319 lines
8.5 KiB
Groff
319 lines
8.5 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (C) 1996
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.\" David L. Nugent. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAVID L. NUGENT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DAVID L. NUGENT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd March 30, 2007
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.Dt PW.CONF 5
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm pw.conf
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.Nd format of the pw.conf configuration file
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The file
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.In /etc/pw.conf
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contains configuration data for the
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.Xr pw 8
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utility.
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The
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.Xr pw 8
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utility is used for maintenance of the system password and group
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files, allowing users and groups to be added, deleted and changed.
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This file may be modified via the
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.Xr pw 8
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command using the
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.Ar useradd
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command and the
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.Fl D
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option, or by editing it directly with a text editor.
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.Pp
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Each line in
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.Pa /etc/pw.conf
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is treated either a comment or as configuration data;
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blank lines and lines commencing with a
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.Ql \&#
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character are considered comments, and any remaining lines are
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examined for a leading keyword, followed by corresponding data.
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.Pp
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Keywords recognized by
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.Xr pw 8
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are:
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.Bl -tag -width password_days -offset indent -compact
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.It defaultpasswd
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affect passwords generated for new users
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.It reuseuids
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reuse gaps in uid sequences
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.It reusegids
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reuse gaps in gid sequences
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.It nispasswd
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path to the
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.Tn NIS
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passwd database
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.It skeleton
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where to obtain default home contents
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.It newmail
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mail to send to new users
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.It logfile
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log user/group modifications to this file
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.It home
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root directory for home directories
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.It homemode
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permissions for home directory
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.It shellpath
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paths in which to locate shell programs
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.It shells
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list of valid shells (without path)
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.It defaultshell
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default shell (without path)
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.It defaultgroup
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default group
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.It extragroups
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add new users to this groups
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.It defaultclass
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place new users in this login class
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.It minuid
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.It maxuid
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range of valid default user ids
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.It mingid
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.It maxgid
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range of valid default group ids
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.It expire_days
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days after which account expires
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.It password_days
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days after which password expires
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.El
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.Pp
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Valid values for
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.Ar defaultpasswd
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are:
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.Bl -tag -width password_days -offset indent -compact
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.It no
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disable login on newly created accounts
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.It yes
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force the password to be the account name
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.It none
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force a blank password
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.It random
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generate a random password
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.El
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.Pp
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The second and third options are insecure and should be avoided if
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possible on a publicly accessible system.
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The first option requires that the superuser run
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.Xr passwd 1
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to set a password before the account may be used.
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This may also be useful for creating administrative accounts.
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The final option causes
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.Xr pw 8
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to respond by printing a randomly generated password on stdout.
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This is the preferred and most secure option.
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The
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.Xr pw 8
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utility also provides a method of setting a specific password for the new
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user via a filehandle (command lines are not secure).
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.Pp
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Both
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.Ar reuseuids
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and
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.Ar reusegids
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determine the method by which new user and group id numbers are
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generated.
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A
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.Ql \&yes
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in this field will cause
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.Xr pw 8
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to search for the first unused user or group id within the allowed
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range, whereas a
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.Ql \&no
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will ensure that no other existing user or group id within the range
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is numerically lower than the new one generated, and therefore avoids
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reusing gaps in the user or group id sequence that are caused by
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previous user or group deletions.
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Note that if the default group is not specified using the
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.Ar defaultgroup
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keyword,
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.Xr pw 8
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will create a new group for the user and attempt to keep the new
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user's uid and gid the same.
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If the new user's uid is currently in use as a group id, then the next
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available group id is chosen instead.
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.Pp
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On
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.Tn NIS
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servers which maintain a separate passwd database to
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.Pa /etc/master.passwd ,
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this option allows the additional file to be concurrently updated
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as user records are added, modified or removed.
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If blank or set to 'no', no additional database is updated.
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An absolute pathname must be used.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar skeleton
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keyword nominates a directory from which the contents of a user's
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new home directory is constructed.
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This is
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.Pa /usr/share/skel
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by default.
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The
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.Xr pw 8 Ns 's
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.Fl m
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option causes the user's home directory to be created and populated
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using the files contained in the
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.Ar skeleton
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directory.
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.Pp
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To send an initial email to new users, the
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.Ar newmail
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keyword may be used to specify a path name to a file containing
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the message body of the message to be sent.
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To avoid sending mail when accounts are created, leave this entry
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blank or specify
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.Ql \&no .
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar logfile
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option allows logging of password file modifications into the
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nominated log file.
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To avoid creating or adding to such a logfile, then leave this
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field blank or specify
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.Ql \&no .
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar home
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keyword is mandatory.
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This specifies the location of the directory in which all new user
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home directories are created.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar homemode
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keyword is optional.
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It specifies the creation mask of the user's home directory and is modified by
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.Xr umask 2 .
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar shellpath
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keyword specifies a list of directories - separated by colons
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.Ql \&:
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- which contain the programs used by the login shells.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar shells
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keyword specifies a list of programs available for use as login
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shells.
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This list is a comma-separated list of shell names which should
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not contain a path.
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These shells must exist in one of the directories nominated by
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.Ar shellpath .
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar defaultshell
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keyword nominates which shell program to use for new users when
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none is specified on the
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.Xr pw 8
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command line.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar defaultgroup
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keyword defines the primary group (the group id number in the
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password file) used for new accounts.
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If left blank, or the word
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.Ql \&no
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is used, then each new user will have a corresponding group of
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their own created automatically.
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This is the recommended procedure for new users as it best secures each
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user's files against interference by other users of the system
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irrespective of the
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.Em umask
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normally used by the user.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar extragroups
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keyword provides an automatic means of placing new users into groups within
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the
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.Pa /etc/groups
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file.
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This is useful where all users share some resources, and is preferable
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to placing users into the same primary group.
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The effect of this keyword can be overridden using the
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.Fl G
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option on the
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.Xr pw 8
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command line.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar defaultclass
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field determines the login class (See
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.Xr login.conf 5 )
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that new users will be allocated unless overwritten by
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.Xr pw 8 .
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar minuid ,
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.Ar maxuid ,
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.Ar mingid ,
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.Ar maxgid
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keywords determine the allowed ranges of automatically allocated user
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and group id numbers.
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The default values for both user and group ids are 1000 and 32000 as
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minimum and maximum respectively.
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The user and group id's actually used when creating an account with
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.Xr pw 8
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may be overridden using the
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.Fl u
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and
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.Fl g
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command line options.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar expire_days
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and
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.Ar password_days
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are used to automatically calculate the number of days from the date
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on which an account is created when the account will expire or the
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user will be forced to change the account's password.
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A value of
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.Ql \&0
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in either field will disable the corresponding (account or password)
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expiration date.
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.Sh LIMITS
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The maximum line length of
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.Pa /etc/pw.conf
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is 1024 characters.
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Longer lines will be skipped and treated
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as comments.
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd -compact
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.It Pa /etc/pw.conf
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.It Pa /etc/passwd
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.It Pa /etc/master.passwd
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.It Pa /etc/group
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr passwd 1 ,
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.Xr umask 2 ,
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.Xr group 5 ,
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.Xr login.conf 5 ,
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.Xr passwd 5 ,
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.Xr pw 8
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