility
|
|
returns a zero value as its exit status.
|
|
Optional
|
|
.Ar arguments
|
|
may be passed to the utility.
|
|
The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
|
|
.Pq Dq Li \&; .
|
|
If you invoke
|
|
.Nm
|
|
from a shell you may need to quote the semicolon if the shell would
|
|
otherwise treat it as a control operator.
|
|
If the string
|
|
.Dq Li {}
|
|
appears anywhere in the utility name or the
|
|
arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
|
|
.Ar Utility
|
|
will be executed from the directory from which
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was executed.
|
|
.Ar Utility
|
|
and
|
|
.Ar arguments
|
|
are not subject to the further expansion of shell patterns
|
|
and constructs.
|
|
.It Ic -exec Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li {} +
|
|
Same as
|
|
.Ic -exec ,
|
|
except that
|
|
.Dq Li {}
|
|
is replaced with as many pathnames as possible for each invocation of
|
|
.Ar utility .
|
|
This behaviour is similar to that of
|
|
.Xr xargs 1 .
|
|
.It Ic -execdir Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&;
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -execdir
|
|
primary is identical to the
|
|
.Ic -exec
|
|
primary with the exception that
|
|
.Ar utility
|
|
will be executed from the directory that holds
|
|
the current file.
|
|
The filename substituted for
|
|
the string
|
|
.Dq Li {}
|
|
is not qualified.
|
|
.It Ic -execdir Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li {} +
|
|
Same as
|
|
.Ic -execdir ,
|
|
except that
|
|
.Dq Li {}
|
|
is replaced with as many pathnames as possible for each invocation of
|
|
.Ar utility .
|
|
This behaviour is similar to that of
|
|
.Xr xargs 1 .
|
|
.It Ic -flags Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar flags , Ns Ar notflags
|
|
The flags are specified using symbolic names (see
|
|
.Xr chflags 1 ) .
|
|
Those with the
|
|
.Qq Li no
|
|
prefix (except
|
|
.Qq Li nodump )
|
|
are said to be
|
|
.Ar notflags .
|
|
Flags in
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
are checked to be set, and flags in
|
|
.Ar notflags
|
|
are checked to be not set.
|
|
Note that this is different from
|
|
.Ic -perm ,
|
|
which only allows the user to specify mode bits that are set.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If flags are preceded by a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq Li - ,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if at least all of the bits in
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
and none of the bits in
|
|
.Ar notflags
|
|
are set in the file's flags bits.
|
|
If flags are preceded by a plus
|
|
.Pq Dq Li + ,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if any of the bits in
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
is set in the file's flags bits,
|
|
or any of the bits in
|
|
.Ar notflags
|
|
is not set in the file's flags bits.
|
|
Otherwise,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if the bits in
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
exactly match the file's flags bits,
|
|
and none of the
|
|
.Ar flags
|
|
bits match those of
|
|
.Ar notflags .
|
|
.It Ic -fstype Ar type
|
|
True if the file is contained in a file system of type
|
|
.Ar type .
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr lsvfs 1
|
|
command can be used to find out the types of file systems
|
|
that are available on the system.
|
|
In addition, there are two pseudo-types,
|
|
.Dq Li local
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq Li rdonly .
|
|
The former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
|
|
the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
is being executed and the latter matches any file system which is
|
|
mounted read-only.
|
|
.It Ic -gid Ar gname
|
|
The same thing as
|
|
.Ar -group Ar gname
|
|
for compatibility with GNU find.
|
|
GNU find imposes a restriction that
|
|
.Ar gname
|
|
is numeric, while
|
|
.Xr find 1
|
|
does not.
|
|
.It Ic -group Ar gname
|
|
True if the file belongs to the group
|
|
.Ar gname .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar gname
|
|
is numeric and there is no such group name, then
|
|
.Ar gname
|
|
is treated as a group ID.
|
|
.It Ic -ignore_readdir_race
|
|
This option is for GNU find compatibility and is ignored.
|
|
.It Ic -ilname Ar pattern
|
|
Like
|
|
.Ic -lname ,
|
|
but the match is case insensitive.
|
|
This is a GNU find extension.
|
|
.It Ic -iname Ar pattern
|
|
Like
|
|
.Ic -name ,
|
|
but the match is case insensitive.
|
|
.It Ic -inum Ar n
|
|
True if the file has inode number
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
.It Ic -ipath Ar pattern
|
|
Like
|
|
.Ic -path ,
|
|
but the match is case insensitive.
|
|
.It Ic -iregex Ar pattern
|
|
Like
|
|
.Ic -regex ,
|
|
but the match is case insensitive.
|
|
.It Ic -iwholename Ar pattern
|
|
The same thing as
|
|
.Ic -ipath ,
|
|
for GNU find compatibility.
|
|
.It Ic -links Ar n
|
|
True if the file has
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
links.
|
|
.It Ic -lname Ar pattern
|
|
Like
|
|
.Ic -name ,
|
|
but the contents of the symbolic link are matched instead of the file
|
|
name.
|
|
This is a GNU find extension.
|
|
.It Ic -ls
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
|
|
its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
|
|
links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
|
|
If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
|
|
will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
|
|
If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
|
|
displayed preceded by
|
|
.Dq Li -> .
|
|
The format is identical to that produced by
|
|
.Bk -words
|
|
.Dq Nm ls Fl dgils .
|
|
.Ek
|
|
.It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
|
|
Always true; descend at most
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
directory levels below the command line arguments.
|
|
If any
|
|
.Ic -maxdepth
|
|
primary is specified, it applies to the entire expression even if it would
|
|
not normally be evaluated.
|
|
.Dq Ic -maxdepth Li 0
|
|
limits the whole search to the command line arguments.
|
|
.It Ic -mindepth Ar n
|
|
Always true; do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
If any
|
|
.Ic -mindepth
|
|
primary is specified, it applies to the entire expression even if it would
|
|
not normally be evaluated.
|
|
.Dq Ic -mindepth Li 1
|
|
processes all but the command line arguments.
|
|
.It Ic -mmin Ar n
|
|
True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
minutes.
|
|
.It Ic -mnewer Ar file
|
|
Same as
|
|
.Ic -newer .
|
|
.It Ic -mount
|
|
The same thing as
|
|
.Ic -xdev ,
|
|
for GNU find compatibility.
|
|
.It Ic -mtime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw
|
|
If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to
|
|
true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
24-hour periods.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If units are specified, this primary evaluates to
|
|
true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
|
|
.Nm
|
|
was started is exactly
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
units.
|
|
Please refer to the
|
|
.Ic -atime
|
|
primary description for information on supported time units.
|
|
.It Ic -name Ar pattern
|
|
True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
Special shell pattern matching characters
|
|
.Dq ( Li \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&] ,
|
|
.Dq Li * ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq Li \&? )
|
|
may be used as part of
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
|
|
backslash
|
|
.Pq Dq Li \e .
|
|
.It Ic -newer Ar file
|
|
True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
|
|
.Ar file .
|
|
.It Ic -newer Ns Ar X Ns Ar Y Ar file
|
|
True if the current file has a more recent last access time
|
|
.Pq Ar X Ns = Ns Cm a ,
|
|
inode creation time
|
|
.Pq Ar X Ns = Ns Cm B ,
|
|
change time
|
|
.Pq Ar X Ns = Ns Cm c ,
|
|
or modification time
|
|
.Pq Ar X Ns = Ns Cm m
|
|
than the last access time
|
|
.Pq Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm a ,
|
|
inode creation time
|
|
.Pq Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm B ,
|
|
change time
|
|
.Pq Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm c ,
|
|
or modification time
|
|
.Pq Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm m
|
|
of
|
|
.Ar file .
|
|
In addition, if
|
|
.Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm t ,
|
|
then
|
|
.Ar file
|
|
is instead interpreted as a direct date specification of the form
|
|
understood by
|
|
.Xr cvs 1 .
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Ic -newermm
|
|
is equivalent to
|
|
.Ic -newer .
|
|
.It Ic -nogroup
|
|
True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
|
|
.It Ic -noignore_readdir_race
|
|
This option is for GNU find compatibility and is ignored.
|
|
.It Ic -noleaf
|
|
This option is for GNU find compatibility.
|
|
In GNU find it disables an optimization not relevant to
|
|
.Xr find 1 ,
|
|
so it is ignored.
|
|
.It Ic -nouser
|
|
True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
|
|
.It Ic -ok Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&;
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
primary is identical to the
|
|
.Ic -exec
|
|
primary with the exception that
|
|
.Nm
|
|
requests user affirmation for the execution of the
|
|
.Ar utility
|
|
by printing
|
|
a message to the terminal and reading a response.
|
|
If the response is not affirmative
|
|
.Ql ( y
|
|
in the
|
|
.Dq Li POSIX
|
|
locale),
|
|
the command is not executed and the
|
|
value of the
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
expression is false.
|
|
.It Ic -okdir Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&;
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -okdir
|
|
primary is identical to the
|
|
.Ic -execdir
|
|
primary with the same exception as described for the
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
primary.
|
|
.It Ic -path Ar pattern
|
|
True if the pathname being examined matches
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
Special shell pattern matching characters
|
|
.Dq ( Li \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&] ,
|
|
.Dq Li * ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq Li \&? )
|
|
may be used as part of
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
|
|
backslash
|
|
.Pq Dq Li \e .
|
|
Slashes
|
|
.Pq Dq Li /
|
|
are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
|
|
matched explicitly.
|
|
.It Ic -perm Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar mode
|
|
The
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
may be either symbolic (see
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 )
|
|
or an octal number.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
sets or clears permissions without regard to the process' file mode
|
|
creation mask.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
is octal, only bits 07777
|
|
.Pq Dv S_ISUID | S_ISGID | S_ISTXT | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO
|
|
of the file's mode bits participate
|
|
in the comparison.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
is preceded by a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq Li - ,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if at least all of the bits in the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
are set in the file's mode bits.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
is preceded by a plus
|
|
.Pq Dq Li + ,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if any of the bits in the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
are set in the file's mode bits.
|
|
Otherwise, this primary evaluates to true if
|
|
the bits in the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
exactly match the file's mode bits.
|
|
Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq Li - .
|
|
.It Ic -print
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output.
|
|
If none of
|
|
.Ic -exec , -ls , -print0 ,
|
|
or
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
|
|
.Cm \&( Ar "given expression" Cm \&) Ic -print .
|
|
.It Ic -print0
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed by an
|
|
.Tn ASCII
|
|
.Dv NUL
|
|
character (character code 0).
|
|
.It Ic -prune
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It causes
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to not descend into the current file.
|
|
Note, the
|
|
.Ic -prune
|
|
primary has no effect if the
|
|
.Fl d
|
|
option was specified.
|
|
.It Ic -regex Ar pattern
|
|
True if the whole path of the file matches
|
|
.Ar pattern
|
|
using regular expression.
|
|
To match a file named
|
|
.Dq Pa ./foo/xyzzy ,
|
|
you can use the regular expression
|
|
.Dq Li ".*/[xyz]*"
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq Li ".*/foo/.*" ,
|
|
but not
|
|
.Dq Li xyzzy
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq Li /foo/ .
|
|
.It Ic -samefile Ar name
|
|
True if the file is a hard link to
|
|
.Ar name .
|
|
If the command option
|
|
.Ic -L
|
|
is specified, it is also true if the file is a symbolic link and
|
|
points to
|
|
.Ar name .
|
|
.It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm ckMGTP
|
|
True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
is followed by a
|
|
.Cm c ,
|
|
then the primary is true if the
|
|
file's size is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
bytes (characters).
|
|
Similarly if
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
is followed by a scale indicator then the file's size is compared to
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
scaled as:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
|
|
.It Cm k
|
|
kilobytes (1024 bytes)
|
|
.It Cm M
|
|
megabytes (1024 kilobytes)
|
|
.It Cm G
|
|
gigabytes (1024 megabytes)
|
|
.It Cm T
|
|
terabytes (1024 gigabytes)
|
|
.It Cm P
|
|
petabytes (1024 terabytes)
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Ic -type Ar t
|
|
True if the file is of the specified type.
|
|
Possible file types are as follows:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
|
|
.It Cm b
|
|
block special
|
|
.It Cm c
|
|
character special
|
|
.It Cm d
|
|
directory
|
|
.It Cm f
|
|
regular file
|
|
.It Cm l
|
|
symbolic link
|
|
.It Cm p
|
|
FIFO
|
|
.It Cm s
|
|
socket
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Ic -uid Ar uname
|
|
The same thing as
|
|
.Ar -user Ar uname
|
|
for compatibility with GNU find.
|
|
GNU find imposes a restriction that
|
|
.Ar uname
|
|
is numeric, while
|
|
.Xr find 1
|
|
does not.
|
|
.It Ic -user Ar uname
|
|
True if the file belongs to the user
|
|
.Ar uname .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar uname
|
|
is numeric and there is no such user name, then
|
|
.Ar uname
|
|
is treated as a user ID.
|
|
.It Ic -wholename Ar pattern
|
|
The same thing as
|
|
.Ic -path ,
|
|
for GNU find compatibility.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
|
|
preceded by a plus sign
|
|
.Pq Dq Li +
|
|
or a minus sign
|
|
.Pq Dq Li - .
|
|
A preceding plus sign means
|
|
.Dq more than n ,
|
|
a preceding minus sign means
|
|
.Dq less than n
|
|
and neither means
|
|
.Dq exactly n .
|
|
.Sh OPERATORS
|
|
The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
|
|
The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
|
|
.It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&)
|
|
This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
|
|
true.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Cm \&! Ar expression
|
|
.It Cm -not Ar expression
|
|
This is the unary
|
|
.Tn NOT
|
|
operator.
|
|
It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Cm -false
|
|
Always false.
|
|
.It Cm -true
|
|
Always true.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
|
|
.It Ar expression expression
|
|
The
|
|
.Cm -and
|
|
operator is the logical
|
|
.Tn AND
|
|
operator.
|
|
As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
|
|
have to be specified.
|
|
The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
|
|
The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
|
|
The
|
|
.Cm -or
|
|
operator is the logical
|
|
.Tn OR
|
|
operator.
|
|
The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
|
|
is true.
|
|
The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
|
|
to be a separate argument to
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
|
|
The
|
|
.Ev LANG , LC_ALL , LC_COLLATE , LC_CTYPE , LC_MESSAGES
|
|
and
|
|
.Ev LC_TIME
|
|
environment variables affect the execution of the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility as described in
|
|
.Xr environ 7 .
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
|
.It Li "find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
|
|
.Pa .c .
|
|
.It Li "find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files owned by user
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
that are newer
|
|
than the file
|
|
.Pa ttt .
|
|
.It Li "find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
|
|
.Pa ttt
|
|
and owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj .
|
|
.It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
or that are newer than
|
|
.Pa ttt .
|
|
.It Li "find / -newerct '1 minute ago' -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files whose inode change time is more
|
|
recent than the current time minus one minute.
|
|
.It Li "find / -type f -exec echo {} \e;"
|
|
Use the
|
|
.Xr echo 1
|
|
command to print out a list of all the files.
|
|
.It Li "find -L /usr/ports/packages -type l -exec rm -- {} +"
|
|
Delete all broken symbolic links in
|
|
.Pa /usr/ports/packages .
|
|
.It Li "find /usr/src -name CVS -prune -o -depth +6 -print"
|
|
Find files and directories that are at least seven levels deep
|
|
in the working directory
|
|
.Pa /usr/src .
|
|
.It Li "find /usr/src -name CVS -prune -o -mindepth 7 -print"
|
|
Is not equivalent to the previous example, since
|
|
.Ic -prune
|
|
is not evaluated below level seven.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh COMPATIBILITY
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -follow
|
|
primary is deprecated; the
|
|
.Fl L
|
|
option should be used instead.
|
|
See the
|
|
.Sx STANDARDS
|
|
section below for details.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr chflags 1 ,
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 ,
|
|
.Xr cvs 1 ,
|
|
.Xr locate 1 ,
|
|
.Xr lsvfs 1 ,
|
|
.Xr whereis 1 ,
|
|
.Xr which 1 ,
|
|
.Xr xargs 1 ,
|
|
.Xr stat 2 ,
|
|
.Xr acl 3 ,
|
|
.Xr fts 3 ,
|
|
.Xr getgrent 3 ,
|
|
.Xr getpwent 3 ,
|
|
.Xr strmode 3 ,
|
|
.Xr re_format 7 ,
|
|
.Xr symlink 7
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
|
|
.St -p1003.1-2001
|
|
standard.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All the single character options except
|
|
.Fl H
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl L
|
|
as well as
|
|
.Ic -amin , -anewer , -cmin , -cnewer , -delete , -empty , -fstype ,
|
|
.Ic -iname , -inum , -iregex , -ls , -maxdepth , -mindepth , -mmin ,
|
|
.Ic -path , -print0 , -regex
|
|
and all of the
|
|
.Ic -B*
|
|
birthtime related primaries are extensions to
|
|
.St -p1003.1-2001 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Historically, the
|
|
.Fl d , L
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl x
|
|
options were implemented using the primaries
|
|
.Ic -depth , -follow ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -xdev .
|
|
These primaries always evaluated to true.
|
|
As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
|
|
began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
|
|
An example is the expression
|
|
.Ic -print Cm -o Ic -depth .
|
|
As
|
|
.Ic -print
|
|
always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
|
|
implies that
|
|
.Ic -depth
|
|
would never be evaluated.
|
|
This is not the case.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The operator
|
|
.Cm -or
|
|
was implemented as
|
|
.Cm -o ,
|
|
and the operator
|
|
.Cm -and
|
|
was implemented as
|
|
.Cm -a .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Historic implementations of the
|
|
.Ic -exec
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
primaries did not replace the string
|
|
.Dq Li {}
|
|
in the utility name or the
|
|
utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
|
|
This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
|
|
it appears.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl E
|
|
option was inspired by the equivalent
|
|
.Xr grep 1
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr sed 1
|
|
options.
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
A
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command appeared in
|
|
.At v1 .
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
The special characters used by
|
|
.Nm
|
|
are also special characters to many shell programs.
|
|
In particular, the characters
|
|
.Dq Li * ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&] ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&? ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&( ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&) ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&! ,
|
|
.Dq Li \e
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq Li \&;
|
|
may have to be escaped from the shell.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
|
|
names and the
|
|
.Ar expression ,
|
|
it is difficult to specify files named
|
|
.Pa -xdev
|
|
or
|
|
.Pa \&! .
|
|
These problems are handled by the
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
option and the
|
|
.Xr getopt 3
|
|
.Dq Fl Fl
|
|
construct.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -delete
|
|
primary does not interact well with other options that cause the file system
|
|
tree traversal options to be changed.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -mindepth
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -maxdepth
|
|
primaries are actually global options (as documented above).
|
|
They should
|
|
probably be replaced by options which look like options.
|