329 lines
11 KiB
Groff
329 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1990, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)netintro.4 8.2 (Berkeley) 11/30/93
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.\"
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.Dd November 30, 1993
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.Dt NETINTRO 4
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.Os BSD 4.2
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm networking
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.Nd introduction to networking facilities
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Fd #include <sys/socket.h>
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.Fd #include <net/route.h>
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.Fd #include <net/if.h>
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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This section is a general introduction to the networking facilities
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available in the system.
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Documentation in this part of section
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4 is broken up into three areas:
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.Em protocol families
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(domains),
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.Em protocols ,
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and
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.Em network interfaces .
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.Pp
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All network protocols are associated with a specific
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.Em protocol family .
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A protocol family provides basic services to the protocol
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implementation to allow it to function within a specific
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network environment. These services may include
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packet fragmentation and reassembly, routing, addressing, and
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basic transport. A protocol family may support multiple
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methods of addressing, though the current protocol implementations
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do not. A protocol family is normally comprised of a number
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of protocols, one per
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.Xr socket 2
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type. It is not required that a protocol family support
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all socket types. A protocol family may contain multiple
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protocols supporting the same socket abstraction.
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.Pp
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A protocol supports one of the socket abstractions detailed in
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.Xr socket 2 .
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A specific protocol may be accessed either by creating a
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socket of the appropriate type and protocol family, or
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by requesting the protocol explicitly when creating a socket.
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Protocols normally accept only one type of address format,
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usually determined by the addressing structure inherent in
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the design of the protocol family/network architecture.
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Certain semantics of the basic socket abstractions are
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protocol specific. All protocols are expected to support
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the basic model for their particular socket type, but may,
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in addition, provide non-standard facilities or extensions
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to a mechanism. For example, a protocol supporting the
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.Dv SOCK_STREAM
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abstraction may allow more than one byte of out-of-band
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data to be transmitted per out-of-band message.
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.Pp
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A network interface is similar to a device interface.
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Network interfaces comprise the lowest layer of the
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networking subsystem, interacting with the actual transport
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hardware. An interface may support one or more protocol
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families and/or address formats.
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The SYNOPSIS section of each network interface
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entry gives a sample specification
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of the related drivers for use in providing
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a system description to the
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.Xr config 8
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program.
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The DIAGNOSTICS section lists messages which may appear on the console
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and/or in the system error log,
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.Pa /var/log/messages
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(see
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.Xr syslogd 8 ) ,
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due to errors in device operation.
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.Sh PROTOCOLS
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The system currently supports the
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Internet
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protocols, the Xerox Network Systems(tm) protocols,
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and some of the
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.Tn ISO OSI
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protocols.
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Raw socket interfaces are provided to the
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.Tn IP
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protocol
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layer of the
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Internet, and to the
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.Tn IDP
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protocol of Xerox
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.Tn NS .
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Consult the appropriate manual pages in this section for more
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information regarding the support for each protocol family.
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.Sh ADDRESSING
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Associated with each protocol family is an address
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format. All network address adhere to a general structure,
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called a sockaddr, described below. However, each protocol
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imposes finer and more specific structure, generally renaming
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the variant, which is discussed in the protocol family manual
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page alluded to above.
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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struct sockaddr {
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u_char sa_len;
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u_char sa_family;
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char sa_data[14];
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};
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The field
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.Ar sa_len
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contains the total length of the of the structure,
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which may exceed 16 bytes.
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The following address values for
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.Ar sa_family
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are known to the system
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(and additional formats are defined for possible future implementation):
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.Bd -literal
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#define AF_UNIX 1 /* local to host (pipes, portals) */
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#define AF_INET 2 /* internetwork: UDP, TCP, etc. */
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#define AF_NS 6 /* Xerox NS protocols */
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#define AF_CCITT 10 /* CCITT protocols, X.25 etc */
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#define AF_HYLINK 15 /* NSC Hyperchannel */
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#define AF_ISO 18 /* ISO protocols */
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.Ed
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.Sh ROUTING
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.Tn UNIX
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provides some packet routing facilities.
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The kernel maintains a routing information database, which
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is used in selecting the appropriate network interface when
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transmitting packets.
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.Pp
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A user process (or possibly multiple co-operating processes)
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maintains this database by sending messages over a special kind
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of socket.
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This supplants fixed size
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.Xr ioctl 2
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used in earlier releases.
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.Pp
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This facility is described in
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.Xr route 4 .
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.Sh INTERFACES
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Each network interface in a system corresponds to a
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path through which messages may be sent and received. A network
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interface usually has a hardware device associated with it, though
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certain interfaces such as the loopback interface,
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.Xr lo 4 ,
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do not.
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.Pp
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The following
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.Xr ioctl
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calls may be used to manipulate network interfaces.
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The
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.Xr ioctl
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is made on a socket (typically of type
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM )
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in the desired domain.
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Most of the requests supported in earlier releases
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take an
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.Ar ifreq
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structure as its parameter. This structure has the form
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.Bd -literal
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struct ifreq {
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#define IFNAMSIZ 16
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char ifr_name[IFNAMSIZE]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */
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union {
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struct sockaddr ifru_addr;
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struct sockaddr ifru_dstaddr;
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struct sockaddr ifru_broadaddr;
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short ifru_flags;
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int ifru_metric;
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caddr_t ifru_data;
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} ifr_ifru;
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#define ifr_addr ifr_ifru.ifru_addr /* address */
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#define ifr_dstaddr ifr_ifru.ifru_dstaddr /* other end of p-to-p link */
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#define ifr_broadaddr ifr_ifru.ifru_broadaddr /* broadcast address */
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#define ifr_flags ifr_ifru.ifru_flags /* flags */
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#define ifr_metric ifr_ifru.ifru_metric /* metric */
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#define ifr_data ifr_ifru.ifru_data /* for use by interface */
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};
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Calls which are now deprecated are:
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.Bl -tag -width SIOCGIFBRDADDR
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.It Dv SIOCSIFADDR
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Set interface address for protocol family. Following the address
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assignment, the ``initialization'' routine for
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the interface is called.
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.It Dv SIOCSIFDSTADDR
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Set point to point address for protocol family and interface.
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.It Dv SIOCSIFBRDADDR
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Set broadcast address for protocol family and interface.
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.El
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.Pp
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.Xr Ioctl
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requests to obtain addresses and requests both to set and
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retrieve other data are still fully supported
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and use the
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.Ar ifreq
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structure:
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.Bl -tag -width SIOCGIFBRDADDR
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.It Dv SIOCGIFADDR
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Get interface address for protocol family.
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.It Dv SIOCGIFDSTADDR
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Get point to point address for protocol family and interface.
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.It Dv SIOCGIFBRDADDR
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Get broadcast address for protocol family and interface.
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.It Dv SIOCSIFFLAGS
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Set interface flags field. If the interface is marked down,
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any processes currently routing packets through the interface
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are notified;
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some interfaces may be reset so that incoming packets are no longer received.
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When marked up again, the interface is reinitialized.
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.It Dv SIOCGIFFLAGS
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Get interface flags.
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.It Dv SIOCSIFMETRIC
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Set interface routing metric.
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The metric is used only by user-level routers.
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.It Dv SIOCGIFMETRIC
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Get interface metric.
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.El
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.Pp
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There are two requests that make use of a new structure:
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.Bl -tag -width SIOCGIFBRDADDR
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.It Dv SIOCAIFADDR
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An interface may have more than one address associated with it
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in some protocols. This request provides a means to
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add additional addresses (or modify characteristics of the
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primary address if the default address for the address family
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is specified). Rather than making separate calls to
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set destination or broadcast addresses, or network masks
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(now an integral feature of multiple protocols)
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a separate structure is used to specify all three facets simultaneously
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(see below).
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One would use a slightly tailored version of this struct specific
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to each family (replacing each sockaddr by one
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of the family-specific type).
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Where the sockaddr itself is larger than the
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default size, one needs to modify the
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.Xr ioctl
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identifier itself to include the total size, as described in
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.Xr ioctl .
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.It Dv SIOCDIFADDR
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This requests deletes the specified address from the list
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associated with an interface. It also uses the
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.Ar if_aliasreq
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structure to allow for the possibility of protocols allowing
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multiple masks or destination addresses, and also adopts the
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convention that specification of the default address means
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to delete the first address for the interface belonging to
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the address family in which the original socket was opened.
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.It Dv SIOCGIFCONF
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Get interface configuration list. This request takes an
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.Ar ifconf
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structure (see below) as a value-result parameter. The
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.Ar ifc_len
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field should be initially set to the size of the buffer
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pointed to by
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.Ar ifc_buf .
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On return it will contain the length, in bytes, of the
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configuration list.
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.El
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.Bd -literal
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/*
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* Structure used in SIOCAIFCONF request.
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*/
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struct ifaliasreq {
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char ifra_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "en0" */
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struct sockaddr ifra_addr;
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struct sockaddr ifra_broadaddr;
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struct sockaddr ifra_mask;
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};
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Bd -literal
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/*
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* Structure used in SIOCGIFCONF request.
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* Used to retrieve interface configuration
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* for machine (useful for programs which
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* must know all networks accessible).
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*/
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struct ifconf {
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int ifc_len; /* size of associated buffer */
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union {
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caddr_t ifcu_buf;
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struct ifreq *ifcu_req;
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} ifc_ifcu;
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#define ifc_buf ifc_ifcu.ifcu_buf /* buffer address */
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#define ifc_req ifc_ifcu.ifcu_req /* array of structures returned */
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};
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.Ed
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr socket 2 ,
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.Xr ioctl 2 ,
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.Xr intro 4 ,
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.Xr config 8 ,
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.Xr routed 8
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm netintro
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manual appeared in
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.Bx 4.3 tahoe .
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