1817 lines
74 KiB
Plaintext
1817 lines
74 KiB
Plaintext
# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
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# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
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# This file also includes Pacific islands.
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# Notes are at the end of this file
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###############################################################################
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# Australia
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# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
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Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
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Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
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Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
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Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
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Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
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Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
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# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
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# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
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# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
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# Northern Territory
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Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
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9:00 - ACST 1899 May
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9:30 Aus AC%sT
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# Western Australia
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#
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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
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8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
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8:00 AW AW%sT
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Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
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8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul
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8:45 AW +0845/+0945
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# Queensland
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#
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# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
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# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
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# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
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# Queensland ceased to.
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#
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# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
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# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
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# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
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# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
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# so use Lindeman.
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#
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# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
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# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
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# islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the
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# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
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# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
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# applies to all of the Whitsundays.
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# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
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#
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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
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10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
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10:00 AQ AE%sT
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Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
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10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
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10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
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10:00 Holiday AE%sT
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# South Australia
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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
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Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
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9:00 - ACST 1899 May
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9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
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9:30 AS AC%sT
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# Tasmania
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#
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# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
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# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
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# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
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#
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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
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Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
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10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
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10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
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10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
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10:00 AT AE%sT
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Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
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10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
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10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
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10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
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10:00 AT AE%sT
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# Victoria
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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
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Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
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10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
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10:00 AV AE%sT
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# New South Wales
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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
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Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
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Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
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Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
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10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
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10:00 AN AE%sT
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Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
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10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
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9:00 - ACST 1899 May
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9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
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9:30 AN AC%sT 2000
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9:30 AS AC%sT
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# Lord Howe Island
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# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
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Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
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Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
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Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
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Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
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Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
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Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
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Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
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Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
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Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
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Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
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Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
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Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
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Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
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Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
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Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
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10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
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10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul
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10:30 LH +1030/+11
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# Australian miscellany
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#
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# Ashmore Is, Cartier
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# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
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# no times are set
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#
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# Coral Sea Is
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# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
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# no times are set
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#
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# Macquarie
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# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
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# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
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# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
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# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
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# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
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# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
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#
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# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
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# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
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# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
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# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
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# on 4 April.
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#
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# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
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# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
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# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
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# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
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# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
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Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov
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10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
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10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
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10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
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0 - -00 1948 Mar 25
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10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
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10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
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11:00 - +11
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# Christmas
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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
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Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
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7:00 - +07
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# Cocos (Keeling) Is
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# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
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# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
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# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
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Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
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6:30 - +0630
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# Fiji
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# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
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# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
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# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
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# from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
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#
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# "Daylight savings to commence this month"
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# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
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# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
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# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
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# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
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# amendments:
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# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
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# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
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# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
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# 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
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# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
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# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
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#
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# Official source:
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# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
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#
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# A bit more background info here:
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# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
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# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
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# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
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# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
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# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
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# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
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# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
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||
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
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# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
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# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
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# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
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#
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# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
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# which says
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# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
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# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
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# 2am on February 26 next year.
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# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
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# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
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# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
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#
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# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
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# states:
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#
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# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
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# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
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# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
|
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# on the 23rd of October, 2011.
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|
||
# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
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# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
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# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
|
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# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
|
||
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
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|
||
# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
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||
# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
|
||
# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
|
||
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
|
||
|
||
# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
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||
# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
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||
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
|
||
|
||
# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
|
||
# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
|
||
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
|
||
|
||
# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
|
||
# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
|
||
# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
|
||
# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
|
||
# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
|
||
# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
|
||
|
||
# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
|
||
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
|
||
# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
|
||
# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
|
||
# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
|
||
# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
|
||
# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
|
||
# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
|
||
# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
|
||
# the first Sunday on or after January 14. Although ad hoc, it matches
|
||
# transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
|
||
# practice than guessing no DST.
|
||
|
||
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
|
||
Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
|
||
Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
|
||
Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
|
||
Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
|
||
Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
|
||
Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=14 3:00 0 -
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
|
||
12:00 Fiji +12/+13
|
||
|
||
# French Polynesia
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
|
||
-9:00 - -09
|
||
Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
|
||
-9:30 - -0930
|
||
Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
|
||
-10:00 - -10
|
||
# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
|
||
# it is uninhabited.
|
||
|
||
# Guam
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
|
||
9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
|
||
10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
|
||
10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
|
||
Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
|
||
|
||
# Kiribati
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
|
||
12:00 - +12
|
||
Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
|
||
-12:00 - -12 1979 Oct
|
||
-11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31
|
||
13:00 - +13
|
||
Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
|
||
-10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct
|
||
-10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31
|
||
14:00 - +14
|
||
|
||
# N Mariana Is
|
||
# See Pacific/Guam.
|
||
|
||
# Marshall Is
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
|
||
11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
|
||
12:00 - +12
|
||
Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
|
||
11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
|
||
-12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20
|
||
12:00 - +12
|
||
|
||
# Micronesia
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
|
||
10:00 - +10
|
||
Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
|
||
11:00 - +11
|
||
Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
|
||
11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
|
||
12:00 - +12 1999
|
||
11:00 - +11
|
||
|
||
# Nauru
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
|
||
11:30 - +1130 1942 Mar 15
|
||
9:00 - +09 1944 Aug 15
|
||
11:30 - +1130 1979 May
|
||
12:00 - +12
|
||
|
||
# New Caledonia
|
||
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
|
||
Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
|
||
Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 -
|
||
# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
|
||
Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
|
||
11:00 NC +11/+12
|
||
|
||
|
||
###############################################################################
|
||
|
||
# New Zealand
|
||
|
||
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
|
||
Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
|
||
Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
|
||
Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
|
||
Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
|
||
Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
|
||
Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
|
||
Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
|
||
# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
|
||
# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
|
||
# transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
|
||
# time to percolate out.
|
||
Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
|
||
Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
|
||
Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
|
||
Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 -
|
||
Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
|
||
Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
|
||
Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
|
||
Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
|
||
Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
|
||
Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 -
|
||
Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
|
||
Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
|
||
Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
|
||
Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 -
|
||
Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
|
||
Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
|
||
Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
|
||
Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
|
||
11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
|
||
12:00 NZ NZ%sT
|
||
Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
|
||
12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1
|
||
12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345
|
||
|
||
Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
|
||
|
||
# Auckland Is
|
||
# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
|
||
# and scientific personnel have wintered
|
||
|
||
# Campbell I
|
||
# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
|
||
# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
|
||
# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
|
||
# was probably like Pacific/Auckland
|
||
|
||
# Cook Is
|
||
# From Shanks & Pottenger:
|
||
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
|
||
Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 -
|
||
Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
|
||
Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 -
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
|
||
-10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12
|
||
-10:00 Cook -10/-0930
|
||
|
||
###############################################################################
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Niue
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
|
||
-11:20 - -1120 1951
|
||
-11:30 - -1130 1978 Oct 1
|
||
-11:00 - -11
|
||
|
||
# Norfolk
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
|
||
11:12 - +1112 1951
|
||
11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00
|
||
11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00
|
||
11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00
|
||
11:00 - +11
|
||
|
||
# Palau (Belau)
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
|
||
9:00 - +09
|
||
|
||
# Papua New Guinea
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
|
||
9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
|
||
10:00 - +10
|
||
#
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
|
||
# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
|
||
# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
|
||
#
|
||
# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
|
||
# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
|
||
# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
|
||
# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
|
||
# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
|
||
# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
|
||
# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
|
||
#
|
||
# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
|
||
# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
|
||
# See:
|
||
# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
|
||
#
|
||
Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
|
||
9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
|
||
10:00 - +10 1942 Jul
|
||
9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21
|
||
10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00
|
||
11:00 - +11
|
||
|
||
# Pitcairn
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
|
||
-8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00
|
||
-8:00 - -08
|
||
|
||
# American Samoa
|
||
Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
|
||
-11:22:48 - LMT 1911
|
||
-11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
|
||
Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
|
||
|
||
# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
|
||
|
||
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
|
||
# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
|
||
# the following info:
|
||
#
|
||
# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
|
||
# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
|
||
# Sunday of April 2011."
|
||
#
|
||
# Background info:
|
||
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
|
||
#
|
||
# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
|
||
# contain any dates:
|
||
# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
|
||
|
||
# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
|
||
# Please see
|
||
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws
|
||
# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
|
||
# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
|
||
# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
|
||
# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
|
||
|
||
# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
|
||
# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
|
||
#
|
||
# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
|
||
# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
|
||
# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
|
||
# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
|
||
|
||
# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
|
||
# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
|
||
#
|
||
# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
|
||
# The International Date Line Act 2011
|
||
# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
|
||
# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
|
||
# Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
|
||
# accordingly.
|
||
|
||
# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
|
||
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
|
||
#
|
||
# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
|
||
#
|
||
# DST
|
||
# Year End Time Start Time
|
||
# 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
|
||
# 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
|
||
#
|
||
# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
|
||
# Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
|
||
# Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
|
||
#
|
||
# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
|
||
# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
|
||
# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
|
||
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
|
||
#
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
|
||
# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
|
||
# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
|
||
|
||
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
|
||
Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 -
|
||
Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 -
|
||
Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 -
|
||
Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 -
|
||
Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 -
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
|
||
-11:26:56 - LMT 1911
|
||
-11:30 - -1130 1950
|
||
-11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
|
||
13:00 WS +13/+14
|
||
|
||
# Solomon Is
|
||
# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
|
||
11:00 - +11
|
||
|
||
# Tokelau
|
||
#
|
||
# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
|
||
# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
|
||
# December 31 this year ...
|
||
#
|
||
# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
|
||
# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
|
||
# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
|
||
# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
|
||
# actually was to UT-11 back then.
|
||
#
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
|
||
# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
|
||
# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
|
||
# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
|
||
# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
|
||
# are off by an hour starting in 1901.
|
||
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
|
||
-11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30
|
||
13:00 - +13
|
||
|
||
# Tonga
|
||
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
|
||
Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
|
||
Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
|
||
Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
|
||
12:20 - +1220 1941
|
||
13:00 - +13 1999
|
||
13:00 Tonga +13/+14
|
||
|
||
# Tuvalu
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
|
||
12:00 - +12
|
||
|
||
|
||
# US minor outlying islands
|
||
|
||
# Howland, Baker
|
||
# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
|
||
# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
|
||
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
|
||
# uninhabited thereafter.
|
||
# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
|
||
# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
|
||
# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
|
||
# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
|
||
# until they were abandoned after the war.
|
||
|
||
# Jarvis
|
||
# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
|
||
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
|
||
# uninhabited thereafter.
|
||
# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
|
||
|
||
# Johnston
|
||
#
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
|
||
# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
|
||
# Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
|
||
# treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
|
||
# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
|
||
#
|
||
# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
|
||
# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
|
||
# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
|
||
# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
|
||
# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
|
||
#
|
||
# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
|
||
# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
|
||
# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
|
||
# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
|
||
# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
|
||
# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
|
||
# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
|
||
# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
|
||
# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
|
||
# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
|
||
# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
|
||
# Minus One Hour".
|
||
|
||
# Kingman
|
||
# uninhabited
|
||
|
||
# Midway
|
||
# See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
|
||
|
||
# Palmyra
|
||
# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
|
||
|
||
# Wake
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
|
||
12:00 - +12
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Vanuatu
|
||
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
|
||
Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
|
||
Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 -
|
||
Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
|
||
Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 -
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
|
||
11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12
|
||
|
||
# Wallis and Futuna
|
||
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
|
||
Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
|
||
12:00 - +12
|
||
|
||
###############################################################################
|
||
|
||
# NOTES
|
||
|
||
# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
|
||
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
|
||
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
|
||
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
|
||
#
|
||
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
|
||
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
|
||
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
|
||
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
|
||
#
|
||
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
|
||
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
|
||
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
|
||
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
|
||
# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
|
||
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
|
||
#
|
||
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
|
||
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
|
||
# I found in the UCLA library.
|
||
#
|
||
# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
|
||
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
|
||
# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
|
||
#
|
||
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
|
||
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
|
||
#
|
||
# The following abbreviations are from other sources.
|
||
# Corrections are welcome!
|
||
# std dst
|
||
# LMT Local Mean Time
|
||
# 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
|
||
# 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
|
||
# 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
|
||
# 10:00 GST Guam through 2000
|
||
# 10:00 ChST Chamorro
|
||
# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
|
||
# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
|
||
# -11:00 SST Samoa
|
||
# -10:00 HST Hawaii
|
||
#
|
||
# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
|
||
# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
|
||
|
||
###############################################################################
|
||
|
||
# Australia
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
|
||
# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
|
||
# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
|
||
# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
|
||
# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
|
||
# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
|
||
# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
|
||
# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
|
||
# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
|
||
# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
|
||
# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
|
||
# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
|
||
# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
|
||
# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
|
||
# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
|
||
|
||
# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
|
||
# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
|
||
# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
|
||
# covers New South Wales in particular.
|
||
|
||
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
|
||
# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
|
||
# It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
|
||
# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
|
||
# abbreviation does _not_ change...
|
||
# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
|
||
# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
|
||
# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
|
||
# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
|
||
# time'.
|
||
# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
|
||
# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
|
||
# or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
|
||
# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
|
||
# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
|
||
# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
|
||
# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
|
||
#
|
||
# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
|
||
# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
|
||
# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
|
||
# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
|
||
# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
|
||
# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
|
||
# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
|
||
# what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
|
||
# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
|
||
# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
|
||
# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
|
||
# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
|
||
#
|
||
# 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
|
||
# 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
|
||
# 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
|
||
# 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
|
||
# 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
|
||
# 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
|
||
# 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
|
||
# 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
|
||
# 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
|
||
# 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
|
||
#
|
||
# 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
|
||
# 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
|
||
#
|
||
# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
|
||
# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
|
||
# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
|
||
# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
|
||
#
|
||
# 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
|
||
# 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
|
||
#
|
||
# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
|
||
# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
|
||
# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
|
||
# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
|
||
# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
|
||
# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
|
||
# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
|
||
#
|
||
# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
|
||
# like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
|
||
# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
|
||
# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
|
||
# fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
|
||
# like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
|
||
# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
|
||
# (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
|
||
# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
|
||
# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
|
||
# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
|
||
# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
|
||
# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
|
||
# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
|
||
#
|
||
# I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
|
||
#
|
||
# The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
|
||
# http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
|
||
# (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
|
||
# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
|
||
#
|
||
# Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
|
||
# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
|
||
# EST CST WST EDT CDT
|
||
#
|
||
# Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
|
||
# http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
|
||
# EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
|
||
#
|
||
# Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
|
||
# http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
|
||
# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
|
||
#
|
||
# Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
|
||
# https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
|
||
# EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
|
||
#
|
||
# The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
|
||
# and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
|
||
# Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
|
||
# 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
|
||
# "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
|
||
# appear in reports of events with international implications.
|
||
#
|
||
# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
|
||
# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
|
||
# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
|
||
# the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
|
||
# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
|
||
# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
|
||
# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
|
||
# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
|
||
# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
|
||
# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
|
||
# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
|
||
# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
|
||
# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
|
||
# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
|
||
# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
|
||
|
||
# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
|
||
#
|
||
# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
|
||
# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
|
||
# relevant entries in this database.
|
||
#
|
||
# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
|
||
# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
|
||
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
|
||
# ACT
|
||
# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
|
||
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
|
||
# SA
|
||
# Standard Time Act, 1898
|
||
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
|
||
|
||
# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
|
||
# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
|
||
# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
|
||
# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
|
||
# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
|
||
#
|
||
# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
|
||
# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
|
||
# to extend DST together in 2006.
|
||
# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
|
||
# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
|
||
# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
|
||
# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
|
||
# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
|
||
# allude to it.
|
||
# But not Queensland
|
||
# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
|
||
|
||
# Northern Territory
|
||
|
||
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
|
||
# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
|
||
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
|
||
# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
|
||
|
||
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
|
||
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
|
||
# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
|
||
|
||
# Western Australia
|
||
|
||
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
|
||
# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
|
||
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
|
||
# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
|
||
# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
|
||
# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
|
||
# # before reaching parliament.
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
|
||
# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
|
||
# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
|
||
# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
|
||
|
||
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
|
||
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
|
||
# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
|
||
|
||
# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
|
||
# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
|
||
# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
|
||
# work at 9.00am.)
|
||
# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
|
||
# everybody again.
|
||
|
||
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
|
||
# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
|
||
# it matches what was used in the past.
|
||
|
||
# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
|
||
# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
|
||
# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
|
||
# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
|
||
# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
|
||
# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
|
||
# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption
|
||
# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
|
||
# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See:
|
||
# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
|
||
# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
|
||
|
||
# Queensland
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
|
||
# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
|
||
# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
|
||
# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
|
||
# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
|
||
|
||
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
|
||
# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
|
||
# # [ Dec 1990 ]
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
|
||
# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
|
||
# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
|
||
# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
|
||
|
||
# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
|
||
# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
|
||
# October 1989).
|
||
|
||
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
|
||
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
|
||
# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
|
||
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
|
||
|
||
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
|
||
# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
|
||
# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
|
||
# me.)
|
||
|
||
# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
|
||
# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
|
||
# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
|
||
# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
|
||
# ...
|
||
|
||
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
|
||
# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
|
||
|
||
# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
|
||
# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
|
||
# WA are trialing DST for three years.
|
||
# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
|
||
|
||
# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
|
||
# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
|
||
# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
|
||
# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
|
||
# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
|
||
# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
|
||
# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
|
||
# Australia and Western Australia....
|
||
#
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
|
||
# This is confirmed by the section entitled
|
||
# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
|
||
# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
|
||
#
|
||
# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
|
||
# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
|
||
# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
|
||
# coast of the continent.
|
||
#
|
||
# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
|
||
# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
|
||
# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
|
||
# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
|
||
# the largest population centre in this zone....
|
||
#
|
||
# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
|
||
# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
|
||
# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
|
||
# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
|
||
#
|
||
# (2006-12-09):
|
||
# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
|
||
# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
|
||
# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
|
||
# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
|
||
# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
|
||
# introduction of standard time in 1895.
|
||
|
||
|
||
# southeast Australia
|
||
#
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
|
||
# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
|
||
# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
|
||
# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
|
||
|
||
|
||
# South Australia
|
||
|
||
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
|
||
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
|
||
# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
|
||
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
|
||
|
||
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
|
||
# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
|
||
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
|
||
# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
|
||
# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
|
||
# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
|
||
|
||
# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
|
||
# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
|
||
# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
|
||
# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
|
||
|
||
# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
|
||
# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
|
||
# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
|
||
# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
|
||
# is on...
|
||
|
||
# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
|
||
# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
|
||
# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
|
||
# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
|
||
|
||
# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
|
||
# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
|
||
# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
|
||
# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
|
||
|
||
# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
|
||
# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
|
||
# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
|
||
# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
|
||
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
|
||
|
||
# Tasmania
|
||
|
||
# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
|
||
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
|
||
# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
|
||
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
|
||
|
||
# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
|
||
# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
|
||
# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
|
||
# (but nothing new about that).
|
||
|
||
# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
|
||
# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
|
||
# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
|
||
# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
|
||
# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
|
||
# instead of the first Sunday in October.
|
||
|
||
# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
|
||
# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
|
||
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
|
||
|
||
# Victoria
|
||
|
||
# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
|
||
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
|
||
# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
|
||
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
|
||
|
||
# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
|
||
# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
|
||
# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
|
||
# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
|
||
# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
|
||
# in Melbourne, Australia.
|
||
#
|
||
# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
|
||
# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
|
||
# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
|
||
# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
|
||
# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
|
||
# expected time.
|
||
#
|
||
# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
|
||
# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
|
||
# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
|
||
# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
|
||
#
|
||
# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
|
||
# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
|
||
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
|
||
|
||
# New South Wales
|
||
|
||
# From Arthur David Olson:
|
||
# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
|
||
# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
|
||
# who notes:
|
||
# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
|
||
# individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
|
||
# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
|
||
# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
|
||
# legislation. This is very important to understand.
|
||
# I have researched New South Wales time only...
|
||
|
||
# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
|
||
# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
|
||
# October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
|
||
# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
|
||
# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
|
||
# See the following official NSW source:
|
||
# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
|
||
# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
|
||
#
|
||
# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
|
||
# daylight saving next year. See:
|
||
# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
|
||
# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
|
||
# (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
|
||
#
|
||
# Victoria will follow NSW. See:
|
||
# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
|
||
# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
|
||
#
|
||
# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
|
||
# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
|
||
# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
|
||
#
|
||
# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
|
||
# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
|
||
# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
|
||
# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
|
||
# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
|
||
# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
|
||
# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
|
||
# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
|
||
# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
|
||
#
|
||
# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
|
||
# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
|
||
# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
|
||
|
||
# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
|
||
# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
|
||
# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
|
||
|
||
# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
|
||
# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
|
||
# towns to use Queensland time.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
|
||
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
|
||
|
||
# Yancowinna
|
||
|
||
# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
|
||
# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
|
||
|
||
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
|
||
# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
|
||
# # [ Dec 1990 ]
|
||
# ...
|
||
# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
|
||
# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
|
||
# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
|
||
# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
|
||
# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
|
||
# # presently available.
|
||
# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
|
||
# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
|
||
# [followed by other Rules]
|
||
|
||
# Lord Howe Island
|
||
|
||
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
|
||
# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
|
||
# [ Dec 1990 ]
|
||
# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
|
||
# hour ahead of NSW time.
|
||
|
||
# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
|
||
# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
|
||
# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
|
||
# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
|
||
# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
|
||
# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
|
||
# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
|
||
# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
|
||
# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
|
||
# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
|
||
|
||
# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
|
||
# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
|
||
# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
|
||
# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
|
||
# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
|
||
# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
|
||
# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
|
||
# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
|
||
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
|
||
|
||
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
|
||
# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
|
||
# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
|
||
# summer (southern hemisphere).
|
||
#
|
||
# From
|
||
# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
|
||
# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
|
||
# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
|
||
# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
|
||
# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
|
||
# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
|
||
# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
|
||
# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
|
||
#
|
||
# We have a wrap-up here:
|
||
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
|
||
###############################################################################
|
||
|
||
# New Zealand
|
||
|
||
# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
|
||
# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
|
||
# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
|
||
# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
|
||
# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
|
||
|
||
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
|
||
# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
|
||
# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
|
||
# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
|
||
# # [ Nov 1990 ]
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
|
||
# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
|
||
# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
|
||
# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
|
||
# ...
|
||
# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
|
||
# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
|
||
|
||
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
|
||
# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
|
||
# rather than the October 1 value.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
|
||
# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
|
||
# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
|
||
# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
|
||
# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
|
||
# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
|
||
#
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
|
||
# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
|
||
# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
|
||
# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
|
||
#
|
||
# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
|
||
# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
|
||
# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
|
||
|
||
# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
|
||
# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
|
||
# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
|
||
# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
|
||
# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
|
||
# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
|
||
# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
|
||
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
|
||
# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
|
||
# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
|
||
# time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
|
||
# Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
|
||
# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
|
||
# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
|
||
# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
|
||
# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
|
||
|
||
###############################################################################
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Fiji
|
||
|
||
# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
|
||
# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
|
||
# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
|
||
|
||
# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
|
||
# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
|
||
# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
|
||
# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
|
||
# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
|
||
|
||
# From the BBC World Service in
|
||
# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
|
||
# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
|
||
# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
|
||
# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
|
||
# of the new millennium.
|
||
|
||
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
|
||
# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Kiribati
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
|
||
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
|
||
# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
|
||
# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
|
||
|
||
# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
|
||
# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
|
||
# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
|
||
# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
|
||
# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
|
||
|
||
# Kwajalein
|
||
|
||
# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
|
||
# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
|
||
# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
|
||
# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
|
||
# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
|
||
|
||
|
||
# N Mariana Is, Guam
|
||
|
||
# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
|
||
# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
|
||
# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
|
||
# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
|
||
# see Asia/Manila.
|
||
|
||
# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
|
||
# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
|
||
# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
|
||
# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Micronesia
|
||
|
||
# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
|
||
# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
|
||
# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
|
||
#
|
||
# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
|
||
# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
|
||
# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
|
||
# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
|
||
# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
|
||
# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
|
||
# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Midway
|
||
|
||
# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
|
||
# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
|
||
# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
|
||
# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
|
||
# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
|
||
# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
|
||
# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
|
||
# air at 6am your time.
|
||
#
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
|
||
# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
|
||
# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
|
||
# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
|
||
|
||
# Norfolk
|
||
|
||
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
|
||
# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
|
||
# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
|
||
# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
|
||
# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
|
||
# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
|
||
# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
|
||
# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
|
||
# other than in 1974/5. See:
|
||
# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
|
||
|
||
# Pitcairn
|
||
|
||
# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
|
||
# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
|
||
# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
|
||
#
|
||
# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
|
||
# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
|
||
# as Pitcairn Standard Time.
|
||
#
|
||
# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
|
||
# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
|
||
# somehow in light of this proclamation.
|
||
|
||
# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
|
||
# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
|
||
# ... at midnight.
|
||
|
||
# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
|
||
# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
|
||
# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
|
||
# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
|
||
|
||
|
||
# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
|
||
|
||
# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
|
||
# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
|
||
# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
|
||
# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
|
||
# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
|
||
# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
|
||
# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
|
||
|
||
# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
|
||
# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
|
||
# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
|
||
# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
|
||
# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
|
||
# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
|
||
# day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
|
||
# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Tonga
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
|
||
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
|
||
# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
|
||
# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
|
||
|
||
# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
|
||
# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
|
||
# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
|
||
#
|
||
# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
|
||
# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
|
||
# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
|
||
# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
|
||
# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
|
||
# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
|
||
#
|
||
# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
|
||
# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
|
||
# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
|
||
#
|
||
# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
|
||
# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
|
||
# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
|
||
# minutes we have lost?"
|
||
#
|
||
# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
|
||
# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
|
||
# to say your prayers in the morning."
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
|
||
# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
|
||
|
||
# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
|
||
# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
|
||
# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
|
||
# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
|
||
# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
|
||
# Government.
|
||
|
||
# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
|
||
# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
|
||
#
|
||
# I was given this link by John Letts:
|
||
# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
|
||
#
|
||
# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
|
||
# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
|
||
# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
|
||
# (12 + 1 hour DST).
|
||
|
||
# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
|
||
# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
|
||
# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
|
||
# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
|
||
# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
|
||
# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
|
||
# set back an hour on the closing date."
|
||
# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
|
||
|
||
# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
|
||
# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
|
||
# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
|
||
|
||
# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
|
||
# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
|
||
# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
|
||
# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
|
||
# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
|
||
# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
|
||
# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
|
||
|
||
# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
|
||
# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
|
||
|
||
# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
|
||
# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
|
||
# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
|
||
# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
|
||
# hour to 1:00am.
|
||
|
||
# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
|
||
# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
|
||
|
||
# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
|
||
# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
|
||
# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
|
||
# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
|
||
#
|
||
# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
|
||
# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
|
||
# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
|
||
|
||
# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
|
||
# In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister
|
||
# continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few
|
||
# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
|
||
#
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
|
||
# For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing.
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Wake
|
||
|
||
# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
|
||
# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
|
||
#
|
||
# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
|
||
# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
|
||
# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
|
||
# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
|
||
# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
|
||
# impossible.
|
||
#
|
||
# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
|
||
# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
|
||
|
||
###############################################################################
|
||
|
||
# The International Date Line
|
||
|
||
# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
|
||
#
|
||
# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
|
||
# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
|
||
# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
|
||
# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
|
||
#
|
||
# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
|
||
# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
|
||
# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
|
||
# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
|
||
# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
|
||
# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
|
||
# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
|
||
# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
|
||
# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
|
||
# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
|
||
# correct date is ambiguous.
|
||
|
||
# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
|
||
# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
|
||
# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
|
||
# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
|
||
# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
|
||
# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
|
||
# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
|
||
# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
|
||
# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
|
||
# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
|
||
# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
|
||
# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
|
||
# independent merchant ships until World War II.
|
||
|
||
# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
|
||
# (2005-03-20):
|
||
#
|
||
# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
|
||
# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
|
||
# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
|
||
# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
|