492 lines
13 KiB
Groff
492 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1988, 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)chpass.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/30/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd December 30, 1993
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.Dt CHPASS 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm chpass ,
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.Nm chfn ,
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.Nm chsh ,
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.Nm ypchpass ,
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.Nm ypchfn ,
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.Nm ypchsh
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.Nd add or change user database information
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl a Ar list
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.Op Fl p Ar encpass
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.Op Fl e Ar expiretime
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.Op Fl s Ar newshell
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.Op user
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.Nm
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.Op Fl oly
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.Op Fl a Ar list
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.Op Fl p Ar encpass
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.Op Fl e Ar expiretime
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.Op Fl s Ar newshell
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.Op Fl d Ar domain
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.Op Fl h Ar host
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.Op user
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility
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allows editing of the user database information associated
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with
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.Ar user
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or, by default, the current user.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm chfn ,
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.Nm chsh ,
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.Nm ypchpass ,
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.Nm ypchfn
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and
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.Nm ypchsh
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utilities behave identically to
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.Nm .
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(There is only one program.)
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.Pp
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The information is formatted and supplied to an editor for changes.
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.Pp
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Only the information that the user is allowed to change is displayed.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl a
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The super-user is allowed to directly supply a user database
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entry, in the format specified by
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.Xr passwd 5 ,
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as an argument.
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This argument must be a colon
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.Pq Dq \&:
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separated list of all the
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user database fields, although they may be empty.
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.It Fl p
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The super-user is allowed to directly supply an encrypted password field,
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in the format used by
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.Xr crypt 3 ,
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as an argument.
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.It Fl e Ar expiretime
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Change the account expire time.
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This option is used to set the expire time
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from a script as if it was done in the interactive editor.
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.It Fl s Ar newshell
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Attempt to change the user's shell to
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.Ar newshell .
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.El
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.Pp
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Possible display items are as follows:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "Other Information:" -compact -offset indent
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.It Login:
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user's login name
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.It Password:
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user's encrypted password
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.It Uid:
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user's login
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.It Gid:
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user's login group
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.It Class:
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user's general classification
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.It Change:
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password change time
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.It Expire:
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account expiration time
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.It Full Name:
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user's real name
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.It Office Location:
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user's office location (1)
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.It Office Phone:
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user's office phone (1)
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.It Home Phone:
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user's home phone (1)
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.It Other Information:
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any locally defined parameters for user (1)
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.It Home Directory:
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user's home directory
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.It Shell:
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user's login shell
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.Pp
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.It NOTE(1) -
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In the actual master.passwd file, these fields are comma-delimited
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fields embedded in the FullName field.
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.El
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar login
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field is the user name used to access the computer account.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar password
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field contains the encrypted form of the user's password.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar uid
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field is the number associated with the
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.Ar login
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field.
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Both of these fields should be unique across the system (and often
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across a group of systems) as they control file access.
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.Pp
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While it is possible to have multiple entries with identical login names
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and/or identical user id's, it is usually a mistake to do so.
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Routines
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that manipulate these files will often return only one of the multiple
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entries, and that one by random selection.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar group
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field is the group that the user will be placed in at login.
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Since
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.Bx
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supports multiple groups (see
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.Xr groups 1 )
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this field currently has little special meaning.
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This field may be filled in with either a number or a group name (see
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.Xr group 5 ) .
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar class
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field references class descriptions in
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.Pa /etc/login.conf
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and is typically used to initialize the user's system resource limits
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when they login.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar change
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field is the date by which the password must be changed.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar expire
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field is the date on which the account expires.
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.Pp
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Both the
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.Ar change
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and
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.Ar expire
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fields should be entered in the form
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.Dq month day year
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where
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.Ar month
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is the month name (the first three characters are sufficient),
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.Ar day
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is the day of the month, and
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.Ar year
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is the year.
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.Pp
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Five fields are available for storing the user's
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.Ar full name , office location ,
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.Ar work
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and
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.Ar home telephone
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numbers and finally
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.Ar other information
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which is a single comma delimited string to represent any additional
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gecos fields (typically used for site specific user information).
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Note that
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.Xr finger 1
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will display the office location and office phone together under the
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heading
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.Ar Office: .
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.Pp
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The user's
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.Ar home directory
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is the full
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.Ux
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path name where the user
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will be placed at login.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar shell
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field is the command interpreter the user prefers.
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If the
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.Ar shell
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field is empty, the Bourne shell,
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.Pa /bin/sh ,
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is assumed.
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When altering a login shell, and not the super-user, the user
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may not change from a non-standard shell or to a non-standard
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shell.
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Non-standard is defined as a shell not found in
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.Pa /etc/shells .
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.Pp
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Once the information has been verified,
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.Nm
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uses
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.Xr pwd_mkdb 8
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to update the user database.
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.Sh ENVIRONMENT
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The
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.Xr vi 1
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editor will be used unless the environment variable
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.Ev EDITOR
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is set to
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an alternate editor.
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When the editor terminates, the information is re-read and used to
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update the user database itself.
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Only the user, or the super-user, may edit the information associated
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with the user.
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.Pp
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See
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.Xr pwd_mkdb 8
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for an explanation of the impact of setting the
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.Ev PW_SCAN_BIG_IDS
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environment variable.
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.Sh NIS INTERACTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility can also be used in conjunction with NIS, however some restrictions
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apply.
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Currently,
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.Nm
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can only make changes to the NIS passwd maps through
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.Xr rpc.yppasswdd 8 ,
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which normally only permits changes to a user's password, shell and GECOS
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fields.
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Except when invoked by the super-user on the NIS master server,
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.Nm
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(and, similarly,
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.Xr passwd 1 )
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cannot use the
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.Xr rpc.yppasswdd 8
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server to change other user information or
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add new records to the NIS passwd maps.
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Furthermore,
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.Xr rpc.yppasswdd 8
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requires password authentication before it will make any
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changes.
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The only user allowed to submit changes without supplying
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a password is the super-user on the NIS master server; all other users,
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including those with root privileges on NIS clients (and NIS slave
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servers) must enter a password.
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(The super-user on the NIS master is allowed to bypass these restrictions
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largely for convenience: a user with root access
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to the NIS master server already has the privileges required to make
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updates to the NIS maps, but editing the map source files by hand can
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be cumbersome.
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.Pp
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Note: these exceptions only apply when the NIS master server is a
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.Fx
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system).
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.Pp
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Consequently, except where noted, the following restrictions apply when
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.Nm
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is used with NIS:
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.Bl -enum -offset indent
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.It
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.Em "Only the shell and GECOS information may be changed" .
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All other
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fields are restricted, even when
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.Nm
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is invoked by the super-user.
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While support for
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changing other fields could be added, this would lead to
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compatibility problems with other NIS-capable systems.
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Even though the super-user may supply data for other fields
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while editing an entry, the extra information (other than the
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password -- see below) will be silently discarded.
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.Pp
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Exception: the super-user on the NIS master server is permitted to
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change any field.
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.Pp
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.It
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.Em "Password authentication is required" .
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The
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.Nm
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utility will prompt for the user's NIS password before effecting
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any changes.
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If the password is invalid, all changes will be
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discarded.
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.Pp
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Exception: the super-user on the NIS master server is allowed to
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submit changes without supplying a password.
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(The super-user may
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choose to turn off this feature using the
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.Fl o
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flag, described below.)
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.It
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.Em "Adding new records to the local password database is discouraged" .
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The
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.Nm
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utility will allow the administrator to add new records to the
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local password database while NIS is enabled, but this can lead to
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some confusion since the new records are appended to the end of
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the master password file, usually after the special NIS '+' entries.
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The administrator should use
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.Xr vipw 8
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to modify the local password
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file when NIS is running.
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.Pp
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The super-user on the NIS master server is permitted to add new records
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to the NIS password maps, provided the
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.Xr rpc.yppasswdd 8
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server has been started with the
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.Fl a
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flag to permitted additions (it refuses them by default).
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The
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.Nm
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utility tries to update the local password database by default; to update the
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NIS maps instead, invoke chpass with the
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.Fl y
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flag.
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.It
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.Em "Password changes are not permitted".
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Users should use
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.Xr passwd 1
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or
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.Xr yppasswd 1
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to change their NIS passwords.
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The super-user is allowed to specify
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a new password (even though the
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.Dq Password:
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field does not show
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up in the editor template, the super-user may add it back by hand),
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but even the super-user must supply the user's original password
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otherwise
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.Xr rpc.yppasswdd 8
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will refuse to update the NIS maps.
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.Pp
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Exception: the super-user on the NIS master server is permitted to
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change a user's NIS password with
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.Nm .
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.El
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.Pp
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There are also a few extra option flags that are available when
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.Nm
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is compiled with NIS support:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl l
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Force
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.Nm
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to modify the local copy of a user's password
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information in the event that a user exists in both
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the local and NIS databases.
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.It Fl y
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Opposite effect of
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.Fl l .
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This flag is largely redundant since
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.Nm
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operates on NIS entries by default if NIS is enabled.
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.It Fl d Ar domain
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Specify a particular NIS domain.
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The
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.Nm
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utility uses the system domain name by default, as set by the
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.Xr domainname 1
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utility.
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The
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.Fl d
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option can be used to override a default, or to specify a domain
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when the system domain name is not set.
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.It Fl h Ar host
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Specify the name or address of an NIS server to query.
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Normally,
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.Nm
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will communicate with the NIS master host specified in the
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.Pa master.passwd
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or
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.Pa passwd
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maps.
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On hosts that have not been configured as NIS clients, there is
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no way for the program to determine this information unless the user
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provides the hostname of a server.
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Note that the specified hostname need
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not be that of the NIS master server; the name of any server, master or
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slave, in a given NIS domain will do.
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.Pp
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When using the
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.Fl d
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option, the hostname defaults to
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.Dq localhost .
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The
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.Fl h
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option can be used in conjunction with the
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.Fl d
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option, in which case the user-specified hostname will override
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the default.
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.Pp
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.It Fl o
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Force the use of RPC-based updates when communicating with
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.Xr rpc.yppasswdd 8
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.Pq Dq old-mode .
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When invoked by the super-user on the NIS master server,
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.Nm
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allows unrestricted changes to the NIS passwd maps using dedicated,
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non-RPC-based mechanism (in this case, a
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.Ux
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domain socket).
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The
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.Fl o
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flag can be used to force
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.Nm
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to use the standard update mechanism instead.
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This option is provided
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mainly for testing purposes.
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.El
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width /etc/master.passwd -compact
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.It Pa /etc/master.passwd
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the user database
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.It Pa /etc/passwd
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a Version 7 format password file
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.It Pa /etc/chpass.XXXXXX
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temporary copy of the password file
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.It Pa /etc/shells
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the list of approved shells
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr finger 1 ,
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.Xr login 1 ,
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.Xr passwd 1 ,
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.Xr getusershell 3 ,
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.Xr login.conf 5 ,
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.Xr passwd 5 ,
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.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 ,
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.Xr vipw 8
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.Rs
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.%A Robert Morris
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and
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.%A Ken Thompson
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.%T "UNIX Password security"
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.Re
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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utility appeared in
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.Bx 4.3 Reno .
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.Sh BUGS
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User information should (and eventually will) be stored elsewhere.
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