4556 lines
166 KiB
Plaintext
4556 lines
166 KiB
Plaintext
\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
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@c
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@c Copyright (c) 1989 Jan-Simon Pendry
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@c Copyright (c) 1989 Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine
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@c Copyright (c) 1989 The Regents of the University of California.
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@c All rights reserved.
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@c
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@c This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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@c Jan-Simon Pendry at Imperial College, London.
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@c
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@c Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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@c modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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@c are met:
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@c 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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@c notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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@c 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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@c notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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@c documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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@c 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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@c must display the following acknowledgement:
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@c This product includes software developed by the University of
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@c California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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@c 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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@c may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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@c without specific prior written permission.
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@c
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@c THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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@c ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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@c IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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@c ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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@c FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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@c DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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@c OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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@c HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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@c LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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@c OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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@c
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@c @(#)amdref.texinfo 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
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@c
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@c $Id: amdref.texinfo,v 1.1.1.1 1994/05/26 05:22:11 rgrimes Exp $
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@c
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@setfilename amdref.info
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@c @setfilename /usr/local/emacs/info/amd
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@tex
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\overfullrule=0pt
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@end tex
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@settitle 4.4 BSD Automounter Reference Manual
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@titlepage
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@sp 6
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@center @titlefont{Amd}
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@sp 2
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@center @titlefont{The 4.4 BSD Automounter}
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@sp 2
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@center @titlefont{Reference Manual}
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@sp 2
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@center @authorfont{Jan-Simon Pendry}
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@sp
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@center @i{and}
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@sp
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@center @authorfont{Nick Williams}
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@sp 4
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@center Last updated March 1991
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@center Documentation for software revision 5.3 Alpha
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@page
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Copyright @copyright{} 1989 Jan-Simon Pendry
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@sp -1
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Copyright @copyright{} 1989 Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine
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@sp -1
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Copyright @copyright{} 1989 The Regents of the University of California.
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@sp 0
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All Rights Reserved.
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@vskip 1ex
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Permission to copy this document, or any portion of it, as
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necessary for use of this software is granted provided this
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copyright notice and statement of permission are included.
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@end titlepage
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@page
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@ifinfo
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@node Top, License, , (DIR)
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Amd - The 4.4 BSD Automounter
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*****************************
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Amd is the 4.4 BSD Automounter. This Info file describes how
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to use and understand Amd.
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@end ifinfo
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@menu
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* License:: Explains the terms and conditions for using
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and distributing Amd.
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* Distrib:: How to get the latest Amd distribution.
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* Intro:: An introduction to Automounting concepts.
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* Overview:: An overview of Amd.
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* Supported Platforms:: Machines and Systems supported by Amd.
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* Mount Maps:: Details of mount maps
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* Amd Command Line Options:: All the Amd command line options explained.
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* Filesystem Types:: The different mount types supported by Amd.
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* Run-time Administration:: How to start, stop and control Amd.
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* FSinfo:: The FSinfo filesystem management tool.
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* Internals:: Internals.
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* Acknowledgements & Trademarks:: Legal notes.
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* Examples:: Some examples showing how Amd might be used.
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* Internals:: Implementation details.
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* Acknowledgements & Trademarks::
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Indexes
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* Index:: An item for each concept.
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@end menu
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@iftex
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@unnumbered Preface
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This manual documents the use of the 4.4 BSD automounter---@i{Amd}.
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This is primarily a reference manual. Unfortunately, no tutorial
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exists.
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This manual comes in two forms: the published form and the Info form.
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The Info form is for on-line perusal with the INFO program which is
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distributed along with GNU Emacs. Both forms contain substantially the
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same text and are generated from a common source file, which is
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distributed with the @i{Amd} source.
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@end iftex
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@node License, Distrib, Top, Top
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@unnumbered License
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@cindex License Information
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@i{Amd} is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are
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restrictions on its distribution.
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Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided
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that: (1) source distributions retain this entire copyright notice and
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comment, and (2) distributions including binaries display the following
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acknowledgement: ``This product includes software developed by The
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University of California, Berkeley and its Contributors'' in the
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documentation or other materials provided with the distribution and in
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all advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software.
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neither the name of the University nor the names of its Contributors may
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be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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without specific prior written permission.
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THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
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WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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@node Distrib, Intro, License, Top
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@unnumbered Source Distribution
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@cindex Source code distribution
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@cindex Obtaining the source code
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If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest distribution
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version of @i{Amd} from host @file{usc.edu} using anonymous FTP. Move to
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the directory @file{/pub/amd} on that host and fetch the file @file{amd.tar.Z}.
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If you are in the UK, you can get the latest distribution version of
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@i{Amd} from the UKnet info-server. Start by sending email to
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@file{info-server@@doc.ic.ac.uk}.
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Sites on the UK JANET network can get the latest distribution by using
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anonymous NIFTP to fetch the file @samp{<AMD>amd.tar.Z} from host
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@samp{uk.ac.imperial.doc.src}.
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Revision 5.2 was part of the 4.3 BSD Reno distribution.
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Revision 5.3bsdnet, a late alpha version of 5.3, was part
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of the BSD network version 2 distribution
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@unnumberedsec Bug Reports
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@cindex Bug reports
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Send all bug reports to @file{jsp@@doc.ic.ac.uk} quoting the details of
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the release and your configuration. These can be obtained by running
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the command @samp{amd -v}.
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@unnumberedsec Mailing List
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@cindex Mailing list
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There is a mailing list for people interested in keeping uptodate with
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developments. To subscribe, send a note to @file{amd-workers-request@@acl.lanl.gov}.
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@node Intro, Overview, Distrib, Top
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@unnumbered Introduction
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@cindex Introduction
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An @dfn{automounter} maintains a cache of mounted filesystems.
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Filesystems are mounted on demand when they are first referenced,
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and unmounted after a period of inactivity.
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@i{Amd} may be used as a replacement for Sun's automounter. The choice
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of which filesystem to mount can be controlled dynamically with
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@dfn{selectors}. Selectors allow decisions of the form ``hostname is
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@var{this},'' or ``architecture is not @var{that}.'' Selectors may be
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combined arbitrarily. @i{Amd} also supports a variety of filesystem
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types, including NFS, UFS and the novel @dfn{program} filesystem. The
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combination of selectors and multiple filesystem types allows identical
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configuration files to be used on all machines so reducing the
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administrative overhead.
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@i{Amd} ensures that it will not hang if a remote server goes down.
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Moreover, @i{Amd} can determine when a remote server has become
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inaccessible and then mount replacement filesystems as and when they
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become available.
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@i{Amd} contains no proprietary source code and has been ported to
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numerous flavours of Unix.
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@node Overview, Supported Platforms, Intro, Top
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@chapter Overview
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@i{Amd} maintains a cache of mounted filesystems. Filesystems are
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@dfn{demand-mounted} when they are first referenced, and unmounted after
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a period of inactivity. @i{Amd} may be used as a replacement for Sun's
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@b{automount}(8) program. It contains no proprietary source code and
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has been ported to numerous flavours of Unix. @xref{Supported Operating
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Systems}.@refill
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@i{Amd} was designed as the basis for experimenting with filesystem
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layout and management. Although @i{Amd} has many direct applications it
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is loaded with additional features which have little practical use. At
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some point the infrequently used components may be removed to streamline
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the production system.
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@c @i{Amd} supports the notion of @dfn{replicated} filesystems by evaluating
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@c each member of a list of possible filesystem locations in parallel.
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@c @i{Amd} checks that each cached mapping remains valid. Should a mapping be
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@c lost -- such as happens when a fileserver goes down -- @i{Amd} automatically
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@c selects a replacement should one be available.
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@c
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@menu
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* Fundamentals::
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* Filesystems and Volumes::
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* Volume Naming::
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* Volume Binding::
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* Operational Principles::
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* Mounting a Volume::
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* Automatic Unmounting::
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* Keep-alives::
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* Non-blocking Operation::
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@end menu
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@node Fundamentals, Filesystems and Volumes, Overview, Overview
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Fundamentals
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@cindex Automounter fundamentals
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The fundamental concept behind @i{Amd} is the ability to separate the
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name used to refer to a file from the name used to refer to its physical
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storage location. This allows the same files to be accessed with the
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same name regardless of where in the network the name is used. This is
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very different from placing @file{/n/hostname} in front of the pathname
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since that includes location dependent information which may change if
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files are moved to another machine.
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By placing the required mappings in a centrally administered database,
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filesystems can be re-organised without requiring changes to
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configuration files, shell scripts and so on.
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@node Filesystems and Volumes, Volume Naming, Fundamentals, Overview
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Filesystems and Volumes
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@cindex Filesystem
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@cindex Volume
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@cindex Fileserver
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@cindex sublink
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@i{Amd} views the world as a set of fileservers, each containg one or
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more filesystems where each filesystem contains one or more
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@dfn{volumes}. Here the term @dfn{volume} is used to refer to a
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coherent set of files such as a user's home directory or a @TeX{}
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distribution.@refill
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In order to access the contents of a volume, @i{Amd} must be told in
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which filesystem the volume resides and which host owns the filesystem.
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By default the host is assumed to be local and the volume is assumed to
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be the entire filesystem. If a filesystem contains more than one
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volume, then a @dfn{sublink} is used to refer to the sub-directory
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within the filesystem where the volume can be found.
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@node Volume Naming, Volume Binding, Filesystems and Volumes, Overview
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Volume Naming
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@cindex Volume names
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@cindex Network-wide naming
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@cindex Replicated volumes
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@cindex Duplicated volumes
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@cindex Replacement volumes
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Volume names are defined to be unique across the entire network. A
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volume name is the pathname to the volume's root as known by the users
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of that volume. Since this name uniquely identifies the volume
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contents, all volumes can be named and accessed from each host, subject
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to administrative controls.
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Volumes may be replicated or duplicated. Replicated volumes contain
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identical copies of the same data and reside at two or more locations in
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the network. Each of the replicated volumes can be used
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interchangeably. Duplicated volumes each have the same name but contain
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different, though functionally identical, data. For example,
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@samp{/vol/tex} might be the name of a @TeX{} distribution which varied
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for each machine architecture.@refill
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@i{Amd} provides facilities to take advantage of both replicated and
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duplicated volumes. Configuration options allow a single set of
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configuration data to be shared across an entire network by taking
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advantage of replicated and duplicated volumes.
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@i{Amd} can take advantage of replacement volumes by mounting them as
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required should an active fileserver become unavailable.
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@node Volume Binding, Operational Principles, Volume Naming, Overview
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Volume Binding
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@cindex Volume binding
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@cindex Unix namespace
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@cindex Namespace
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@cindex Binding names to filesystems
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Unix implements a namespace of hierarchically mounted filesystems. Two
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forms of binding between names and files are provided. A @dfn{hard
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link} completes the binding when the name is added to the filesystem. A
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@dfn{soft link} delays the binding until the name is accessed. An
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@dfn{automounter} adds a further form in which the binding of name to
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filesystem is delayed until the name is accessed.@refill
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The target volume, in its general form, is a tuple (host, filesystem,
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sublink) which can be used to name the physical location of any volume
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in the network.
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When a target is referenced, @i{Amd} ignores the sublink element and
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determines whether the required filesystem is already mounted. This is
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done by computing the local mount point for the filesystem and checking
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for an existing filesystem mounted at the same place. If such a
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filesystem already exists then it is assumed to be functionally
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identical to the target filesystem. By default there is a one-to-one
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mapping between the pair (host, filesystem) and the local mount point so
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this assumption is valid.
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@node Operational Principles, Mounting a Volume, Volume Binding, Overview
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Operational Principles
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@cindex Operational principles
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@i{Amd} operates by introducing new mount points into the namespace.
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These are called @dfn{automount} points. The kernel sees these
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automount points as NFS filesystems being served by @i{Amd}. Having
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attached itself to the namespace, @i{Amd} is now able to control the
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view the rest of the system has of those mount points. RPC calls are
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received from the kernel one at a time.
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When a @dfn{lookup} call is received @i{Amd} checks whether the name is
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already known. If it is not, the required volume is mounted. A
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symbolic link pointing to the volume root is then returned. Once the
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symbolic link is returned, the kernel will send all other requests
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direct to the mounted filesystem.
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If a volume is not yet mounted, @i{Amd} consults a configuration
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@dfn{mount-map} corresponding to the automount point. @i{Amd} then
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makes a runtime decision on what and where to mount a filesystem based
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on the information obtained from the map.
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@i{Amd} does not implement all the NFS requests; only those relevant
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to name binding such as @dfn{lookup}, @dfn{readlink} and @dfn{readdir}.
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Some other calls are also implemented but most simply return an error
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code; for example @dfn{mkdir} always returns ``read-only filesystem''.
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@node Mounting a Volume, Automatic Unmounting, Operational Principles, Overview
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Mounting a Volume
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@cindex Mounting a volume
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@cindex Location lists
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@cindex Alternate locations
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@cindex Mount retries
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@cindex Background mounts
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Each automount point has a corresponding mount map. The mount map
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contains a list of key--value pairs. The key is the name of the volume
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to be mounted. The value is a list of locations describing where the
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filesystem is stored in the network. In the source for the map the
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value would look like
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@display
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location1 location2 @dots{} locationN
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@end display
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@i{Amd} examines each location in turn. Each location may contain
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@dfn{selectors} which control whether @i{Amd} can use that location.
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For example, the location may be restricted to use by certain hosts.
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Those locations which cannot be used are ignored.
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@i{Amd} attempts to mount the filesystem described by each remaining
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location until a mount succeeds or @i{Amd} can no longer proceed. The
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latter can occur in three ways:
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@itemize @bullet
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@item
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If none of the locations could be used, or if all of the locations
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caused an error, then the last error is returned.
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@item
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If a location could be used but was being mounted in the background then
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@i{Amd} marks that mount as being ``in progress'' and continues with
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the next request; no reply is sent to the kernel.
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@item
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Lastly, one or more of the mounts may have been @dfn{deferred}. A mount
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is deferred if extra information is required before the mount can
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proceed. When the information becomes available the mount will take
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place, but in the mean time no reply is sent to the kernel. If the
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mount is deferred, @i{Amd} continues to try any remaining locations.
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@end itemize
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Once a volume has been mounted, @i{Amd} establishes a @dfn{volume
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mapping} which is used to satisfy subsequent requests.@refill
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|
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@node Automatic Unmounting, Keep-alives, Mounting a Volume, Overview
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Automatic Unmounting
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To avoid an ever increasing number of filesystem mounts, @i{Amd} removes
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volume mappings which have not been used recently. A time-to-live
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interval is associated with each mapping and when that expires the
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mapping is removed. When the last reference to a filesystem is removed,
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that filesystem is unmounted. If the unmount fails, for example the
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filesystem is still busy, the mapping is re-instated and its
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time-to-live interval is extended. The global default for this grace
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period is controlled by the ``-w'' command-line option (@pxref{-w
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Option, -w}). It is also possible to set this value on a per-mount
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basis (@pxref{opts Option, opts, opts}).@refill
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Filesystems can be forcefully timed out using the @i{Amq} command.
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@xref{Run-time Administration}.
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|
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@node Keep-alives, Non-blocking Operation, Automatic Unmounting, Overview
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up
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@section Keep-alives
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@cindex Keep-alives
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@cindex Server crashes
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@cindex NFS ping
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Use of some filesystem types requires the presence of a server on
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another machine. If a machine crashes then it is of no concern to
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processes on that machine that the filesystem is unavailable. However,
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to processes on a remote host using that machine as a fileserver this
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event is important. This situation is most widely recognised when an
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NFS server crashes and the behaviour observed on client machines is that
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more and more processes hang. In order to provide the possibility of
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recovery, @i{Amd} implements a @dfn{keep-alive} interval timer for some
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filesystem types. Currently only NFS makes use of this service.
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The basis of the NFS keep-alive implementation is the observation that
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most sites maintain replicated copies of common system data such as
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manual pages, most or all programs, system source code and so on. If
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one of those servers goes down it would be reasonable to mount one of
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the others as a replacement.
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The first part of the process is to keep track of which fileservers are
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up and which are down. @i{Amd} does this by sending RPC requests to the
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servers' NFS @code{NullProc} and checking whether a reply is returned.
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While the server state is uncertain the requests are re-transmitted at
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three second intervals and if no reply is received after four attempts
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the server is marked down. If a reply is received the fileserver is
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marked up and stays in that state for 30 seconds at which time another
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NFS ping is sent.
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Once a fileserver is marked down, requests continue to be sent every 30
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|
seconds in order to determine when the fileserver comes back up. During
|
|
this time any reference through @i{Amd} to the filesystems on that
|
|
server fail with the error ``Operation would block''. If a replacement
|
|
volume is available then it will be mounted, otherwise the error is
|
|
returned to the user.
|
|
|
|
@c @i{Amd} keeps track of which servers are up and which are down.
|
|
@c It does this by sending RPC requests to the servers' NFS {\sc NullProc} and
|
|
@c checking whether a reply is returned. If no replies are received after a
|
|
@c short period, @i{Amd} marks the fileserver @dfn{down}.
|
|
@c RPC requests continue to be sent so that it will notice when a fileserver
|
|
@c comes back up.
|
|
@c ICMP echo packets \cite{rfc:icmp} are not used because it is the availability
|
|
@c of the NFS service that is important, not the existence of a base kernel.
|
|
@c Whenever a reference to a fileserver which is down is made via @i{Amd}, an alternate
|
|
@c filesystem is mounted if one is available.
|
|
@c
|
|
Although this action does not protect user files, which are unique on
|
|
the network, or processes which do not access files via @i{Amd} or
|
|
already have open files on the hung filesystem, it can prevent most new
|
|
processes from hanging.
|
|
|
|
By default, fileserver state is not maintained for NFS/TCP mounts. The
|
|
remote fileserver is always assumed to be up.
|
|
@c
|
|
@c With a suitable combination of filesystem management and mount-maps,
|
|
@c machines can be protected against most server downtime. This can be
|
|
@c enhanced by allocating boot-servers dynamically which allows a diskless
|
|
@c workstation to be quickly restarted if necessary. Once the root filesystem
|
|
@c is mounted, @i{Amd} can be started and allowed to mount the remainder of
|
|
@c the filesystem from whichever fileservers are available.
|
|
|
|
@node Non-blocking Operation, , Keep-alives, Overview
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Non-blocking Operation
|
|
@cindex Non-blocking operation
|
|
@cindex Multiple-threaded server
|
|
@cindex RPC retries
|
|
|
|
Since there is only one instance of @i{Amd} for each automount point,
|
|
and usually only one instance on each machine, it is important that it
|
|
is always available to service kernel calls. @i{Amd} goes to great
|
|
lengths to ensure that it does not block in a system call. As a last
|
|
resort @i{Amd} will fork before it attempts a system call that may block
|
|
indefinitely, such as mounting an NFS filesystem. Other tasks such as
|
|
obtaining filehandle information for an NFS filesystem, are done using a
|
|
purpose built non-blocking RPC library which is integrated with
|
|
@i{Amd}'s task scheduler. This library is also used to implement NFS
|
|
keep-alives (@pxref{Keep-alives}).
|
|
|
|
Whenever a mount is deferred or backgrounded, @i{Amd} must wait for it
|
|
to complete before replying to the kernel. However, this would cause
|
|
@i{Amd} to block waiting for a reply to be constructed. Rather than do
|
|
this, @i{Amd} simply @dfn{drops} the call under the assumption that the
|
|
kernel RPC mechanism will automatically retry the request.
|
|
|
|
@node Supported Platforms, Mount Maps, Overview, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@chapter Supported Platforms
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} has been ported to a wide variety of machines and operating systems.
|
|
The table below lists those platforms supported by the current release.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Supported Operating Systems::
|
|
* Supported Machine Architectures::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Supported Operating Systems, Supported Machine Architectures, Supported Platforms, Supported Platforms
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Supported Operating Systems
|
|
@cindex Operating system names
|
|
@cindex Operating systems supported by Amd
|
|
@cindex Supported operating systems
|
|
|
|
The following operating systems are currently supported by @i{Amd}.
|
|
@i{Amd}'s conventional name for each system is given.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item acis43
|
|
4.3 BSD for IBM RT. Contributed by Jan-Simon Pendry @t{<jsp@@doc.ic.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item aix3
|
|
AIX 3.1. Contributed by Jan-Simon Pendry @t{<jsp@@doc.ic.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item aux
|
|
System V for Mac-II. Contributed by Julian Onions @t{<jpo@@cs.nott.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item bsd44
|
|
4.4 BSD. Contributed by Jan-Simon Pendry @t{<jsp@@doc.ic.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item concentrix
|
|
Concentrix 5.0. Contributed by Sjoerd Mullender @t{<sjoerd@@cwi.nl>}
|
|
@item convex
|
|
Convex OS 7.1. Contributed by Eitan Mizrotsky @t{<eitan@@shumuji.ac.il>}
|
|
@item dgux
|
|
Data General DG/UX. Contributed by Mark Davies @t{<mark@@comp.vuw.ac.nz>}
|
|
@item fpx4
|
|
Celerity FPX 4.1/2. Contributed by Stephen Pope @t{<scp@@grizzly.acl.lanl.gov>}
|
|
@item hcx
|
|
Harris HCX/UX. Contributed by Chris Metcalf @t{<metcalf@@masala.lcs.mit.edu>}
|
|
@item hlh42
|
|
HLH OTS 1.@i{x} (4.2 BSD). Contributed by Jan-Simon Pendry @t{<jsp@@doc.ic.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item hpux
|
|
HP-UX 6.@i{x} or 7.0. Contributed by Jan-Simon Pendry @t{<jsp@@doc.ic.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item irix
|
|
SGI Irix. Contributed by Scott R. Presnell @t{<srp@@cgl.ucsf.edu>}
|
|
@item next
|
|
Mach for NeXT. Contributed by Bill Trost @t{<trost%reed@@cse.ogi.edu>}
|
|
@item pyrOSx
|
|
Pyramid OSx. Contributed by Stefan Petri @t{<petri@@tubsibr.UUCP>}
|
|
@item riscix
|
|
Acorn RISC iX. Contributed by Piete Brooks @t{<pb@@cam.cl.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item sos3
|
|
SunOS 3.4 & 3.5. Contributed by Jan-Simon Pendry @t{<jsp@@doc.ic.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item sos4
|
|
SunOS 4.@i{x}. Contributed by Jan-Simon Pendry @t{<jsp@@doc.ic.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item u2_2
|
|
Ultrix 2.2. Contributed by Piete Brooks @t{<pb@@cam.cl.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item u3_0
|
|
Ultrix 3. Contributed by Piete Brooks @t{<pb@@cam.cl.ac.uk>}
|
|
@item u4_0
|
|
Ultrix 4.0. Contributed by Chris Lindblad @t{<cjl@@ai.mit.edu>}
|
|
@item umax43
|
|
Umax 4.3 BSD. Contributed by Sjoerd Mullender @t{<sjoerd@@cwi.nl>}
|
|
@item utek
|
|
Utek 4.0. Contributed by Bill Trost @t{<trost%reed@@cse.ogi.edu>}
|
|
@item xinu43
|
|
mt Xinu MORE/bsd. Contributed by Jan-Simon Pendry @t{<jsp@@doc.ic.ac.uk>}
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Supported Machine Architectures, , Supported Operating Systems, Supported Platforms
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Supported Machine Architectures
|
|
@cindex Supported machine architectures
|
|
@cindex Machine architecture names
|
|
@cindex Machine architectures supported by Amd
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item alliant
|
|
Alliant FX/4
|
|
@item arm
|
|
Acorn ARM
|
|
@item aviion
|
|
Data General AViiON
|
|
@item encore
|
|
Encore
|
|
@item fps500
|
|
FPS Model 500
|
|
@item hp9000
|
|
HP 9000/300 family
|
|
@item hp9k8
|
|
HP 9000/800 family
|
|
@item ibm032
|
|
IBM RT
|
|
@item ibm6000
|
|
IBM RISC System/6000
|
|
@item iris4d
|
|
SGI Iris 4D
|
|
@item macII
|
|
Apple Mac II
|
|
@item mips
|
|
MIPS RISC
|
|
@item multimax
|
|
Encore Multimax
|
|
@item orion105
|
|
HLH Orion 1/05
|
|
@item sun3
|
|
Sun-3 family
|
|
@item sun4
|
|
Sun-4 family
|
|
@item tahoe
|
|
Tahoe family
|
|
@item vax
|
|
DEC Vax
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Mount Maps, Amd Command Line Options, Supported Platforms, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@chapter Mount Maps
|
|
@cindex Mount maps
|
|
@cindex Automounter configuration maps
|
|
@cindex Mount information
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} has no built-in knowledge of machines or filesystems.
|
|
External @dfn{mount-maps} are used to provide the required information.
|
|
Specifically, @i{Amd} needs to know when and under what conditions it
|
|
should mount filesystems.
|
|
|
|
The map entry corresponding to the requested name contains a list of
|
|
possible locations from which to resolve the request. Each location
|
|
specifies filesystem type, information required by that filesystem (for
|
|
example the block special device in the case of UFS), and some
|
|
information describing where to mount the filesystem (@pxref{fs Option}). A
|
|
location may also contain @dfn{selectors} (@pxref{Selectors}).@refill
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Map Types::
|
|
* Key Lookup::
|
|
* Location Format::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Map Types, Key Lookup, Mount Maps, Mount Maps
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Map Types
|
|
@cindex Mount map types
|
|
@cindex Map types
|
|
@cindex Configuration map types
|
|
@cindex Types of mount map
|
|
@cindex Types of configuration map
|
|
@cindex Determining the map type
|
|
|
|
A mount-map provides the run-time configuration information to @i{Amd}.
|
|
Maps can be implemented in many ways. Some of the forms supported by
|
|
@i{Amd} are regular files, ndbm databases, NIS maps the @dfn{Hesiod}
|
|
name server and even the password file.
|
|
|
|
A mount-map @dfn{name} is a sequence of characters. When an automount
|
|
point is created a handle on the mount-map is obtained. For each map
|
|
type configured @i{Amd} attempts to reference the a map of the
|
|
appropriate type. If a map is found, @i{Amd} notes the type for future
|
|
use and deletes the reference, for example closing any open file
|
|
descriptors. The available maps are configure when @i{Amd} is built and
|
|
can be displayed by running the command @samp{amd -v}.
|
|
|
|
By default, @i{Amd} caches data in a mode dependent on the type of map.
|
|
This is the same as specifying @samp{cache:=mapdefault} and selects a
|
|
suitable default cache mode depending on the map type. The individual
|
|
defaults are described below. The @var{cache} option can be specified
|
|
on automount points to alter the caching behaviour (@pxref{Automount
|
|
Filesystem}).@refill
|
|
|
|
The following map types have been implemented, though some are not
|
|
available on all machines. Run the command @samp{amd -v} to obtain a
|
|
list of map types configured on your machine.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* File maps::
|
|
* ndbm maps::
|
|
* NIS maps::
|
|
* Hesiod maps::
|
|
* Password maps::
|
|
* Union maps::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node File maps, ndbm maps, Map Types, Map Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection File maps
|
|
@cindex File maps
|
|
@cindex Flat file maps
|
|
@cindex File map syntactic conventions
|
|
|
|
When @i{Amd} searches a file for a map entry it does a simple scan of
|
|
the file and supports both comments and continuation lines.
|
|
|
|
Continuation lines are indicated by a backslash character (@samp{\}) as
|
|
the last character of a line in the file. The backslash, newline character
|
|
@emph{and any leading white space on the following line} are discarded. A maximum
|
|
line length of 2047 characters is enforced after continuation lines are read
|
|
but before comments are stripped. Each line must end with
|
|
a newline character; that is newlines are terminators, not separators.
|
|
The following examples illustrate this:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
key valA valB; \
|
|
valC
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
specifies @emph{three} locations, and is identical to
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
key valA valB; valC
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
However,
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
key valA valB;\
|
|
valC
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
specifies only @emph{two} locations, and is identical to
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
key valA valB;valC
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
After a complete line has been read from the file, including
|
|
continuations, @i{Amd} determines whether there is a comment on the
|
|
line. A comment begins with a hash (``@samp{#}'') character and
|
|
continues to the end of the line. There is no way to escape or change
|
|
the comment lead-in character.
|
|
|
|
Note that continuation lines and comment support @dfn{only} apply to
|
|
file maps, or ndbm maps built with the @code{mk-amd-map} program.
|
|
|
|
When caching is enabled, file maps have a default cache mode of
|
|
@code{all} (@pxref{Automount Filesystem}).
|
|
|
|
@node ndbm maps, NIS maps, File maps, Map Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection ndbm maps
|
|
@cindex ndbm maps
|
|
|
|
An ndbm map may be used as a fast access form of a file map. The program,
|
|
@code{mk-amd-map}, converts a normal map file into an ndbm database.
|
|
This program supports the same continuation and comment conventions that
|
|
are provided for file maps. Note that ndbm format files may @emph{not}
|
|
be sharable across machine architectures. The notion of speed generally
|
|
only applies to large maps; a small map, less than a single disk block,
|
|
is almost certainly better implemented as a file map.
|
|
|
|
ndbm maps do not support cache mode @samp{all} and, when caching is
|
|
enabled, have a default cache mode of @samp{inc} (@pxref{Automount Filesystem}).
|
|
|
|
@node NIS maps, Hesiod maps, ndbm maps, Map Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection NIS maps
|
|
@cindex NIS (YP) maps
|
|
|
|
When using NIS (formerly YP), an @i{Amd} map is implemented directly
|
|
by the underlying NIS map. Comments and continuation lines are
|
|
@emph{not} supported in the automounter and must be stripped when
|
|
constructing the NIS server's database.
|
|
|
|
NIS maps do not support cache mode @code{all} and, when caching is
|
|
enabled, have a default cache mode of @code{inc} (@pxref{Automount Filesystem}).
|
|
|
|
The following rule illustrates what could be added to your NIS @file{Makefile},
|
|
in this case causing the @file{amd.home} map to be rebuilt:
|
|
@example
|
|
$(YPTSDIR)/amd.home.time: $(ETCDIR)/amd.home
|
|
-@@sed -e "s/#.*$$//" -e "/^$$/d" $(ETCDIR)/amd.home | \
|
|
awk '@{ \
|
|
for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) \
|
|
if (i == NF) @{ \
|
|
if (substr($$i, length($$i), 1) == "\\") \
|
|
printf("%s", substr($$i, 1, length($$i) - 1)); \
|
|
else \
|
|
printf("%s\n", $$i); \
|
|
@} \
|
|
else \
|
|
printf("%s ", $$i); \
|
|
@}' | \
|
|
$(MAKEDBM) - $(YPDBDIR)/amd.home; \
|
|
touch $(YPTSDIR)/amd.home.time; \
|
|
echo "updated amd.home"; \
|
|
if [ ! $(NOPUSH) ]; then \
|
|
$(YPPUSH) amd.home; \
|
|
echo "pushed amd.home"; \
|
|
else \
|
|
: ; \
|
|
fi
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Here @code{$(YPTSDIR)} contains the time stamp files, and @code{$(YPDBDIR)} contains
|
|
the dbm format NIS files.
|
|
|
|
@node Hesiod maps, Password maps, NIS maps, Map Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Hesiod maps
|
|
@cindex Hesiod maps
|
|
|
|
When the map name begins with the string @samp{hesiod.} lookups are made
|
|
using the @dfn{Hesiod} name server. The string following the dot is
|
|
used as a name qualifier and is prepended with the key being located.
|
|
The entire string is then resolved in the @code{automount} context. For
|
|
example, if the the key is @samp{jsp} and map name is
|
|
@samp{hesiod.homes} then @dfn{Hesiod} is asked to resolve
|
|
@samp{jsp.homes.automount}.
|
|
|
|
Hesiod maps do not support cache mode @samp{all} and, when caching is
|
|
enabled, have a default cache mode of @samp{inc} (@pxref{Automount Filesystem}).
|
|
|
|
The following is an example of a @dfn{Hesiod} map entry:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
jsp.homes.automount HS TXT "rfs:=/home/charm;rhost:=charm;sublink:=jsp"
|
|
njw.homes.automount HS TXT "rfs:=/home/dylan/dk2;rhost:=dylan;sublink:=njw"
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node Password maps, Union maps, Hesiod maps, Map Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Password maps
|
|
@cindex Password file maps
|
|
@cindex /etc/passwd maps
|
|
@cindex User maps, automatic generation
|
|
@cindex Automatic generation of user maps
|
|
@cindex Using the password file as a map
|
|
|
|
The password map support is unlike the four previous map types. When
|
|
the map name is the string @file{/etc/passwd} @i{Amd} can lookup a user
|
|
name in the password file and re-arrange the home directory field to
|
|
produce a usable map entry.
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} assumes the home directory has the format
|
|
`@t{/}@i{anydir}@t{/}@i{dom1}@t{/../}@i{domN}@t{/}@i{login}'.
|
|
@c @footnote{This interpretation is not necessarily exactly what you want.}
|
|
It breaks this string into a map entry where @code{$@{rfs@}} has the
|
|
value `@t{/}@i{anydir}@t{/}@i{domN}', @code{$@{rhost@}} has the value
|
|
`@i{domN}@t{.}@i{...}@t{.}@i{dom1}', and @code{$@{sublink@}} has the
|
|
value @samp{login}.@refill
|
|
|
|
Thus if the password file entry was
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/home/achilles/jsp
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
the map entry used by @i{Amd} would be
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
rfs:=/home/achilles;rhost:=achilles;sublink:=jsp
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Similarly, if the password file entry was
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/home/cc/sugar/mjh
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
the map entry used by @i{Amd} would be
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
rfs:=/home/sugar;rhost:=sugar.cc;sublink:=jsp
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node Union maps, , Password maps, Map Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Union maps
|
|
@cindex Union file maps
|
|
|
|
The union map support is provided specifically for use with the union
|
|
filesystem, @pxref{Union Filesystem}.
|
|
|
|
It is identified by the string @samp{union:} which is followed by a
|
|
colon separated list of directories. The directories are read in order,
|
|
and the names of all entries are recorded in the map cache. Later
|
|
directories take precedence over earlier ones. The union filesystem
|
|
type then uses the map cache to determine the union of the names in all
|
|
the directories.
|
|
|
|
@c subsection Gdbm
|
|
|
|
@node Key Lookup, Location Format, Map Types, Mount Maps
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section How keys are looked up
|
|
@cindex Key lookup
|
|
@cindex Map lookup
|
|
@cindex Looking up keys
|
|
@cindex How keys are looked up
|
|
@cindex Wildcards in maps
|
|
|
|
The key is located in the map whose type was determined when the
|
|
automount point was first created. In general the key is a pathname
|
|
component. In some circumstances this may be modified by variable
|
|
expansion (@pxref{Variable Expansion}) and prefixing. If the automount
|
|
point has a prefix, specified by the @var{pref} option, then that is
|
|
prepended to the search key before the map is searched.
|
|
|
|
If the map cache is a @samp{regexp} cache then the key is treated as an
|
|
egrep-style regular expression, otherwise a normal string comparison is
|
|
made.
|
|
|
|
If the key cannot be found then a @dfn{wildcard} match is attempted.
|
|
@i{Amd} repeatedly strips the basename from the key, appends @samp{/*} and
|
|
attempts a lookup. Finally, @i{Amd} attempts to locate the special key @samp{*}.
|
|
|
|
@group
|
|
For example, the following sequence would be checked if @file{home/dylan/dk2} was
|
|
being located:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
home/dylan/dk2
|
|
home/dylan/*
|
|
home/*
|
|
*
|
|
@end example
|
|
@end group
|
|
|
|
At any point when a wildcard is found, @i{Amd} proceeds as if an exact
|
|
match had been found and the value field is then used to resolve the
|
|
mount request, otherwise an error code is propagated back to the kernel.
|
|
(@pxref{Filesystem Types}).@refill
|
|
|
|
@node Location Format, , Key Lookup, Mount Maps
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Location Format
|
|
@cindex Location format
|
|
@cindex Map entry format
|
|
@cindex How locations are parsed
|
|
|
|
The value field from the lookup provides the information required to
|
|
mount a filesystem. The information is parsed according to the syntax
|
|
shown below.
|
|
|
|
@display
|
|
@i{location-list}:
|
|
@i{location-selection}
|
|
@i{location-list} @i{white-space} @t{||} @i{white-space} @i{location-selection}
|
|
@i{location-selection}:
|
|
@i{location}
|
|
@i{location-selection} @i{white-space} @i{location}
|
|
@i{location}:
|
|
@i{location-info}
|
|
@t{-}@i{location-info}
|
|
@t{-}
|
|
@i{location-info}:
|
|
@i{sel-or-opt}
|
|
@i{location-info}@t{;}@i{sel-or-opt}
|
|
@t{;}
|
|
@i{sel-or-opt}:
|
|
@i{selection}
|
|
@i{opt-ass}
|
|
@i{selection}:
|
|
selector@t{==}@i{value}
|
|
selector@t{!=}@i{value}
|
|
@i{opt-ass}:
|
|
option@t{:=}@i{value}
|
|
@i{white-space}:
|
|
space
|
|
tab
|
|
@end display
|
|
|
|
Note that unquoted whitespace is not allowed in a location description.
|
|
White space is only allowed, and is mandatory, where shown with non-terminal
|
|
@samp{white-space}.
|
|
|
|
A @dfn{location-selection} is a list of possible volumes with which to
|
|
satisfy the request. @dfn{location-selection}s are separated by the
|
|
@samp{||} operator. The effect of this operator is to prevent use of
|
|
location-selections to its right if any of the location-selections on
|
|
its left were selected whether or not any of them were successfully
|
|
mounted (@pxref{Selectors}).@refill
|
|
|
|
The location-selection, and singleton @dfn{location-list},
|
|
@samp{type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/xd1g} would inform @i{Amd} to mount a UFS
|
|
filesystem from the block special device @file{/dev/xd1g}.
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{sel-or-opt} component is either the name of an option required
|
|
by a specific filesystem, or it is the name of a built-in, predefined
|
|
selector such as the architecture type. The value may be quoted with
|
|
double quotes @samp{"}, for example
|
|
@samp{type:="ufs";dev:="/dev/xd1g"}. These quotes are stripped when the
|
|
value is parsed and there is no way to get a double quote into a value
|
|
field. Double quotes are used to get white space into a value field,
|
|
which is needed for the program filesystem (@pxref{Program Filesystem}).@refill
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Map Defaults::
|
|
* Variable Expansion::
|
|
* Selectors::
|
|
* Map Options::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Map Defaults, Variable Expansion, Location Format, Location Format
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Map Defaults
|
|
@cindex Map defaults
|
|
@cindex How to set default map parameters
|
|
@cindex Setting default map parameters
|
|
|
|
A location beginning with a dash @samp{-} is used to specify default
|
|
values for subsequent locations. Any previously specified defaults in
|
|
the location-list are discarded. The default string can be empty in
|
|
which case no defaults apply.
|
|
|
|
The location @samp{-fs:=/mnt;opts:=ro} would set the local mount point
|
|
to @file{/mnt} and cause mounts to be read-only by default. Defaults
|
|
specified this way are appended to, and so override, any global map
|
|
defaults given with @samp{/defaults}).
|
|
@c
|
|
@c A @samp{/defaults} value @dfn{gdef} and a location list
|
|
@c \begin{quote}
|
|
@c $@samp{-}@dfn{def}_a $\verb*+ +$ @dfn{loc}_{a_1} $\verb*+ +$ @dfn{loc}_{a_2} $\verb*+ +$ @samp{-}@dfn{def}_b $\verb*+ +$ @dfn{loc}_{b_1} \ldots$
|
|
@c \end{quote}
|
|
@c is equivalent to
|
|
@c \begin{quote}
|
|
@c $@samp{-}@dfn{gdef}@samp{;}@dfn{def}_a $\verb*+ +$ @dfn{loc}_{a_1} $\verb*+ +$ @dfn{loc}_{a_2} $\verb*+ +$ @samp{-}@dfn{gdef}@samp{;}@dfn{def}_b $\verb*+ +$ @dfn{loc}_{b_1} \ldots$
|
|
@c \end{quote}
|
|
@c which is equivalent to
|
|
@c \begin{quote}
|
|
@c $@dfn{gdef}@samp{;}@dfn{def}_a@samp{;}@dfn{loc}_{a_1} $\verb*+ +$@dfn{gdef}@samp{;}@dfn{def}_a@samp{;}@dfn{loc}_{a_2} $\verb*+ +$@dfn{gdef}@samp{;}@dfn{def}_b@samp{;}@dfn{loc}_{b_1} \ldots$
|
|
@c \end{quote}
|
|
|
|
@node Variable Expansion, Selectors, Map Defaults, Location Format
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Variable Expansion
|
|
@cindex Variable expansion
|
|
@cindex How variables are expanded
|
|
@cindex Pathname operators
|
|
@cindex Domain stripping
|
|
@cindex Domainname operators
|
|
@cindex Stripping the local domain name
|
|
@cindex Environment variables
|
|
@cindex How to access environment variables in maps
|
|
|
|
To allow generic location specifications @i{Amd} does variable expansion
|
|
on each location and also on some of the option strings. Any option or
|
|
selector appearing in the form @code{$@dfn{var}} is replaced by the
|
|
current value of that option or selector. For example, if the value of
|
|
@code{$@{key@}} was @samp{bin}, @code{$@{autodir@}} was @samp{/a} and
|
|
@code{$@{fs@}} was `@t{$@{autodir@}}@t{/local/}@t{$@{key@}}' then
|
|
after expansion @code{$@{fs@}} would have the value @samp{/a/local/bin}.
|
|
Any environment variable can be accessed in a similar way.@refill
|
|
|
|
Two pathname operators are available when expanding a variable. If the
|
|
variable name begins with @samp{/} then only the last component of
|
|
then pathname is substituted. For example, if @code{$@{path@}} was
|
|
@samp{/foo/bar} then @code{$@{/path@}} would be expanded to @samp{bar}.
|
|
Similarly, if the variable name ends with @samp{/} then all but the
|
|
last component of the pathname is substituted. In the previous example,
|
|
@code{$@{path/@}} would be expanded to @samp{/foo}.@refill
|
|
|
|
Two domain name operators are also provided. If the variable name
|
|
begins with @samp{.} then only the domain part of the name is
|
|
substituted. For example, if @code{$@{rhost@}} was
|
|
@samp{swan.doc.ic.ac.uk} then @code{$@{.rhost@}} would be expanded to
|
|
@samp{doc.ic.ac.uk}. Similarly, if the variable name ends with @samp{.}
|
|
then only the host component is substituted. In the previous example,
|
|
@code{$@{rhost.@}} would be expanded to @samp{swan}.@refill
|
|
|
|
Variable expansion is a two phase process. Before a location is parsed,
|
|
all references to selectors, @i{eg} @code{$@{path@}}, are expanded. The
|
|
location is then parsed, selections are evaluated and option assignments
|
|
recorded. If there were no selections or they all succeeded the
|
|
location is used and the values of the following options are expanded in
|
|
the order given: @var{sublink}, @var{rfs}, @var{fs}, @var{opts},
|
|
@var{remopts}, @var{mount} and @var{unmount}.
|
|
|
|
Note that expansion of option values is done after @dfn{all} assignments
|
|
have been completed and not in a purely left to right order as is done
|
|
by the shell. This generally has the desired effect but care must be
|
|
taken if one of the options references another, in which case the
|
|
ordering can become significant.
|
|
|
|
There are two special cases concerning variable expansion:
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
before a map is consulted, any selectors in the name received
|
|
from the kernel are expanded. For example, if the request from the
|
|
kernel was for `@t{$@{arch@}}@t{.bin}' and the machine architecture
|
|
was @samp{vax}, the value given to @code{$@{key@}} would be
|
|
@samp{vax.bin}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
the value of @code{$@{rhost@}} is expanded and normalized before the
|
|
other options are expanded. The normalization process strips any local
|
|
sub-domain components. For example, if @code{$@{domain@}} was
|
|
@samp{Berkeley.EDU} and @code{$@{rhost@}} was initially
|
|
@samp{snow.Berkeley.EDU}, after the normalization it would simply be
|
|
@samp{snow}. Hostname normalization is currently done in a
|
|
@emph{case-dependent} manner.@refill
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
@node Selectors, Map Options, Variable Expansion, Location Format
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Selectors
|
|
@cindex Selectors
|
|
|
|
Selectors are used to control the use of a location. It is possible to
|
|
share a mount map between many machines in such a way that filesystem
|
|
location, architecture and operating system differences are hidden from
|
|
the users. A selector of the form @samp{arch==sun3;os==sos4} would only
|
|
apply on Sun-3s running SunOS 4.x.
|
|
|
|
Selectors are evaluated left to right. If a selector fails then that
|
|
location is ignored. Thus the selectors form a conjunction and the
|
|
locations form a disjunction. If all the locations are ignored or
|
|
otherwise fail then @i{Amd} uses the @dfn{error} filesystem
|
|
(@pxref{Error Filesystem}). This is equivalent to having a location
|
|
@samp{type:=error} at the end of each mount-map entry.@refill
|
|
|
|
The selectors currently implemented are:
|
|
|
|
@table @samp
|
|
@cindex arch, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; arch
|
|
@cindex Selector; arch
|
|
@item arch
|
|
the machine architecture which was automatically determined at compile
|
|
time. The architecture type can be displayed by running the command
|
|
@samp{amd -v}. @xref{Supported Machine Architectures}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item autodir
|
|
@cindex autodir, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; autodir
|
|
@cindex Selector; autodir
|
|
the default directory under which to mount filesystems. This may be
|
|
changed by the ``-a'' command line option. See the @var{fs} option.
|
|
|
|
@item byte
|
|
@cindex byte, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; byte
|
|
@cindex Selector; byte
|
|
the machine's byte ordering. This is either @samp{little}, indicating
|
|
little-endian, or @samp{big}, indicating big-endian. One possible use
|
|
is to share @samp{rwho} databases (@pxref{rwho servers}). Another is to
|
|
share ndbm databases, however this use can be considered a courageous
|
|
juggling act.
|
|
|
|
@item cluster
|
|
@cindex cluster, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; cluster
|
|
@cindex Selector; cluster
|
|
is provided as a hook for the name of the local cluster. This can be
|
|
used to decide which servers to use for copies of replicated
|
|
filesystems. @code{$@{cluster@}} defaults to the value of
|
|
@code{$@{domain@}} unless a different value is set with the ``-C''
|
|
command line option.
|
|
|
|
@item domain
|
|
@cindex domain, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; domain
|
|
@cindex Selector; domain
|
|
the local domain name as specified by the ``-d'' command line option.
|
|
See @samp{host}.
|
|
|
|
@item host
|
|
@cindex host, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; host
|
|
@cindex Selector; host
|
|
the local hostname as determined by @b{gethostname}(2). If no domain
|
|
name was specified on the command line and the hostname contains a
|
|
period @samp{.} then the string before the period is used as the
|
|
host name, and the string after the period is assigned to
|
|
@code{$@{domain@}}. For example, if the hostname is
|
|
@samp{styx.doc.ic.ac.uk} then @code{host} would be @samp{styx} and
|
|
@code{domain} would be @samp{doc.ic.ac.uk}. @code{hostd} would be
|
|
@samp{styx.doc.ic.ac.uk}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item hostd
|
|
@cindex hostd, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; hostd
|
|
@cindex Selector; hostd
|
|
is @code{$@{host@}} and @code{$@{domain@}} concatenated with a
|
|
@samp{.} inserted between them if required. If @code{$@{domain@}}
|
|
is an empty string then @code{$@{host@}} and @code{$@{hostd@}} will be
|
|
identical.
|
|
|
|
@item karch
|
|
@cindex karch, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; karch
|
|
@cindex Selector; karch
|
|
is provided as a hook for the kernel architecture. This is used on
|
|
SunOS 4, for example, to distinguish between different @samp{/usr/kvm}
|
|
volumes. @code{$@{karch@}} defaults to the value of @code{$@{arch@}}
|
|
unless a different value is set with the ``-k'' command line option.
|
|
|
|
@item os
|
|
@cindex os, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; os
|
|
@cindex Selector; os
|
|
the operating system. Like the machine architecture, this is
|
|
automatically determined at compile time. The operating system name can
|
|
be displayed by running the command @samp{amd -v}. @xref{Supported
|
|
Operating Systems}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
The following selectors are also provided. Unlike the other selectors,
|
|
they vary for each lookup. Note that when the name from the kernel is
|
|
expanded prior to a map lookup, these selectors are all defined as empty
|
|
strings.
|
|
|
|
@table @samp
|
|
@item key
|
|
@cindex key, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; key
|
|
@cindex Selector; key
|
|
the name being resolved. For example, if @file{/home} is an automount
|
|
point, then accessing @file{/home/foo} would set @code{$@{key@}} to the
|
|
string @samp{foo}. The key is prefixed by the @var{pref} option set in
|
|
the parent mount point. The default prefix is an empty string. If the
|
|
prefix was @file{blah/} then @code{$@{key@}} would be set to
|
|
@file{blah/foo}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item map
|
|
@cindex map, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; map
|
|
@cindex Selector; map
|
|
the name of the mount map being used.
|
|
|
|
@item path
|
|
@cindex path, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; path
|
|
@cindex Selector; path
|
|
the full pathname of the name being resolved. For example
|
|
@file{/home/foo} in the example above.
|
|
|
|
@item wire
|
|
@cindex wire, mount selector
|
|
@cindex Mount selector; wire
|
|
@cindex Selector; wire
|
|
the name of the network to which the primary network interface is
|
|
attached. If a symbolic name cannot be found in the networks or hosts
|
|
database then dotted IP address format is used. This value is also
|
|
output by the ``-v'' option.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
Selectors can be negated by using @samp{!=} instead of @samp{==}. For
|
|
example to select a location on all non-Vax machines the selector
|
|
@samp{arch!=vax} would be used.
|
|
|
|
@node Map Options, , Selectors, Location Format
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Map Options
|
|
@cindex Map options
|
|
@cindex Setting map options
|
|
|
|
Options are parsed concurrently with selectors. The difference is that
|
|
when an option is seen the string following the @samp{:=} is
|
|
recorded for later use. As a minimum the @var{type} option must be
|
|
specified. Each filesystem type has other options which must also be
|
|
specified. @xref{Filesystem Types}, for details on the filesystem
|
|
specific options.@refill
|
|
|
|
Superfluous option specifications are ignored and are not reported
|
|
as errors.
|
|
|
|
The following options apply to more than one filesystem type.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* delay Option::
|
|
* fs Option::
|
|
* opts Option::
|
|
* remopts Option::
|
|
* sublink Option::
|
|
* type Option::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node delay Option, fs Option, Map Options, Map Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsubsection delay Option
|
|
@cindex Setting a delay on a mount location
|
|
@cindex Delaying mounts from specific locations
|
|
@cindex Primary server
|
|
@cindex Secondary server
|
|
@cindex delay, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; delay
|
|
|
|
The delay, in seconds, before an attempt will be made to mount from the current location.
|
|
Auxilliary data, such as network address, file handles and so on are computed
|
|
regardless of this value.
|
|
|
|
A delay can be used to implement the notion of primary and secondary file servers.
|
|
The secondary servers would have a delay of a few seconds,
|
|
thus giving the primary servers a chance to respond first.
|
|
|
|
@node fs Option, opts Option, delay Option, Map Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsubsection fs Option
|
|
@cindex Setting the local mount point
|
|
@cindex Overriding the default mount point
|
|
@cindex fs, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; fs
|
|
|
|
The local mount point. The semantics of this option vary between
|
|
filesystems.
|
|
|
|
For NFS and UFS filesystems the value of @code{$@{fs@}} is used as the
|
|
local mount point. For other filesystem types it has other meanings
|
|
which are described in the section describing the respective filesystem
|
|
type. It is important that this string uniquely identifies the
|
|
filesystem being mounted. To satisfy this requirement, it should
|
|
contain the name of the host on which the filesystem is resident and the
|
|
pathname of the filesystem on the local or remote host.
|
|
|
|
The reason for requiring the hostname is clear if replicated filesystems
|
|
are considered. If a fileserver goes down and a replacement filesystem
|
|
is mounted then the @dfn{local} mount point @dfn{must} be different from
|
|
that of the filesystem which is hung. Some encoding of the filesystem
|
|
name is required if more than one filesystem is to be mounted from any
|
|
given host.
|
|
|
|
If the hostname is first in the path then all mounts from a particular
|
|
host will be gathered below a single directory. If that server goes
|
|
down then the hung mount points are less likely to be accidentally
|
|
referenced, for example when @b{getwd}(3) traverses the namespace to
|
|
find the pathname of the current directory.
|
|
|
|
The @samp{fs} option defaults to
|
|
@code{$@{autodir@}/$@{rhost@}$@{rfs@}}. In addition,
|
|
@samp{rhost} defaults to the local host name (@code{$@{host@}}) and
|
|
@samp{rfs} defaults to the value of @code{$@{path@}}, which is the full
|
|
path of the requested file; @samp{/home/foo} in the example above
|
|
(@pxref{Selectors}). @code{$@{autodir@}} defaults to @samp{/a} but may
|
|
be changed with the ``-a'' command line option. Sun's automounter
|
|
defaults to @samp{/tmp_mnt}. Note that there is no @samp{/} between
|
|
the @code{$@{rhost@}} and @code{$@{rfs@}} since @code{$@{rfs@}} begins
|
|
with a @samp{/}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@node opts Option, remopts Option, fs Option, Map Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsubsection opts Option
|
|
@cindex Setting system mount options
|
|
@cindex Passing parameters to the mount system call
|
|
@cindex mount system call
|
|
@cindex mount system call flags
|
|
@cindex The mount system call
|
|
@cindex opts, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; opts
|
|
|
|
The options to pass to the mount system call. A leading @samp{-} is
|
|
silently ignored. The mount options supported generally correspond to
|
|
those used by @b{mount}(8) and are listed below. Some additional
|
|
pseudo-options are interpreted by @i{Amd} and are also listed.
|
|
|
|
Unless specifically overridden, each of the system default mount options
|
|
applies. Any options not recognised are ignored. If no options list is
|
|
supplied the string @samp{rw,defaults} is used and all the system
|
|
default mount options apply. Options which are not applicable for a
|
|
particular operating system are silently ignored. For example, only 4.4
|
|
BSD is known to implement the @code{compress} and @code{spongy} options.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item compress
|
|
Use NFS compression protocol.
|
|
@item grpid
|
|
Use BSD directory group-id semantics.
|
|
@item intr
|
|
Allow keyboard interrupts on hard mounts.
|
|
@item noconn
|
|
Don't make a connection on datagram transports.
|
|
@item nocto
|
|
No close-to-open consistency.
|
|
@item nodevs
|
|
Don't allow local special devices on this filesystem.
|
|
@item nosuid
|
|
Don't allow set-uid or set-gid executables on this filesystem.
|
|
@item quota
|
|
Enable quota checking on this mount.
|
|
@item retrans=@i{n}
|
|
The number of NFS retransmits made before a user error is generated by a
|
|
@samp{soft} mounted filesystem, and before a @samp{hard} mounted
|
|
filesystem reports @samp{NFS server @dfn{yoyo} not responding still
|
|
trying}.
|
|
@item ro
|
|
Mount this filesystem readonly.
|
|
@item rsize=@var{n}
|
|
The NFS read packet size. You may need to set this if you are using
|
|
NFS/UDP through a gateway.
|
|
@item soft
|
|
Give up after @dfn{retrans} retransmissions.
|
|
@item spongy
|
|
Like @samp{soft} for status requests, and @samp{hard} for data transfers.
|
|
@item tcp
|
|
Use TCP/IP instead of UDP/IP, ignored if the NFS implementation does not
|
|
support TCP/IP mounts.
|
|
@item timeo=@var{n}
|
|
The NFS timeout, in tenth-seconds, before a request is retransmitted.
|
|
@item wsize=@var{n}
|
|
The NFS write packet size. You may need to set this if you are using
|
|
NFS/UDP through a gateway.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
The following options are implemented by @i{Amd}, rather than being
|
|
passed to the kernel.
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item nounmount
|
|
Configures the mount so that its time-to-live will
|
|
never expire. This is also the default for some filesystem types.
|
|
@c
|
|
@c Implementation broken:
|
|
@item ping=@var{n}
|
|
The interval, in seconds, between keep-alive pings. When four
|
|
consecutive pings have failed the mount point is marked as hung. This
|
|
interval defaults to 30 seconds. If the ping interval is less than zero,
|
|
no pings are sent and the host is assumed to be always
|
|
up. By default, pings are not sent for an NFS/TCP mount.
|
|
@item retry=@var{n}
|
|
The number of times to retry the mount system call.
|
|
@item utimeout=@var{n}
|
|
The interval, in seconds, by which the mount's
|
|
time-to-live is extended after an unmount attempt
|
|
has failed. In fact the interval is extended before the unmount is
|
|
attempted to avoid thrashing. The default value is 120 seconds (two
|
|
minutes) or as set by the ``-w'' command line option.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node remopts Option, sublink Option, opts Option, Map Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsubsection remopts Option
|
|
@cindex Setting system mount options for non-local networks
|
|
@cindex remopts, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; remopts
|
|
|
|
This option has the same use as @code{$@{opts@}} but applies only when
|
|
the remote host is on a non-local network. For example, when using NFS
|
|
across a gateway it is often necessary to use smaller values for the
|
|
data read and write sizes. This can simply be done by specifying the
|
|
small values in @var{remopts}. When a non-local host is accessed, the
|
|
smaller sizes will automatically be used.
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} determines whether a host is local by examining the network
|
|
interface configuration at startup. Any interface changes made after
|
|
@i{Amd} has been started will not be noticed. The likely effect will
|
|
be that a host may incorrectly be declared non-local.
|
|
|
|
Unless otherwise set, the value of @code{$@{rem@}} is the same as the
|
|
value of @code{$@{opts@}}.
|
|
|
|
@node sublink Option, type Option, remopts Option, Map Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsubsection sublink Option
|
|
@cindex Setting the sublink option
|
|
@cindex sublink, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; sublink
|
|
|
|
The subdirectory within the mounted filesystem to which the reference
|
|
should point. This can be used to prevent duplicate mounts in cases
|
|
where multiple directories in the same mounted filesystem are used.
|
|
|
|
@node type Option, , sublink Option, Map Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsubsection type Option
|
|
@cindex Setting the filesystem type option
|
|
@cindex type, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; type
|
|
|
|
The filesystem type to be used. @xref{Filesystem Types}, for a full
|
|
description of each type.@refill
|
|
|
|
@node Amd Command Line Options, Filesystem Types, Mount Maps, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@chapter @i{Amd} Command Line Options
|
|
@cindex Command line options, Amd
|
|
@cindex Amd command line options
|
|
@cindex Overriding defaults on the command line
|
|
|
|
Many of @i{Amd}'s parameters can be set from the command line. The
|
|
command line is also used to specify automount points and maps.
|
|
|
|
The general format of a command line is
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd [@i{options}] @{ @i{directory} @i{map-name} [-@i{map-options}] @} ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
For each directory and map-name given, @i{Amd} establishes an
|
|
automount point. The @dfn{map-options} may be any sequence of options
|
|
or selectors---@pxref{Location Format}. The @dfn{map-options}
|
|
apply only to @i{Amd}'s mount point.
|
|
|
|
@samp{type:=toplvl;cache:=mapdefault;fs:=$@{map@}} is the default value for the
|
|
map options. Default options for a map are read from a special entry in
|
|
the map whose key is the string @samp{/defaults}. When default options
|
|
are given they are prepended to any options specified in the mount-map
|
|
locations as explained in. @xref{Map Defaults}, for more details.
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{options} are any combination of those listed below.
|
|
|
|
Once the command line has been parsed, the automount points are mounted.
|
|
The mount points are created if they do not already exist, in which case they
|
|
will be removed when @i{Amd} exits.
|
|
Finally, @i{Amd} disassociates itself from its controlling terminal and
|
|
forks into the background.
|
|
|
|
Note: Even if @i{Amd} has been built with @samp{-DDEBUG} it will still
|
|
background itself and disassociate itself from the controlling terminal.
|
|
To use a debugger it is necessary to specify @samp{-D nodaemon} on the
|
|
command line.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* -a Option:: Automount directory.
|
|
* -c Option:: Cache timeout interval.
|
|
* -d Option:: Domain name.
|
|
* -k Option:: Kernel architecture.
|
|
* -l Option:: Log file.
|
|
* -n Option:: Hostname normalisation.
|
|
* -p Option:: Output process id.
|
|
* -r Option:: Restart existing mounts.
|
|
* -t Option:: Kernel RPC timeout.
|
|
* -v Option:: Version information.
|
|
* -w Option:: Wait interval after failed unmount.
|
|
* -x Option:: Log options.
|
|
* -y Option:: NIS domain.
|
|
* -C-Option:: Cluster name.
|
|
* -D-Option:: Debug flags.
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node -a Option, -c Option, Amd Command Line Options, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-a} @var{directory}
|
|
@cindex Automount directory
|
|
@cindex Setting the default mount directory
|
|
|
|
Specifies the default mount directory. This option changes the variable
|
|
@code{$@{autodir@}} which otherwise defaults to @file{/a}. For example,
|
|
some sites prefer @file{/amd}.
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd -a /amd ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -c Option, -d Option, -a Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-c} @var{cache-interval}
|
|
@cindex Cache interval
|
|
@cindex Interval before a filesystem times out
|
|
@cindex Setting the interval before a filesystem times out
|
|
@cindex Changing the interval before a filesystem times out
|
|
|
|
Selects the period, in seconds, for which a name is cached by @i{Amd}.
|
|
If no reference is made to the volume in this period, @i{Amd} discards
|
|
the volume name to filesystem mapping.
|
|
|
|
Once the last reference to a filesystem has been removed, @i{Amd}
|
|
attempts to unmount the filesystem. If the unmount fails the interval
|
|
is extended by a further period as specified by the @samp{-w} command
|
|
line option or by the @samp{utimeout} mount option.
|
|
|
|
The default @dfn{cache-interval} is 300 seconds (five minutes).
|
|
|
|
@node -d Option, -k Option, -c Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-d} @var{domain}
|
|
@cindex Domain name
|
|
@cindex Setting the local domain name
|
|
@cindex Overriding the local domain name
|
|
|
|
Specifies the host's domain. This sets the internal variable
|
|
@code{$@{domain@}} and affects the @code{$@{hostd@}} variable.
|
|
|
|
If this option is not specified and the hostname already contains the
|
|
local domain then that is used, otherwise the default value of
|
|
@code{$@{domain@}} is @samp{unknown.domain}.
|
|
|
|
For example, if the local domain was @samp{doc.ic.ac.uk}, @i{Amd} could
|
|
be started as follows:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd -d doc.ic.ac.uk ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -k Option, -l Option, -d Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-k} @var{kernel-architecture}
|
|
@cindex Setting the Kernel architecture
|
|
|
|
Specifies the kernel architecture of the system. This is usually the
|
|
output of @samp{arch -k} and its only effect is to set the variable
|
|
@code{$@{karch@}}. If this option is not given, @code{$@{karch@}} has
|
|
the same value as @code{$@{arch@}}.
|
|
|
|
This would be used as follows:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd -k `arch -k` ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -l Option, -n Option, -k Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-l} @var{log-option}
|
|
@cindex Log filename
|
|
@cindex Setting the log file
|
|
@cindex Using syslog to log errors
|
|
@cindex syslog
|
|
|
|
Selects the form of logging to be made. Two special @dfn{log-options}
|
|
are recognised.
|
|
|
|
@enumerate
|
|
@item
|
|
If @dfn{log-option} is the string @samp{syslog}, @i{Amd} will use the
|
|
@b{syslog}(3) mechanism.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item
|
|
If @dfn{log-option} is the string @samp{/dev/stderr}, @i{Amd} will use
|
|
standard error, which is also the default target for log messages. To
|
|
implement this, @i{Amd} simulates the effect of the @samp{/dev/fd}
|
|
driver.
|
|
@end enumerate
|
|
|
|
Any other string is taken as a filename to use for logging. Log
|
|
messages are appended to the file if it already exists, otherwise a new
|
|
file is created. The file is opened once and then held open, rather
|
|
than being re-opened for each message.
|
|
|
|
If the @samp{syslog} option is specified but the system does not support
|
|
syslog or if the named file cannot be opened or created, @i{Amd} will
|
|
use standard error. Error messages generated before @i{Amd} has
|
|
finished parsing the command line are printed on standard error.
|
|
|
|
Using @samp{syslog} is usually best, in which case @i{Amd} would be
|
|
started as follows:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd -l syslog ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -n Option, -p Option, -l Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-n}
|
|
@cindex Hostname normalisation
|
|
@cindex Aliased hostnames
|
|
@cindex Resolving aliased hostnames
|
|
@cindex Normalising hostnames
|
|
|
|
Normalises the remote hostname before using it. Normalisation is done
|
|
by replacing the value of @code{$@{rhost@}} with the primary name
|
|
returned by a hostname lookup.
|
|
|
|
This option should be used if several names are used to refer to a
|
|
single host in a mount map.
|
|
|
|
@node -p Option, -r Option, -n Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-p}
|
|
@cindex Process id
|
|
@cindex Displaying the process id
|
|
@cindex process id of Amd daemon
|
|
@cindex pid file, creating with -p option
|
|
@cindex Creating a pid file
|
|
|
|
Causes @i{Amd}'s process id to be printed on standard output.
|
|
This can be redirected to a suitable file for use with kill:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd -p > /var/run/amd.pid ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
This option only has an affect if @i{Amd} is running in daemon mode.
|
|
If @i{Amd} is started with the @code{-D nodaemon} debug flag, this
|
|
option is ignored.
|
|
|
|
@node -r Option, -t Option, -p Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-r}
|
|
@cindex Restarting existing mounts
|
|
@cindex Picking up existing mounts
|
|
|
|
Tells @i{Amd} to restart existing mounts (@pxref{Inheritance Filesystem}).
|
|
@c @dfn{This option will be made the default in the next release.}
|
|
|
|
@node -t Option, -v Option, -r Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-t} @var{timeout.retransmit}
|
|
@cindex Setting Amd's RPC parameters
|
|
|
|
Specifies the RPC @dfn{timeout} and @dfn{retransmit} intervals used by
|
|
the kernel to communicate to @i{Amd}. These are used to set the
|
|
@samp{timeo} and @samp{retrans} mount options.
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} relies on the kernel RPC retransmit mechanism to trigger mount
|
|
retries. The value of this parameter changes the retry interval. Too
|
|
long an interval gives poor interactive response, too short an interval
|
|
causes excessive retries.
|
|
|
|
@node -v Option, -w Option, -t Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-v}
|
|
@cindex Version information
|
|
@cindex Discovering version information
|
|
@cindex How to discover your version of Amd
|
|
|
|
Print version information on standard error and then exit. The output
|
|
is of the form:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd 5.2.1.11 of 91/03/17 18:04:05 5.3Alpha11 #0: Sun Mar 17 18:07:28 GMT 1991
|
|
Built by pendry@@vangogh.Berkeley.EDU for a hp300 running bsd44 (big-endian).
|
|
Map support for: root, passwd, union, file, error.
|
|
FS: ufs, nfs, nfsx, host, link, program, union, auto, direct, toplvl, error.
|
|
Primary network is 128.32.130.0.
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The information includes the version number, release date and name of
|
|
the release. The architecture (@pxref{Supported Machine Architectures}),
|
|
operating system (@pxref{Supported Operating Systems})
|
|
and byte ordering are also printed as they appear in the @code{$@{os@}},
|
|
@code{$@{arch@}} and @code{$@{byte@}} variables.@refill
|
|
|
|
@node -w Option, -x Option, -v Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-w} @var{wait-timeout}
|
|
@cindex Setting the interval between unmount attempts
|
|
@cindex unmount attempt backoff interval
|
|
|
|
Selects the interval in seconds between unmount attempts after the
|
|
initial time-to-live has expired.
|
|
|
|
This defaults to 120 seconds (two minutes).
|
|
|
|
@node -x Option, -y Option, -w Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-x} @var{opts}
|
|
@cindex Log message selection
|
|
@cindex Selecting specific log messages
|
|
@cindex How to select log messages
|
|
@cindex syslog priorities
|
|
|
|
Specifies the type and verbosity of log messages. @dfn{opts} is
|
|
a comma separated list selected from the following options:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item fatal
|
|
Fatal errors
|
|
@item error
|
|
Non-fatal errors
|
|
@item user
|
|
Non-fatal user errors
|
|
@item warn
|
|
Recoverable errors
|
|
@item warning
|
|
Alias for @code{warn}
|
|
@item info
|
|
Information messages
|
|
@item map
|
|
Mount map usage
|
|
@item stats
|
|
Additional statistics
|
|
@item all
|
|
All of the above
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
Initially a set of default logging flags is enabled. This is as if
|
|
@samp{-x all,nomap,nostats} had been selected. The command line is
|
|
parsed and logging is controlled by the ``-x'' option. The very first
|
|
set of logging flags is saved and can not be subsequently disabled using
|
|
@i{Amq}. This default set of options is useful for general production
|
|
use.@refill
|
|
|
|
The @samp{info} messages include details of what is mounted and
|
|
unmounted and when filesystems have timed out. If you want to have the
|
|
default set of messages without the @samp{info} messages then you simply
|
|
need @samp{-x noinfo}. The messages given by @samp{user} relate to
|
|
errors in the mount maps, so these are useful when new maps are
|
|
installed. The following table lists the syslog priorites used for each
|
|
of the message types.@refill
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item fatal
|
|
LOG_CRIT
|
|
@item error
|
|
LOG_ERR
|
|
@item user
|
|
LOG_WARNING
|
|
@item warning
|
|
LOG_WARNING
|
|
@item info
|
|
LOG_INFO
|
|
@item debug
|
|
LOG_DEBUG
|
|
@item map
|
|
LOG_DEBUG
|
|
@item stats
|
|
LOG_INFO
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
|
|
The options can be prefixed by the string @samp{no} to indicate
|
|
that this option should be turned off. For example, to obtain all
|
|
but @samp{info} messages the option @samp{-x all,noinfo} would be used.
|
|
|
|
If @i{Amd} was built with debugging enabled the @code{debug} option is
|
|
automatically enabled regardless of the command line options.
|
|
|
|
@node -y Option, -C-Option, -x Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-y} @var{NIS-domain}
|
|
@cindex NIS (YP) domain name
|
|
@cindex Overriding the NIS (YP) domain name
|
|
@cindex Setting the NIS (YP) domain name
|
|
@cindex YP domain name
|
|
|
|
Selects an alternate NIS domain. This is useful for debugging and
|
|
cross-domain shared mounting. If this flag is specified, @i{Amd}
|
|
immediately attempts to bind to a server for this domain.
|
|
@c @i{Amd} refers to NIS maps when it starts, unless the ``-m'' option
|
|
@c is specified, and whenever required in a mount map.
|
|
|
|
@node -C-Option, -D-Option, -y Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-C} @var{cluster-name}
|
|
@cindex Cluster names
|
|
@cindex Setting the cluster name
|
|
|
|
Specifies the name of the cluster of which the local machine is a member.
|
|
The only effect is to set the variable @code{$@{cluster@}}.
|
|
The @dfn{cluster-name} is will usually obtained by running another command which uses
|
|
a database to map the local hostname into a cluster name.
|
|
@code{$@{cluster@}} can then be used as a selector to restrict mounting of
|
|
replicated data.
|
|
If this option is not given, @code{$@{cluster@}} has the same value as @code{$@{domain@}}.
|
|
This would be used as follows:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd -C `clustername` ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -D-Option, , -C-Option, Amd Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @code{-D} @var{opts}
|
|
@cindex Debug options
|
|
@cindex Setting debug flags
|
|
|
|
Controls the verbosity and coverage of the debugging trace; @dfn{opts}
|
|
is a comma separated list of debugging options. The ``-D'' option is
|
|
only available if @i{Amd} was compiled with @samp{-DDEBUG}. The memory
|
|
debugging facilities are only available if @i{Amd} was compiled with
|
|
@samp{-DDEBUG_MEM} (in addition to @samp{-DDEBUG}).
|
|
|
|
The most common options to use are @samp{-D trace} and @samp{-D test}
|
|
(which turns on all the useful debug options). See the program source
|
|
for a more detailed explanation of the available options.
|
|
|
|
@node Filesystem Types, Run-time Administration, Amd Command Line Options, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@chapter Filesystem Types
|
|
@cindex Filesystem types
|
|
@cindex Mount types
|
|
@cindex Types of filesystem
|
|
|
|
To mount a volume, @i{Amd} must be told the type of filesystem to be
|
|
used. Each filesystem type typically requires additional information
|
|
such as the fileserver name for NFS.
|
|
|
|
From the point of view of @i{Amd}, a @dfn{filesystem} is anything that
|
|
can resolve an incoming name lookup. An important feature is support
|
|
for multiple filesystem types. Some of these filesystems are
|
|
implemented in the local kernel and some on remote fileservers, whilst
|
|
the others are implemented internally by @i{Amd}.@refill
|
|
|
|
The two common filesystem types are UFS and NFS. Four other user
|
|
accessible filesystems (@samp{link}, @samp{program}, @samp{auto} and
|
|
@samp{direct}) are also implemented internally by @i{Amd} and these are
|
|
described below. There are two additional filesystem types internal to
|
|
@i{Amd} which are not directly accessible to the user (@samp{inherit}
|
|
and @samp{error}). Their use is described since they may still have an
|
|
effect visible to the user.@refill
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Network Filesystem:: A single NFS filesystem.
|
|
* Network Host Filesystem:: NFS mount a host's entire export tree.
|
|
* Network Filesystem Group:: An atomic group of NFS filesystems.
|
|
* Unix Filesystem:: Native disk filesystem.
|
|
* Program Filesystem:: Generic Program mounts.
|
|
* Symbolic Link Filesystem:: Local link referencing existing filesystem.
|
|
* Symbolic Link Filesystem II:: More on referencing existing filesystems.
|
|
* Automount Filesystem::
|
|
* Direct Automount Filesystem::
|
|
* Union Filesystem::
|
|
* Error Filesystem::
|
|
* Top-level Filesystem::
|
|
* Root Filesystem::
|
|
* Inheritance Filesystem::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Network Filesystem, Network Host Filesystem, Filesystem Types, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Network Filesystem (@samp{type:=nfs})
|
|
@cindex NFS
|
|
@cindex Mounting an NFS filesystem
|
|
@cindex How to mount and NFS filesystem
|
|
@cindex nfs, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; nfs
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{nfs} filesystem type provides access to Sun's NFS.
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
The following options must be specified:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@cindex rhost, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; rhost
|
|
@item rhost
|
|
the remote fileserver. This must be an entry in the hosts database. IP
|
|
addresses are not accepted. The default value is taken
|
|
from the local host name (@code{$@{host@}}) if no other value is
|
|
specified.
|
|
|
|
@cindex rfs, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; rfs
|
|
@item rfs
|
|
the remote filesystem.
|
|
If no value is specified for this option, an internal default of
|
|
@code{$@{path@}} is used.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
NFS mounts require a two stage process. First, the @dfn{file handle} of
|
|
the remote file system must be obtained from the server. Then a mount
|
|
system call must be done on the local system. @i{Amd} keeps a cache
|
|
of file handles for remote file systems. The cache entries have a
|
|
lifetime of a few minutes.
|
|
|
|
If a required file handle is not in the cache, @i{Amd} sends a request
|
|
to the remote server to obtain it. @i{Amd} @dfn{does not} wait for
|
|
a response; it notes that one of the locations needs retrying, but
|
|
continues with any remaining locations. When the file handle becomes
|
|
available, and assuming none of the other locations was successfully
|
|
mounted, @i{Amd} will retry the mount. This mechanism allows several
|
|
NFS filesystems to be mounted in parallel.
|
|
@c @footnote{The mechanism
|
|
@c is general, however NFS is the only filesystem
|
|
@c for which the required hooks have been written.}
|
|
The first one which responds with a valid file handle will be used.
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
An NFS entry might be:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
jsp host!=charm;type:=nfs;rhost:=charm;rfs:=/home/charm;sublink:=jsp
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The mount system call and any unmount attempts are always done
|
|
in a new task to avoid the possibilty of blocking @i{Amd}.
|
|
|
|
@node Network Host Filesystem, Network Filesystem Group, Network Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Network Host Filesystem (@samp{type:=host})
|
|
@cindex Network host filesystem
|
|
@cindex Mounting entire export trees
|
|
@cindex How to mount all NFS exported filesystems
|
|
@cindex host, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; host
|
|
|
|
@c NOTE: the current implementation of the @dfn{host} filesystem type
|
|
@c sometimes fails to maintain a consistent view of the remote mount tree.
|
|
@c This happens when the mount times out and only some of the remote mounts
|
|
@c are successfully unmounted. To prevent this from occuring, use the
|
|
@c @samp{nounmount} mount option.
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{host} filesystem allows access to the entire export tree of an
|
|
NFS server. The implementation is layered above the @samp{nfs}
|
|
implementation so keep-alives work in the same way. The only option
|
|
which needs to specified is @samp{rhost} which is the name of the
|
|
fileserver to mount.
|
|
|
|
The @samp{host} filesystem type works by querying the mount daemon on
|
|
the given fileserver to obtain its export list. @i{Amd} then obtains
|
|
filehandles for each of the exported filesystems. Any errors at this
|
|
stage cause that particular filesystem to be ignored. Finally each
|
|
filesystem is mounted. Again, errors are logged but ignored. One
|
|
common reason for mounts to fail is that the mount point does not exist.
|
|
Although @i{Amd} attempts to automatically create the mount point, it
|
|
may be on a remote filesystem to which @i{Amd} does not have write
|
|
permission.
|
|
|
|
When an attempt to unmount a @samp{host} filesystem mount fails, @i{Amd}
|
|
remounts any filesystems which had succesfully been unmounted. To do
|
|
this @i{Amd} queries the mount daemon again and obtains a fresh copy of
|
|
the export list. @i{Amd} then tries to mount any exported filesystems
|
|
which are not currently mounted.
|
|
|
|
Sun's automounter provides a special @samp{-hosts} map. To achieve the
|
|
same effect with @i{Amd} requires two steps. First a mount map must
|
|
be created as follows:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/defaults type:=host;fs:=$@{autodir@}/$@{rhost@}/root;rhost:=$@{key@}
|
|
* opts:=rw,nosuid,grpid
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
and then start @i{Amd} with the following command
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd /n net.map
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
where @samp{net.map} is the name of map described above. Note that the
|
|
value of @code{$@{fs@}} is overridden in the map. This is done to avoid
|
|
a clash between the mount tree and any other filesystem already mounted
|
|
from the same fileserver.
|
|
|
|
If different mount options are needed for different hosts then
|
|
additional entries can be added to the map, for example
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
host2 opts:=ro,nosuid,soft
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
would soft mount @samp{host2} read-only.
|
|
|
|
@node Network Filesystem Group, Unix Filesystem, Network Host Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Network Filesystem Group (@samp{type:=nfsx})
|
|
@cindex Network filesystem group
|
|
@cindex Atomic NFS mounts
|
|
@cindex Mounting an atomic group of NFS filesystems
|
|
@cindex How to mount an atomic group of NFS filesystems
|
|
@cindex nfsx, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; nfsx
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{nfsx} filesystem allows a group of filesystems to be mounted
|
|
from a single NFS server. The implementation is layered above the
|
|
@samp{nfs} implementation so keep-alives work in the same way.
|
|
|
|
The options are the same as for the @samp{nfs} filesystem with one
|
|
difference.
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
The following options must be specified:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item rhost
|
|
the remote fileserver. This must be an entry in the hosts database. IP
|
|
addresses are not accepted. The default value is taken from the local
|
|
host name (@code{$@{host@}}) if no other value is specified.
|
|
|
|
@item rfs
|
|
as a list of filesystems to mount. The list is in the form of a comma
|
|
separated strings.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
pub type:=nfsx;rhost:=gould;\
|
|
rfs:=/public,/,graphics,usenet;fs:=$@{autodir@}/$@{rhost@}/root
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The first string defines the root of the tree, and is applied as a
|
|
prefix to the remaining members of the list which define the individual
|
|
filesystems. The first string is @emph{not} used as a filesystem name.
|
|
A parallel operation is used to determine the local mount points to
|
|
ensure a consistent layout of a tree of mounts.
|
|
|
|
Here, the @emph{three} filesystems, @samp{/public},
|
|
@samp{/public/graphics} and @samp{/public/usenet}, would be mounted.@refill
|
|
|
|
A local mount point, @code{$@{fs@}}, @emph{must} be specified. The
|
|
default local mount point will not work correctly in the general case.
|
|
A suggestion is to use @samp{fs:=$@{autodir@}/$@{rhost@}/root}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@node Unix Filesystem, Program Filesystem, Network Filesystem Group, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Unix Filesystem (@samp{type:=ufs})
|
|
@cindex Unix filesystem
|
|
@cindex UFS
|
|
@cindex Mounting a UFS filesystem
|
|
@cindex Mounting a local disk
|
|
@cindex How to mount a UFS filesystems
|
|
@cindex How to mount a local disk
|
|
@cindex Disk filesystems
|
|
@cindex ufs, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; ufs
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{ufs} filesystem type provides access to the system's
|
|
standard disk filesystem---usually a derivative of the Berkeley Fast Filesystem.
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
The following option must be specified:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@cindex dev, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; dev
|
|
@item dev
|
|
the block special device to be mounted.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
A UFS entry might be:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
jsp host==charm;type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/xd0g;sublink:=jsp
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node Program Filesystem, Symbolic Link Filesystem, Unix Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Program Filesystem (@samp{type:=program})
|
|
@cindex Program filesystem
|
|
@cindex Mount a filesystem under program control
|
|
@cindex program, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; program
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{program} filesystem type allows a program to be run whenever a
|
|
mount or unmount is required. This allows easy addition of support for
|
|
other filesystem types, such as MIT's Remote Virtual Disk (RVD)
|
|
which has a programmatic interface via the commands
|
|
@samp{rvdmount} and @samp{rvdunmount}.
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
The following options must be specified:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@cindex mount, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; mount
|
|
@item mount
|
|
the program which will perform the mount.
|
|
|
|
@cindex unmount, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; unmount
|
|
@item unmount
|
|
the program which will perform the unmount.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
The exit code from these two programs is interpreted as a Unix error
|
|
code. As usual, exit code zero indicates success. To execute the
|
|
program @i{Amd} splits the string on whitespace to create an array of
|
|
substrings. Single quotes @samp{'} can be used to quote whitespace
|
|
if that is required in an argument. There is no way to escape or change
|
|
the quote character.
|
|
|
|
To run the program @samp{rvdmount} with a host name and filesystem as
|
|
arguments would be specified by @samp{mount:="/etc/rvdmount rvdmount
|
|
fserver $@{path@}"}.
|
|
|
|
The first element in the array is taken as the pathname of the program
|
|
to execute. The other members of the array form the argument vector to
|
|
be passed to the program, @dfn{including argument zero}. This means
|
|
that the split string must have at least two elements. The program is
|
|
directly executed by @i{Amd}, not via a shell. This means that scripts
|
|
must begin with a @code{#!} interpreter specification.
|
|
|
|
If a filesystem type is to be heavily used, it may be worthwhile adding
|
|
a new filesystem type into @i{Amd}, but for most uses the program
|
|
filesystem should suffice.
|
|
|
|
When the program is run, standard input and standard error are inherited
|
|
from the current values used by @i{Amd}. Standard output is a
|
|
duplicate of standard error. The value specified with the ``-l''
|
|
command line option has no effect on standard error.
|
|
|
|
@node Symbolic Link Filesystem, Symbolic Link Filesystem II, Program Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Symbolic Link Filesystem (@samp{type:=link})
|
|
@cindex Symbolic link filesystem
|
|
@cindex Referencing part of the local name space
|
|
@cindex Mounting part of the local name space
|
|
@cindex How to reference part of the local name space
|
|
@cindex link, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex symlink, link filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; link
|
|
|
|
Each filesystem type creates a symbolic link to point from the volume
|
|
name to the physical mount point. The @samp{link} filesystem does the
|
|
same without any other side effects. This allows any part of the
|
|
machines name space to be accessed via @i{Amd}.
|
|
|
|
One common use for the symlink filesystem is @file{/homes} which can be
|
|
made to contain an entry for each user which points to their
|
|
(auto-mounted) home directory. Although this may seem rather expensive,
|
|
it provides a great deal of administrative flexibility.
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
The following option must be defined:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item fs
|
|
The value of @var{fs} option specifies the destination of the link, as
|
|
modified by the @var{sublink} option. If @var{sublink} is non-null, it
|
|
is appended to @code{$@{fs@}}@code{/} and the resulting string is used
|
|
as the target.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
The @samp{link} filesystem can be though of as identical to the
|
|
@samp{ufs} filesystem but without actually mounting anything.
|
|
|
|
An example entry might be:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
jsp host==charm;type:=link;fs:=/home/charm;sublink:=jsp
|
|
@end example
|
|
which would return a symbolic link pointing to @file{/home/charm/jsp}.
|
|
|
|
@node Symbolic Link Filesystem II, Automount Filesystem, Symbolic Link Filesystem, Filesystem Types,
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Symbolic Link Filesystem II (@samp{type:=link})
|
|
@cindex Symbolic link filesystem II
|
|
@cindex Referencing an existing part of the local name space
|
|
@cindex Mounting an existing part of the local name space
|
|
@cindex How to reference an existing part of the local name space
|
|
@cindex linkx, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex symlink, linkx filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; linkx
|
|
|
|
The @samp{linkx} filesystem type is identical to @samp{link} with the
|
|
exception that the target of the link must exist. Existence is checked
|
|
with the @samp{lstat} system call.
|
|
|
|
The @samp{linkx} filesystem type is particularly useful for wildcard map
|
|
entries. In this case, a list of possible targets can be give and
|
|
@i{Amd} will choose the first one which exists on the local machine.
|
|
|
|
@node Automount Filesystem, Direct Automount Filesystem, Symbolic Link Filesystem II, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Automount Filesystem (@samp{type:=auto})
|
|
@cindex Automount filesystem
|
|
@cindex Map cache types
|
|
@cindex Setting map cache parameters
|
|
@cindex How to set map cache parameters
|
|
@cindex How to start an indirect automount point
|
|
@cindex auto, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; auto
|
|
@cindex SIGHUP signal
|
|
@cindex Map cache synchronising
|
|
@cindex Synchronising the map cache
|
|
@cindex Map cache options
|
|
@cindex Regular expressions in maps
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{auto} filesystem type creates a new automount point below an
|
|
existing automount point. Top-level automount points appear as system
|
|
mount points. An automount mount point can also appear as a
|
|
sub-directory of an existing automount point. This allows some
|
|
additional structure to be added, for example to mimic the mount tree of
|
|
another machine.
|
|
|
|
The following options may be specified:
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@cindex cache, mount option
|
|
@cindex Mount option; cache
|
|
@item cache
|
|
specifies whether the data in this mount-map should be
|
|
cached. The default value is @samp{none}, in which case
|
|
no caching is done in order to conserve memory.
|
|
However, better performance and reliability can be obtained by caching
|
|
some or all of a mount-map.
|
|
|
|
If the cache option specifies @samp{all},
|
|
the entire map is enumerated when the mount point is created.
|
|
|
|
If the cache option specifies @samp{inc}, caching is done incrementally
|
|
as and when data is required.
|
|
Some map types do not support cache mode @samp{all}, in which case @samp{inc}
|
|
is used whenever @samp{all} is requested.
|
|
|
|
Caching can be entirely disabled by using cache mode @samp{none}.
|
|
|
|
If the cache option specifies @samp{regexp} then the entire map will be
|
|
enumerated and each key will be treated as an egrep-style regular
|
|
expression. The order in which a cached map is searched does not
|
|
correspond to the ordering in the source map so the regular expressions
|
|
should be mutually exclusive to avoid confusion.
|
|
|
|
Each mount map type has a default cache type, usually @samp{inc}, which
|
|
can be selected by specifying @samp{mapdefault}.
|
|
|
|
The cache mode for a mount map can only be selected on the command line.
|
|
Starting @i{Amd} with the command:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd /homes hesiod.homes -cache:=inc
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
will cause @samp{/homes} to be automounted using the @dfn{Hesiod} name
|
|
server with local incremental caching of all succesfully resolved names.
|
|
|
|
All cached data is forgotten whenever @i{Amd} receives a @samp{SIGHUP}
|
|
signal and, if cache @samp{all} mode was selected, the cache will be
|
|
reloaded. This can be used to inform @i{Amd} that a map has been
|
|
updated. In addition, whenever a cache lookup fails and @i{Amd} needs
|
|
to examine a map, the map's modify time is examined. If the cache is
|
|
out of date with respect to the map then it is flushed as if a
|
|
@samp{SIGHUP} had been received.
|
|
|
|
An additional option (@samp{sync}) may be specified to force @i{Amd} to
|
|
check the map's modify time whenever a cached entry is being used. For
|
|
example, an incremental, synchronised cache would be created by the
|
|
following command:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd /homes hesiod.homes -cache:=inc,sync
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@item fs
|
|
specifies the name of the mount map to use for the new mount point.
|
|
|
|
Arguably this should have been specified with the @code{$@{rfs@}} option but
|
|
we are now stuck with it due to historical accident.
|
|
|
|
@c %If the string @samp{.} is used then the same map is used;
|
|
@c %in addition the lookup prefix is set to the name of the mount point followed
|
|
@c %by a slash @samp{/}.
|
|
@c %This is the same as specifying @samp{fs:=\$@{map@};pref:=\$@{key@}/}.
|
|
@c
|
|
|
|
@item pref
|
|
alters the name that is looked up in the mount map. If
|
|
@code{$@{pref@}}, the @dfn{prefix}, is non-null then it is prepended to
|
|
the name requested by the kernel @dfn{before} the map is searched.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
The server @samp{dylan.doc.ic.ac.uk} has two user disks:
|
|
@samp{/dev/dsk/2s0} and @samp{/dev/dsk/5s0}. These are accessed as
|
|
@samp{/home/dylan/dk2} and @samp{/home/dylan/dk5} respectively. Since
|
|
@samp{/home} is already an automount point, this naming is achieved with
|
|
the following map entries:@refill
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
dylan type:=auto;fs:=$@{map@};pref:=$@{key@}/
|
|
dylan/dk2 type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/dsk/2s0
|
|
dylan/dk5 type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/dsk/5s0
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node Direct Automount Filesystem, Union Filesystem, Automount Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Direct Automount Filesystem (@samp{type:=direct})
|
|
@cindex Direct automount filesystem
|
|
@cindex How to start a direct automount point
|
|
@cindex direct, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; direct
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{direct} filesystem is almost identical to the automount
|
|
filesystem. Instead of appearing to be a directory of mount points, it
|
|
appears as a symbolic link to a mounted filesystem. The mount is done
|
|
at the time the link is accessed. @xref{Automount Filesystem} for a
|
|
list of required options.
|
|
|
|
Direct automount points are created by specifying the @samp{direct}
|
|
filesystem type on the command line:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd ... /usr/man auto.direct -type:=direct
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
where @samp{auto.direct} would contain an entry such as:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
usr/man -type:=nfs;rfs:=/usr/man \
|
|
rhost:=man-server1 rhost:=man-server2
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
In this example, @samp{man-server1} and @samp{man-server2} are file
|
|
servers which export copies of the manual pages. Note that the key
|
|
which is looked up is the name of the automount point without the
|
|
leading @samp{/}.
|
|
|
|
@node Union Filesystem, Error Filesystem, Direct Automount Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Union Filesystem (@samp{type:=union})
|
|
@cindex Union filesystem
|
|
@cindex union, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; union
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{union} filesystem type allows the contents of several
|
|
directories to be merged and made visible in a single directory. This
|
|
can be used to overcome one of the major limitations of the Unix mount
|
|
mechanism which only allows complete directories to be mounted.
|
|
|
|
For example, supposing @file{/tmp} and @file{/var/tmp} were to be merged
|
|
into a new directory called @file{/mtmp}, with files in @file{/var/tmp}
|
|
taking precedence. The following command could be used to achieve this
|
|
effect:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd ... /mtmp union:/tmp:/var/tmp -type:=union
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Currently, the unioned directories must @emph{not} be automounted. That
|
|
would cause a deadlock. This seriously limits the current usefulness of
|
|
this filesystem type and the problem will be addressed in a future
|
|
release of @i{Amd}.
|
|
|
|
Files created in the union directory are actually created in the last
|
|
named directory. This is done by creating a wildcard entry which points
|
|
to the correct directory. The wildcard entry is visible if the union
|
|
directory is listed, so allowing you to see which directory has
|
|
priority.
|
|
|
|
The files visible in the union directory are computed at the time
|
|
@i{Amd} is started, and are not kept uptodate with respect to the
|
|
underlying directories. Similarly, if a link is removed, for example
|
|
with the @samp{rm} command, it will be lost forever.
|
|
|
|
@node Error Filesystem, Top-level Filesystem, Union Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Error Filesystem (@samp{type:=error})
|
|
@cindex Error filesystem
|
|
@cindex error, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; error
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{error} filesystem type is used internally as a catch-all in
|
|
the case where none of the other filesystems was selected, or some other
|
|
error occurred.
|
|
Lookups and mounts always fail with ``No such file or directory''.
|
|
All other operations trivially succeed.
|
|
|
|
The error filesystem is not directly accessible.
|
|
|
|
@node Top-level Filesystem, Root Filesystem, Error Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Top-level Filesystem (@samp{type:=toplvl})
|
|
@cindex Top level filesystem
|
|
@cindex toplvl, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; toplvl
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{toplvl} filesystems is derived from the @samp{auto} filesystem
|
|
and is used to mount the top-level automount nodes. Requests of this
|
|
type are automatically generated from the command line arguments and
|
|
can also be passed in by using the ``-M'' option of the @dfn{Amq} command.
|
|
|
|
@node Root Filesystem, Inheritance Filesystem, Top-level Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Root Filesystem
|
|
@cindex Root filesystem
|
|
@cindex root, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; root
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{root} (@samp{type:=root}) filesystem type acts as an internal
|
|
placeholder onto which @i{Amd} can pin @samp{toplvl} mounts. Only one
|
|
node of this type need ever exist and one is created automatically
|
|
during startup. The effect of creating a second root node is undefined.
|
|
|
|
@node Inheritance Filesystem, , Root Filesystem, Filesystem Types
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Inheritance Filesystem
|
|
@cindex Inheritance filesystem
|
|
@cindex Nodes generated on a restart
|
|
@cindex inherit, filesystem type
|
|
@cindex Filesystem type; inherit
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{inheritance} (@samp{type:=inherit}) filesystem is not directly
|
|
accessible. Instead, internal mount nodes of this type are
|
|
automatically generated when @i{Amd} is started with the ``-r'' option.
|
|
At this time the system mount table is scanned to locate any filesystems
|
|
which are already mounted. If any reference to these filesystems is
|
|
made through @i{Amd} then instead of attempting to mount it, @i{Amd}
|
|
simulates the mount and @dfn{inherits} the filesystem. This allows a
|
|
new version of @i{Amd} to be installed on a live system simply by
|
|
killing the old daemon with @code{SIGTERM} and starting the new one.@refill
|
|
|
|
This filesystem type is not generally visible externally, but it is
|
|
possible that the output from @samp{amq -m} may list @samp{inherit} as
|
|
the filesystem type. This happens when an inherit operation cannot
|
|
be completed for some reason, usually because a fileserver is down.
|
|
|
|
@node Run-time Administration, FSinfo, Filesystem Types, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@chapter Run-time Administration
|
|
@cindex Run-time administration
|
|
@cindex Amq command
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Starting Amd::
|
|
* Stopping Amd::
|
|
* Controlling Amd::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Starting Amd, Stopping Amd, Run-time Administration, Run-time Administration
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Starting @i{Amd}
|
|
@cindex Starting Amd
|
|
@cindex Additions to /etc/rc.local
|
|
@cindex /etc/rc.local additions
|
|
@cindex /etc/amd.start
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} is best started from @samp{/etc/rc.local}:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
if [ -f /etc/amd.start ]; then
|
|
sh /etc/amd.start; (echo -n ' amd') >/dev/console
|
|
fi
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
The shell script, @samp{amd.start}, contains:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
#!/bin/sh -
|
|
PATH=/etc:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:$PATH export PATH
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Either name of logfile or "syslog"
|
|
#
|
|
LOGFILE=syslog
|
|
#LOGFILE=/var/log/amd
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Figure out whether domain name is in host name
|
|
# If the hostname is just the machine name then
|
|
# pass in the name of the local domain so that the
|
|
# hostnames in the map are domain stripped correctly.
|
|
#
|
|
case `hostname` in
|
|
*.*) dmn= ;;
|
|
*) dmn='-d doc.ic.ac.uk'
|
|
esac
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Zap earlier log file
|
|
#
|
|
case "$LOGFILE" in
|
|
*/*)
|
|
mv "$LOGFILE" "$LOGFILE"-
|
|
> "$LOGFILE"
|
|
;;
|
|
syslog)
|
|
: nothing
|
|
;;
|
|
esac
|
|
|
|
cd /usr/sbin
|
|
#
|
|
# -r restart
|
|
# -d dmn local domain
|
|
# -w wait wait between unmount attempts
|
|
# -l log logfile or "syslog"
|
|
#
|
|
eval ./amd -r $dmn -w 240 -l "$LOGFILE" \
|
|
/homes amd.homes -cache:=inc \
|
|
/home amd.home -cache:=inc \
|
|
/vol amd.vol -cache:=inc \
|
|
/n amd.net -cache:=inc
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
If the list of automount points and maps is contained in a file or NIS map
|
|
it is easily incorporated onto the command line:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
...
|
|
eval ./amd -r $dmn -w 240 -l "$LOGFILE" `ypcat -k auto.master`
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node Stopping Amd, Controlling Amd, Starting Amd, Run-time Administration
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Stopping @i{Amd}
|
|
@cindex Stopping Amd
|
|
@cindex SIGTERM signal
|
|
@cindex SIGINT signal
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} stops in response to two signals.
|
|
|
|
@table @samp
|
|
@item SIGTERM
|
|
causes the top-level automount points to be unmounted and then @i{Amd}
|
|
to exit. Any automounted filesystems are left mounted. They can be
|
|
recovered by restarting @i{Amd} with the ``-r'' command line option.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item SIGINT
|
|
causes @i{Amd} to attempt to unmount any filesystems which it has
|
|
automounted, in addition to the actions of @samp{SIGTERM}. This signal
|
|
is primarly used for debugging.@refill
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
Actions taken for other signals are undefined.
|
|
|
|
@node Controlling Amd, , Stopping Amd, Run-time Administration
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Controlling @i{Amd}
|
|
@cindex Controlling Amd
|
|
@cindex Discovering what is going on at run-time
|
|
@cindex Listing currently mounted filesystems
|
|
|
|
It is sometimes desirable or necessary to exercise external control
|
|
over some of @i{Amd}'s internal state. To support this requirement,
|
|
@i{Amd} implements an RPC interface which is used by the @dfn{Amq} program.
|
|
A variety of information is available.
|
|
|
|
@i{Amq} generally applies an operation, specified by a single letter option,
|
|
to a list of mount points. The default operation is to obtain statistics
|
|
about each mount point. This is similar to the output shown above
|
|
but includes information about the number and type of accesses to each
|
|
mount point.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Amq default:: Default command behaviour.
|
|
* Amq -f option:: Flushing the map cache.
|
|
* Amq -h option:: Controlling a non-local host.
|
|
* Amq -m option:: Obtaining mount statistics.
|
|
* Amq -M-option:: Mounting a volume.
|
|
* Amq -s option:: Obtaining global statistics.
|
|
* Amq -u option:: Forcing volumes to time out.
|
|
* Amq -v option:: Version information.
|
|
* Other Amq options:: Three other special options.
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Amq default, Amq -f option, Controlling Amd, Controlling Amd
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @i{Amq} default information
|
|
|
|
With no arguments, @dfn{Amq} obtains a brief list of all existing
|
|
mounts created by @i{Amd}. This is different from the list displayed by
|
|
@b{df}(1) since the latter only includes system mount points.
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
The output from this option includes the following information:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
the automount point,
|
|
@item
|
|
the filesystem type,
|
|
@item
|
|
the mount map or mount information,
|
|
@item
|
|
the internal, or system mount point.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/ root "root" sky:(pid75)
|
|
/homes toplvl /usr/local/etc/amd.homes /homes
|
|
/home toplvl /usr/local/etc/amd.home /home
|
|
/homes/jsp nfs charm:/home/charm /a/charm/home/charm/jsp
|
|
/homes/phjk nfs toytown:/home/toytown /a/toytown/home/toytown/ai/phjk
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@noindent
|
|
If an argument is given then statistics for that volume name will
|
|
be output. For example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
What Uid Getattr Lookup RdDir RdLnk Statfs Mounted@@
|
|
/homes 0 1196 512 22 0 30 90/09/14 12:32:55
|
|
/homes/jsp 0 0 0 0 1180 0 90/10/13 12:56:58
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@table @code
|
|
@item What
|
|
the volume name.
|
|
|
|
@item Uid
|
|
ignored.
|
|
|
|
@item Getattr
|
|
the count of NFS @dfn{getattr} requests on this node. This should only be
|
|
non-zero for directory nodes.
|
|
|
|
@item Lookup
|
|
the count of NFS @dfn{lookup} requests on this node. This should only be
|
|
non-zero for directory nodes.
|
|
|
|
@item RdDir
|
|
the count of NFS @dfn{readdir} requests on this node. This should only
|
|
be non-zero for directory nodes.
|
|
|
|
@item RdLnk
|
|
the count of NFS @dfn{readlink} requests on this node. This should be
|
|
zero for directory nodes.
|
|
|
|
@item Statfs
|
|
the could of NFS @dfn{statfs} requests on this node. This should only
|
|
be non-zero for top-level automount points.
|
|
|
|
@item Mounted@@
|
|
the date and time the volume name was first referenced.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Amq -f option, Amq -h option, Amq default, Controlling Amd
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @i{Amq} -f option
|
|
@cindex Flushing the map cache
|
|
@cindex Map cache, flushing
|
|
|
|
The ``-f'' option causes @i{Amd} to flush the internal mount map cache.
|
|
This is useful for Hesiod maps since @i{Amd} will not automatically
|
|
notice when they have been updated. The map cache can also be
|
|
synchronised with the map source by using the @samp{sync} option
|
|
(@pxref{Automount Filesystem}).@refill
|
|
|
|
@node Amq -h option, Amq -m option, Amq -f option, Controlling Amd
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @i{Amq} -h option
|
|
@cindex Querying an alternate host
|
|
|
|
By default the local host is used. In an HP-UX cluster the root server
|
|
is used since that is the only place in the cluster where @i{Amd} will
|
|
be running. To query @i{Amd} on another host the ``-h'' option should
|
|
be used.
|
|
|
|
@node Amq -m option, Amq -M-option, Amq -h option, Controlling Amd
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @i{Amq} -m option
|
|
|
|
The ``-m'' option displays similar information about mounted
|
|
filesystems, rather than automount points. The output includes the
|
|
following information:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
the mount information,
|
|
@item
|
|
the mount point,
|
|
@item
|
|
the filesystem type,
|
|
@item
|
|
the number of references to this filesystem,
|
|
@item
|
|
the server hostname,
|
|
@item
|
|
the state of the file server,
|
|
@item
|
|
any error which has occured.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
"root" truth:(pid602) root 1 localhost is up
|
|
hesiod.home /home toplvl 1 localhost is up
|
|
hesiod.vol /vol toplvl 1 localhost is up
|
|
hesiod.homes /homes toplvl 1 localhost is up
|
|
amy:/home/amy /a/amy/home/amy nfs 5 amy is up
|
|
swan:/home/swan /a/swan/home/swan nfs 0 swan is up (Permission denied)
|
|
ex:/home/ex /a/ex/home/ex nfs 0 ex is down
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
When the reference count is zero the filesystem is not mounted but
|
|
the mount point and server information is still being maintained
|
|
by @i{Amd}.
|
|
|
|
@node Amq -M-option, Amq -s option, Amq -m option, Controlling Amd
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @i{Amq} -M option
|
|
|
|
The ``-M'' option passes a new map entry to @i{Amd} and waits for it to
|
|
be evaluated, possibly causing a mount. For example, the following
|
|
command would cause @samp{/home/toytown} on host @samp{toytown} to be
|
|
mounted locally on @samp{/mnt/toytown}.
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amq -M '/mnt/toytown type:=nfs;rfs:=/home/toytown;rhost:=toytown;fs:=$@{key@}'
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} applies some simple security checks before allowing this
|
|
operation. The check tests whether the incoming request is from a
|
|
privileged UDP port on the local machine. ``Permission denied'' is
|
|
returned if the check fails.
|
|
|
|
A future release of @i{Amd} will include code to allow the @b{mount}(8)
|
|
command to mount automount points:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
mount -t amd /vol hesiod.vol
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
This will then allow @i{Amd} to be controlled from the standard system
|
|
filesystem mount list.
|
|
|
|
@node Amq -s option, Amq -u option, Amq -M-option, Controlling Amd
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @i{Amq} -s option
|
|
@cindex Global statistics
|
|
@cindex Statistics
|
|
|
|
The ``-s'' option displays global statistics. If any other options are specified
|
|
or any filesystems named then this option is ignored. For example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
requests stale mount mount unmount
|
|
deferred fhandles ok failed failed
|
|
1054 1 487 290 7017
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@table @samp
|
|
@item Deferred requests
|
|
are those for which an immediate reply could not be constructed. For
|
|
example, this would happen if a background mount was required.
|
|
|
|
@item Stale filehandles
|
|
counts the number of times the kernel passes a stale filehandle to @i{Amd}.
|
|
Large numbers indicate problems.
|
|
|
|
@item Mount ok
|
|
counts the number of automounts which were successful.
|
|
|
|
@item Mount failed
|
|
counts the number of automounts which failed.
|
|
|
|
@item Unmount failed
|
|
counts the number of times a filesystem could not be unmounted. Very
|
|
large numbers here indicate that the time between unmount attempts
|
|
should be increased.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Amq -u option, Amq -v option, Amq -s option, Controlling Amd
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @i{Amq} -u option
|
|
@cindex Forcing filesystem to time out
|
|
@cindex Unmounting a filesystem
|
|
|
|
The ``-u'' option causes the time-to-live interval of the named mount
|
|
points to be expired, thus causing an unmount attempt. This is the only
|
|
safe way to unmount an automounted filesystem. It is not possible to
|
|
unmount a filesystem which has been mounted with the @samp{nounmount}
|
|
flag.
|
|
|
|
@c The ``-H'' option informs @i{Amd} that the specified mount point has hung -
|
|
@c as if its keepalive timer had expired.
|
|
|
|
@node Amq -v option, Other Amq options, Amq -u option, Controlling Amd
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @i{Amq} -v option
|
|
@cindex Version information at run-time
|
|
|
|
The ``-v'' option displays the version of @i{Amd} in a similar way to
|
|
@i{Amd}'s ``-v'' option.
|
|
|
|
@node Other Amq options, , Amq -v option, Controlling Amd
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Other @i{Amq} options
|
|
|
|
Three other operations are implemented. These modify the state of
|
|
@i{Amd} as a whole, rather than any particular filesystem. The ``-l'',
|
|
``-x'' and ``-D'' options have exactly the same effect as @i{Amd}'s
|
|
corresponding command line options. The ``-l'' option is rejected by
|
|
@i{Amd} in the current version for obvious security reasons. When
|
|
@i{Amd} receives a ``-x''flag it limits the log options being modified
|
|
to those which were not enabled at startup. This prevents a user
|
|
turning @emph{off} any logging option which was specified at startup,
|
|
though any which have been turned off since then can still be turned
|
|
off. The ``-D'' option has a similar behaviour.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo, Examples, Run-time Administration, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@chapter FSinfo
|
|
@cindex FSinfo
|
|
@cindex Filesystem info package
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* FSinfo Overview:: Introduction to FSinfo.
|
|
* Using FSinfo:: Basic concepts.
|
|
* FSinfo Grammar:: Language syntax, semantics and examples.
|
|
* FSinfo host definitions:: Defining a new host.
|
|
* FSinfo host attributes:: Definable host attributes.
|
|
* FSinfo filesystems:: Defining locally attached filesystems.
|
|
* FSinfo static mounts:: Defining additional static mounts.
|
|
* FSinfo automount definitions::
|
|
* FSinfo Command Line Options::
|
|
* FSinfo errors::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo Overview, Using FSinfo, FSinfo, FSinfo
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @i{FSinfo} overview
|
|
@cindex FSinfo overview
|
|
|
|
@i{FSinfo} is a filesystem management tool. It has been designed to
|
|
work with @i{Amd} to help system administrators keep track of the ever
|
|
increasing filesystem namespace under their control.
|
|
|
|
The purpose of @i{FSinfo} is to generate all the important standard
|
|
filesystem data files from a single set of input data. Starting with a
|
|
single data source guarantees that all the generated files are
|
|
self-consistent. One of the possible output data formats is a set of
|
|
@i{Amd} maps which can be used amongst the set of hosts described in the
|
|
input data.
|
|
|
|
@i{FSinfo} implements a declarative language. This language is
|
|
specifically designed for describing filesystem namespace and physical
|
|
layouts. The basic declaration defines a mounted filesystem including
|
|
its device name, mount point, and all the volumes and access
|
|
permissions. @i{FSinfo} reads this information and builds an internal
|
|
map of the entire network of hosts. Using this map, many different data
|
|
formats can be produced including @file{/etc/fstab},
|
|
@file{/etc/exports}, @i{Amd} mount maps and
|
|
@file{/etc/bootparams}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@node Using FSinfo, FSinfo Grammar, FSinfo Overview, FSinfo
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Using @i{FSinfo}
|
|
@cindex Using FSinfo
|
|
|
|
The basic strategy when using @i{FSinfo} is to gather all the
|
|
information about all disks on all machines into one set of
|
|
declarations. For each machine being managed, the following data is
|
|
required:
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
Hostname
|
|
@item
|
|
List of all filesystems and, optionally, their mount points.
|
|
@item
|
|
Names of volumes stored on each filesystem.
|
|
@item
|
|
NFS export information for each volume.
|
|
@item
|
|
The list of static filesystem mounts.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
The following information can also be entered into the same
|
|
configuration files so that all data can be kept in one place.
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
List of network interfaces
|
|
@item
|
|
IP address of each interface
|
|
@item
|
|
Hardware address of each interface
|
|
@item
|
|
Dumpset to which each filesystem belongs
|
|
@item
|
|
and more @dots{}
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
To generate @i{Amd} mount maps, the automount tree must also be defined
|
|
(@pxref{FSinfo automount definitions}). This will have been designed at
|
|
the time the volume names were allocated. Some volume names will not be
|
|
automounted, so @i{FSinfo} needs an explicit list of which volumes
|
|
should be automounted.@refill
|
|
|
|
Hostnames are required at several places in the @i{FSinfo} language. It
|
|
is important to stick to either fully qualified names or unqualified
|
|
names. Using a mixture of the two will inevitably result in confusion.
|
|
|
|
Sometimes volumes need to be referenced which are not defined in the set
|
|
of hosts being managed with @i{FSinfo}. The required action is to add a
|
|
dummy set of definitions for the host and volume names required. Since
|
|
the files generated for those particular hosts will not be used on them,
|
|
the exact values used is not critical.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo Grammar, FSinfo host definitions, Using FSinfo, FSinfo
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @i{FSinfo} grammar
|
|
@cindex FSinfo grammar
|
|
@cindex Grammar, FSinfo
|
|
|
|
@i{FSinfo} has a relatively simple grammar. Distinct syntactic
|
|
constructs exist for each of the different types of data, though they
|
|
share a common flavour. Several conventions are used in the grammar
|
|
fragments below.
|
|
|
|
The notation, @i{list(}@t{xxx}@i{)}, indicates a list of zero or more
|
|
@t{xxx}'s. The notation, @i{opt(}@t{xxx}@i{)}, indicates zero or one
|
|
@t{xxx}. Items in double quotes, @i{eg} @t{"host"}, represent input
|
|
tokens. Items in angle brackets, @i{eg} @var{<hostname>}, represent
|
|
strings in the input. Strings need not be in double quotes, except to
|
|
differentiate them from reserved words. Quoted strings may include the
|
|
usual set of C ``@t{\}'' escape sequences with one exception: a
|
|
backslash-newline-whitespace sequence is squashed into a single space
|
|
character. To defeat this feature, put a further backslash at the start
|
|
of the second line.
|
|
|
|
At the outermost level of the grammar, the input consists of a
|
|
sequence of host and automount declarations. These declarations are
|
|
all parsed before they are analyzed. This means they can appear in
|
|
any order and cyclic host references are possible.
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fsinfo : @i{list(}fsinfo_attr@i{)} ;
|
|
|
|
fsinfo_attr : host | automount ;
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* FSinfo host definitions::
|
|
* FSinfo automount definitions::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo host definitions, FSinfo host attributes, FSinfo Grammar, FSinfo
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @i{FSinfo} host definitions
|
|
@cindex FSinfo host definitions
|
|
@cindex Defining a host, FSinfo
|
|
|
|
A host declaration consists of three parts: a set of machine attribute
|
|
data, a list of filesystems physically attached to the machine, and a
|
|
list of additional statically mounted filesystems.
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
host : "host" host_data @i{list(}filesystem@i{@i{)}} @i{list(}mount@i{@i{)}} ;
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Each host must be declared in this way exactly once. Such things as the
|
|
hardware address, the architecture and operating system types and the
|
|
cluster name are all specified within the @dfn{host data}.
|
|
|
|
All the disks the machine has should then be described in the @dfn{list
|
|
of filesystems}. When describing disks, you can specify what
|
|
@dfn{volname} the disk/partition should have and all such entries are
|
|
built up into a dictionary which can then be used for building the
|
|
automounter maps.
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{list of mounts} specifies all the filesystems that should be
|
|
statically mounted on the machine.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* FSinfo host attributes::
|
|
* FSinfo filesystems::
|
|
* FSinfo static mounts::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo host attributes, FSinfo filesystems, FSinfo host definitions , FSinfo host definitions
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @i{FSinfo} host attributes
|
|
@cindex FSinfo host attributes
|
|
@cindex Defining host attributes, FSinfo
|
|
|
|
The host data, @dfn{host_data}, always includes the @dfn{hostname}. In
|
|
addition, several other host attributes can be given.
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
host_data : @var{<hostname>}
|
|
| "@{" @i{list(}host_attrs@i{)} "@}" @var{<hostname>}
|
|
;
|
|
|
|
host_attrs : host_attr "=" @var{<string>}
|
|
| netif
|
|
;
|
|
|
|
host_attr : "config"
|
|
| "arch"
|
|
| "os"
|
|
| "cluster"
|
|
;
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The @dfn{hostname} is, typically, the fully qualified hostname of the
|
|
machine.
|
|
|
|
Examples:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
host dylan.doc.ic.ac.uk
|
|
|
|
host @{
|
|
os = hpux
|
|
arch = hp300
|
|
@} dougal.doc.ic.ac.uk
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The options that can be given as host attributes are shown below.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* netif Option: FSinfo host netif:
|
|
* config Option: FSinfo host config:
|
|
* arch Option: FSinfo host arch:
|
|
* os Option: FSinfo host os:
|
|
* cluster Option: FSinfo host cluster:
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo host netif, FSinfo host config, , FSinfo host attributes
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection netif Option
|
|
|
|
This defines the set of network interfaces configured on the machine.
|
|
The interface attributes collected by @i{FSinfo} are the IP address,
|
|
subnet mask and hardware address. Multiple interfaces may be defined
|
|
for hosts with several interfaces by an entry for each interface. The
|
|
values given are sanity checked, but are currently unused for anything
|
|
else.
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
netif : "netif" @var{<string>} "@{" @i{list(}netif_attrs@i{)} "@}" ;
|
|
|
|
netif_attrs : netif_attr "=" @var{<string>} ;
|
|
|
|
netif_attr : "inaddr" | "netmask" | "hwaddr" ;
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Examples:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
netif ie0 @{
|
|
inaddr = 129.31.81.37
|
|
netmask = 0xfffffe00
|
|
hwaddr = "08:00:20:01:a6:a5"
|
|
@}
|
|
|
|
netif ec0 @{ @}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo host config, FSinfo host arch, FSinfo host netif, FSinfo host attributes
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection config Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo config host attribute
|
|
@cindex config, FSinfo host attribute
|
|
|
|
This option allows you to specify configuration variables for the
|
|
startup scripts (@file{rc} scripts). A simple string should immediately
|
|
follow the keyword.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
config "NFS_SERVER=true"
|
|
config "ZEPHYR=true"
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
This option is currently unsupported.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo host arch, FSinfo host os, FSinfo host config, FSinfo host attributes
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection arch Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo arch host attribute
|
|
@cindex arch, FSinfo host attribute
|
|
|
|
This defines the architecture of the machine. For example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
arch = hp300
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
This is intended to be of use when building architecture specific
|
|
mountmaps, however, the option is currently unsupported.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo host os, FSinfo host cluster, FSinfo host arch, FSinfo host attributes
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection os Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo os host attribute
|
|
@cindex os, FSinfo host attribute
|
|
|
|
This defines the operating system type of the host. For example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
os = hpux
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
This information is used when creating the @file{fstab} files, for
|
|
example in choosing which format to use for the @file{fstab} entries
|
|
within the file.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo host cluster, , FSinfo host os, FSinfo host attributes
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection cluster Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo cluster host attribute
|
|
@cindex cluster, FSinfo host attribute
|
|
|
|
This is used for specifying in which cluster the machine belongs. For
|
|
example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
cluster = "theory"
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The cluster is intended to be used when generating the automount maps,
|
|
although it is currently unsupported.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo filesystems, FSinfo static mounts, FSinfo host attributes, FSinfo host definitions
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @i{FSinfo} filesystems
|
|
@cindex FSinfo filesystems
|
|
|
|
The list of physically attached filesystems follows the machine
|
|
attributes. These should define all the filesystems available from this
|
|
machine, whether exported or not. In addition to the device name,
|
|
filesystems have several attributes, such as filesystem type, mount
|
|
options, and @samp{fsck} pass number which are needed to generate
|
|
@file{fstab} entries.
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
filesystem : "fs" @var{<device>} "@{" @i{list(}fs_data@i{)} "@}" ;
|
|
|
|
fs_data : fs_data_attr "=" @var{<string>}
|
|
| mount
|
|
;
|
|
|
|
fs_data_attr
|
|
: "fstype" | "opts" | "passno"
|
|
| "freq" | "dumpset" | "log"
|
|
;
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Here, @var{<device>} is the device name of the disk (for example,
|
|
@file{/dev/dsk/2s0}). The device name is used for building the mount
|
|
maps and for the @file{fstab} file. The attributes that can be
|
|
specified are shown in the following section.
|
|
|
|
The @i{FSinfo} configuration file for @code{dylan.doc.ic.ac.uk} is listed below.
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
host dylan.doc.ic.ac.uk
|
|
|
|
fs /dev/dsk/0s0 @{
|
|
fstype = swap
|
|
@}
|
|
|
|
fs /dev/dsk/0s0 @{
|
|
fstype = hfs
|
|
opts = rw,noquota,grpid
|
|
passno = 0;
|
|
freq = 1;
|
|
mount / @{ @}
|
|
@}
|
|
|
|
fs /dev/dsk/1s0 @{
|
|
fstype = hfs
|
|
opts = defaults
|
|
passno = 1;
|
|
freq = 1;
|
|
mount /usr @{
|
|
local @{
|
|
exportfs "dougal eden dylan zebedee brian"
|
|
volname /nfs/hp300/local
|
|
@}
|
|
@}
|
|
@}
|
|
|
|
fs /dev/dsk/2s0 @{
|
|
fstype = hfs
|
|
opts = defaults
|
|
passno = 1;
|
|
freq = 1;
|
|
mount default @{
|
|
exportfs "toytown_clients hangers_on"
|
|
volname /home/dylan/dk2
|
|
@}
|
|
@}
|
|
|
|
fs /dev/dsk/3s0 @{
|
|
fstype = hfs
|
|
opts = defaults
|
|
passno = 1;
|
|
freq = 1;
|
|
mount default @{
|
|
exportfs "toytown_clients hangers_on"
|
|
volname /home/dylan/dk3
|
|
@}
|
|
@}
|
|
|
|
fs /dev/dsk/5s0 @{
|
|
fstype = hfs
|
|
opts = defaults
|
|
passno = 1;
|
|
freq = 1;
|
|
mount default @{
|
|
exportfs "toytown_clients hangers_on"
|
|
volname /home/dylan/dk5
|
|
@}
|
|
@}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* fstype Option: FSinfo filesystems fstype:
|
|
* opts Option: FSinfo filesystems opts:
|
|
* passno Option: FSinfo filesystems passno:
|
|
* freq Option: FSinfo filesystems freq:
|
|
* mount Option: FSinfo filesystems mount:
|
|
* dumpset Option: FSinfo filesystems dumpset:
|
|
* log Option: FSinfo filesystems log:
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo filesystems fstype, FSinfo filesystems opts, , FSinfo filesystems
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection fstype Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo fstype filesystems option
|
|
@cindex fstype, FSinfo filesystems option
|
|
@cindex export, FSinfo special fstype
|
|
|
|
This specifies the type of filesystem being declared and will be placed
|
|
into the @file{fstab} file as is. The value of this option will be
|
|
handed to @code{mount} as the filesystem type---it should have such
|
|
values as @code{4.2}, @code{nfs} or @code{swap}. The value is not
|
|
examined for correctness.
|
|
|
|
There is one special case. If the filesystem type is specified as
|
|
@samp{export} then the filesystem information will not be added to the
|
|
host's @file{fstab} information, but it will still be visible on the
|
|
network. This is useful for defining hosts which contain referenced
|
|
volumes but which are not under full control of @i{FSinfo}.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fstype = swap
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo filesystems opts, FSinfo filesystems passno,FSinfo filesystems fstype, FSinfo filesystems
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection opts Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo opts filesystems option
|
|
@cindex opts, FSinfo filesystems option
|
|
|
|
This defines any options that should be given to @b{mount}(8) in the
|
|
@file{fstab} file. For example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
opts = rw,nosuid,grpid
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo filesystems passno, FSinfo filesystems freq, FSinfo filesystems opts, FSinfo filesystems
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection passno Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo passno filesystems option
|
|
@cindex passno, FSinfo filesystems option
|
|
|
|
This defines the @b{fsck}(8) pass number in which to check the
|
|
filesystem. This value will be placed into the @file{fstab} file.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
passno = 1
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo filesystems freq, FSinfo filesystems mount, FSinfo filesystems passno, FSinfo filesystems
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection freq Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo freq filesystems option
|
|
@cindex freq, FSinfo filesystems option
|
|
|
|
This defines the interval (in days) between dumps. The value is placed
|
|
as is into the @file{fstab} file.
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
freq = 3
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo filesystems mount, FSinfo filesystems dumpset, FSinfo filesystems freq, FSinfo filesystems
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection mount Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo mount filesystems option
|
|
@cindex mount, FSinfo filesystems option
|
|
@cindex exportfs, FSinfo mount option
|
|
@cindex volname, FSinfo mount option
|
|
@cindex sel, FSinfo mount option
|
|
|
|
This defines the mountpoint at which to place the filesystem. If the
|
|
mountpoint of the filesystem is specified as @code{default}, then the
|
|
filesystem will be mounted in the automounter's tree under its volume
|
|
name and the mount will automatically be inherited by the automounter.
|
|
|
|
Following the mountpoint, namespace information for the filesystem may
|
|
be described. The options that can be given here are @code{exportfs},
|
|
@code{volname} and @code{sel}.
|
|
|
|
The format is:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
mount : "mount" vol_tree ;
|
|
|
|
vol_tree : @i{list(}vol_tree_attr@i{)} ;
|
|
|
|
vol_tree_attr
|
|
: @var{<string>} "@{" @i{list(}vol_tree_info@i{)} vol_tree "@}" ;
|
|
|
|
vol_tree_info
|
|
: "exportfs" @var{<export-data>}
|
|
| "volname" @var{<volname>}
|
|
| "sel" @var{<selector-list>}
|
|
;
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
mount default @{
|
|
exportfs "dylan dougal florence zebedee"
|
|
volname /vol/andrew
|
|
@}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
In the above example, the filesystem currently being declared will have
|
|
an entry placed into the @file{exports} file allowing the filesystem to
|
|
be exported to the machines @code{dylan}, @code{dougal}, @code{florence}
|
|
and @code{zebedee}. The volume name by which the filesystem will be
|
|
referred to remotely, is @file{/vol/andrew}. By declaring the
|
|
mountpoint to be @code{default}, the filesystem will be mounted on the
|
|
local machine in the automounter tree, where @i{Amd} will automatically
|
|
inherit the mount as @file{/vol/andrew}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@table @samp
|
|
@item exportfs
|
|
a string defining which machines the filesystem may be exported to.
|
|
This is copied, as is, into the @file{exports} file---no sanity checking
|
|
is performed on this string.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item volname
|
|
a string which declares the remote name by which to reference the
|
|
filesystem. The string is entered into a dictionary and allows you to
|
|
refer to this filesystem in other places by this volume name.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item sel
|
|
a string which is placed into the automounter maps as a selector for the
|
|
filesystem.@refill
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo filesystems dumpset, FSinfo filesystems log, FSinfo filesystems mount, FSinfo filesystems
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection dumpset Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo dumpset filesystems option
|
|
@cindex dumpset, FSinfo filesystems option
|
|
|
|
This provides support for Imperial College's local file backup tools and
|
|
is not documented further here.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo filesystems log, , FSinfo filesystems dumpset, FSinfo filesystems
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection log Option
|
|
@cindex FSinfo log filesystems option
|
|
@cindex log, FSinfo filesystems option
|
|
|
|
Specifies the log device for the current filesystem. This is ignored if
|
|
not required by the particular filesystem type.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo static mounts, FSinfo automount definitions , FSinfo filesystems, FSinfo host definitions
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @i{FSinfo} static mounts
|
|
@cindex FSinfo static mounts
|
|
@cindex Statically mounts filesystems, FSinfo
|
|
|
|
Each host may also have a number of statically mounted filesystems. For
|
|
example, the host may be a diskless workstation in which case it will
|
|
have no @code{fs} declarations. In this case the @code{mount}
|
|
declaration is used to determine from where its filesystems will be
|
|
mounted. In addition to being added to the @file{fstab} file, this
|
|
information can also be used to generate a suitable @file{bootparams}
|
|
file.@refill
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
mount : "mount" @var{<volname>} @i{list(}localinfo@i{)} ;
|
|
|
|
localinfo : localinfo_attr @var{<string>} ;
|
|
|
|
localinfo_attr
|
|
: "as"
|
|
| "from"
|
|
| "fstype"
|
|
| "opts"
|
|
;
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The filesystem specified to be mounted will be searched for in the
|
|
dictionary of volume names built when scanning the list of hosts'
|
|
definitions.
|
|
|
|
The attributes have the following semantics:
|
|
@table @samp
|
|
@item from @var{machine}
|
|
mount the filesystem from the machine with the hostname of
|
|
@dfn{machine}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item as @var{mountpoint}
|
|
mount the filesystem locally as the name given, in case this is
|
|
different from the advertised volume name of the filesystem.
|
|
|
|
@item opts @var{options}
|
|
native @b{mount}(8) options.
|
|
|
|
@item fstype @var{type}
|
|
type of filesystem to be mounted.
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
An example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
mount /export/exec/hp300/local as /usr/local
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
If the mountpoint specified is either @file{/} or @file{swap}, the
|
|
machine will be considered to be booting off the net and this will be
|
|
noted for use in generating a @file{bootparams} file for the host which
|
|
owns the filesystems.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo automount definitions, FSinfo Command Line Options, FSinfo static mounts, FSinfo
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Defining an @i{Amd} Mount Map in @i{FSinfo}
|
|
@cindex FSinfo automount definitions
|
|
@cindex Defining an Amd mount map, FSinfo
|
|
|
|
The maps used by @i{Amd} can be constructed from @i{FSinfo} by defining
|
|
all the automount trees. @i{FSinfo} takes all the definitions found and
|
|
builds one map for each top level tree.
|
|
|
|
The automount tree is usually defined last. A single automount
|
|
configuration will usually apply to an entire management domain. One
|
|
@code{automount} declaration is needed for each @i{Amd} automount point.
|
|
@i{FSinfo} determines whether the automount point is @dfn{direct}
|
|
(@pxref{Direct Automount Filesystem}) or @dfn{indirect}
|
|
(@pxref{Top-level Filesystem}). Direct automount points are
|
|
distinguished by the fact that there is no underlying
|
|
@dfn{automount_tree}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
automount : "automount" opt(auto_opts@i{)} automount_tree ;
|
|
|
|
auto_opts : "opts" @var{<mount-options>} ;
|
|
|
|
automount_tree
|
|
: @i{list(}automount_attr@i{)}
|
|
;
|
|
|
|
automount_attr
|
|
: @var{<string>} "=" @var{<volname>}
|
|
| @var{<string>} "->" @var{<symlink>}
|
|
| @var{<string>} "@{" automount_tree "@}"
|
|
;
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
If @var{<mount-options>} is given, then it is the string to be placed in
|
|
the maps for @i{Amd} for the @code{opts} option.
|
|
|
|
A @dfn{map} is typically a tree of filesystems, for example @file{home}
|
|
normally contains a tree of filesystems representing other machines in
|
|
the network.
|
|
|
|
A map can either be given as a name representing an already defined
|
|
volume name, or it can be a tree. A tree is represented by placing
|
|
braces after the name. For example, to define a tree @file{/vol}, the
|
|
following map would be defined:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
automount /vol @{ @}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Within a tree, the only items that can appear are more maps.
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
automount /vol @{
|
|
andrew @{ @}
|
|
X11 @{ @}
|
|
@}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
In this case, @i{FSinfo} will look for volumes named @file{/vol/andrew}
|
|
and @file{/vol/X11} and a map entry will be generated for each. If the
|
|
volumes are defined more than once, then @i{FSinfo} will generate
|
|
a series of alternate entries for them in the maps.@refill
|
|
|
|
Instead of a tree, either a link (@var{name} @code{->}
|
|
@var{destination}) or a reference can be specified (@var{name} @code{=}
|
|
@var{destination}). A link creates a symbolic link to the string
|
|
specified, without further processing the entry. A reference will
|
|
examine the destination filesystem and optimise the reference. For
|
|
example, to create an entry for @code{njw} in the @file{/homes} map,
|
|
either of the two forms can be used:@refill
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
automount /homes @{
|
|
njw -> /home/dylan/njw
|
|
@}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
automount /homes @{
|
|
njw = /home/dylan/njw
|
|
@}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
In the first example, when @file{/homes/njw} is referenced from @i{Amd},
|
|
a link will be created leading to @file{/home/dylan/njw} and the
|
|
automounter will be referenced a second time to resolve this filename.
|
|
The map entry would be:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
njw type:=link;fs:=/home/dylan/njw
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
In the second example, the destination directory is analysed and found
|
|
to be in the filesystem @file{/home/dylan} which has previously been
|
|
defined in the maps. Hence the map entry will look like:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
njw rhost:=dylan;rfs:=/home/dylan;sublink:=njw
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Creating only one symbolic link, and one access to @i{Amd}.
|
|
|
|
@c ---------------------------------------------
|
|
@node FSinfo Command Line Options, FSinfo errors, FSinfo automount definitions, FSinfo
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @i{FSinfo} Command Line Options
|
|
@cindex FSinfo command line options
|
|
@cindex Command line options, FSinfo
|
|
|
|
@i{FSinfo} is started from the command line by using the command:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fsinfo [@i{options}] files ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The input to @i{FSinfo} is a single set of definitions of machines and
|
|
automount maps. If multiple files are given on the command-line, then
|
|
the files are concatenated together to form the input source. The files
|
|
are passed individually through the C pre-processor before being parsed.
|
|
|
|
Several options define a prefix for the name of an output file. If the
|
|
prefix is not specified no output of that type is produced. The suffix
|
|
used will correspond either to the hostname to which a file belongs, or
|
|
to the type of output if only one file is produced. Dumpsets and the
|
|
@file{bootparams} file are in the latter class. To put the output into
|
|
a subdirectory simply put a @file{/} at the end of the prefix, making
|
|
sure that the directory has already been made before running
|
|
@samp{fsinfo}.
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* -a FSinfo Option:: Amd automount directory:
|
|
* -b FSinfo Option:: Prefix for bootparams files.
|
|
* -d FSinfo Option:: Prefix for dumpset data files.
|
|
* -e FSinfo Option:: Prefix for exports files.
|
|
* -f FSinfo Option:: Prefix for fstab files.
|
|
* -h FSinfo Option:: Local hostname.
|
|
* -m FSinfo Option:: Prefix for automount maps.
|
|
* -q FSinfo Option:: Ultra quiet mode.
|
|
* -v FSinfo Option:: Verbose mode.
|
|
* -I FSinfo Option:: Define new #include directory.
|
|
* -D-FSinfo Option:: Define macro.
|
|
* -U FSinfo Option:: Undefine macro.
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node -a FSinfo Option, -b FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-a} @var{autodir}
|
|
|
|
Specifies the directory name in which to place the automounter's
|
|
mountpoints. This defaults to @file{/a}. Some sites have the autodir set
|
|
to be @file{/amd}, and this would be achieved by:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fsinfo -a /amd ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -b FSinfo Option, -d FSinfo Option, -a FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-b} @var{bootparams}
|
|
@cindex bootparams, FSinfo prefix
|
|
|
|
This specifies the prefix for the @file{bootparams} filename. If it is
|
|
not given, then the file will not be generated. The @file{bootparams}
|
|
file will be constructed for the destination machine and will be placed
|
|
into a file named @file{bootparams} and prefixed by this string. The
|
|
file generated contains a list of entries describing each diskless
|
|
client that can boot from the destination machine.
|
|
|
|
As an example, to create a @file{bootparams} file in the directory
|
|
@file{generic}, the following would be used:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fsinfo -b generic/ ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -d FSinfo Option, -e FSinfo Option, -b FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-d} @var{dumpsets}
|
|
@cindex dumpset, FSinfo prefix
|
|
|
|
This specifies the prefix for the @file{dumpsets} file. If it is not
|
|
specified, then the file will not be generated. The file will be for
|
|
the destination machine and will be placed into a filename
|
|
@file{dumpsets}, prefixed by this string. The @file{dumpsets} file is
|
|
for use by Imperial College's local backup system.
|
|
|
|
For example, to create a dumpsets file in the directory @file{generic},
|
|
then you would use the following:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fsinfo -d generic/ ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -e FSinfo Option, -f FSinfo Option, -d FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-e} @var{exportfs}
|
|
@cindex exports, FSinfo prefix
|
|
|
|
Defines the prefix for the @file{exports} files. If it is not given,
|
|
then the file will not be generated. For each machine defined in the
|
|
configuration files as having disks, an @file{exports} file is
|
|
constructed and given a filename determined by the name of the machine,
|
|
prefixed with this string. If a machine is defined as diskless, then no
|
|
@file{exports} file will be created for it. The files contain entries
|
|
for directories on the machine that may be exported to clients.
|
|
|
|
Example: To create the @file{exports} files for each diskful machine
|
|
and place them into the directory @file{exports}:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fsinfo -e exports/ ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -f FSinfo Option, -h FSinfo Option, -e FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-f} @var{fstab}
|
|
@cindex fstab, FSinfo prefix
|
|
|
|
This defines the prefix for the @file{fstab} files. The files will only
|
|
be created if this prefix is defined. For each machine defined in the
|
|
configuration files, a @file{fstab} file is created with the filename
|
|
determined by prefixing this string with the name of the machine. These
|
|
files contain entries for filesystems and partitions to mount at boot
|
|
time.
|
|
|
|
Example, to create the files in the directory @file{fstabs}:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fsinfo -f fstabs/ ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -h FSinfo Option, -m FSinfo Option, -f FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-h} @var{hostname}
|
|
@cindex hostname, FSinfo command line option
|
|
|
|
Defines the hostname of the destination machine to process for. If this
|
|
is not specified, it defaults to the local machine name, as returned by
|
|
@b{gethostname}(2).
|
|
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fsinfo -h dylan.doc.ic.ac.uk ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -m FSinfo Option, -q FSinfo Option, -h FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-m} @var{mount-maps}
|
|
@cindex maps, FSinfo command line option
|
|
|
|
Defines the prefix for the automounter files. The maps will only be
|
|
produced if this prefix is defined. The mount maps suitable for the
|
|
network defined by the configuration files will be placed into files
|
|
with names calculated by prefixing this string to the name of each map.
|
|
|
|
For example, to create the automounter maps and place them in the
|
|
directory @file{automaps}:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
fsinfo -m automaps/ ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node -q FSinfo Option, -v FSinfo Option, -m FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-q}
|
|
@cindex quiet, FSinfo command line option
|
|
|
|
Selects quiet mode. @i{FSinfo} suppress the ``running commentary'' and
|
|
only outputs any error messages which are generated.
|
|
|
|
@node -v FSinfo Option, -D-FSinfo Option, -q FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-v}
|
|
@cindex verbose, FSinfo command line option
|
|
|
|
Selects verbose mode. When this is activated, the program will display
|
|
more messages, and display all the information discovered when
|
|
performing the semantic analysis phase. Each verbose message is output
|
|
to @file{stdout} on a line starting with a @samp{#} character.
|
|
|
|
@node -D-FSinfo Option, -I FSinfo Option, -v FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-D} @var{name[=defn]}
|
|
|
|
Defines a symbol @dfn{name} for the preprocessor when reading the
|
|
configuration files. Equivalent to @code{#define} directive.
|
|
|
|
@node -I FSinfo Option, -U FSinfo Option, -D-FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-I} @var{directory}
|
|
|
|
This option is passed into the preprocessor for the configuration files.
|
|
It specifies directories in which to find include files
|
|
|
|
@node -U FSinfo Option, , -I FSinfo Option, FSinfo Command Line Options
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection @code{-U} @var{name}
|
|
|
|
Removes any initial definition of the symbol @dfn{name}. Inverse of the
|
|
@code{-D} option.
|
|
|
|
@node FSinfo errors, , FSinfo Command Line Options, FSinfo
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Errors produced by @i{FSinfo}
|
|
@cindex FSinfo error messages
|
|
|
|
The following table documents the errors and warnings which @i{FSinfo} may produce.
|
|
|
|
@table @t
|
|
|
|
@item can't open @var{filename} for writing
|
|
Occurs if any errors are encountered when opening an output file.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item unknown host attribute
|
|
Occurs if an unrecognised keyword is used when defining a host.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item unknown filesystem attribute
|
|
Occurs if an unrecognised keyword is used when defining a host's
|
|
filesystems.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item not allowed '/' in a directory name
|
|
When reading the configuration input, if there is a filesystem
|
|
definition which contains a pathname with multiple directories for any
|
|
part of the mountpoint element, and it is not a single absolute path,
|
|
then this message will be produced by the parser.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item unknown directory attribute
|
|
If an unknown keyword is found while reading the definition of a hosts's
|
|
filesystem mount option.
|
|
|
|
@item unknown mount attribute
|
|
Occurs if an unrecognised keyword is found while parsing the list of
|
|
static mounts.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item " expected
|
|
Occurs if an unescaped newline is found in a quoted string.
|
|
|
|
@item unknown \ sequence
|
|
Occurs if an unknown escape sequence is found inside a string. Within a
|
|
string, you can give the standard C escape sequences for strings, such
|
|
as newlines and tab characters.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item @var{filename}: cannot open for reading
|
|
If a file specified on the command line as containing configuration data
|
|
could not be opened.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item end of file within comment
|
|
A comment was unterminated before the end of one of the configuration
|
|
files.
|
|
|
|
@item host field "@var{field-name}" already set
|
|
If duplicate definitions are given for any of the fields with a host
|
|
definition.
|
|
|
|
@item duplicate host @var{hostname}!
|
|
If a host has more than one definition.
|
|
|
|
@item netif field @var{field-name} already set
|
|
Occurs if you attempt to define an attribute of an interface more than
|
|
once.
|
|
|
|
@item malformed IP dotted quad: @var{address}
|
|
If the Internet address of an interface is incorrectly specified. An
|
|
Internet address definition is handled to @b{inet_addr}(3N) to see if it
|
|
can cope. If not, then this message will be displayed.
|
|
|
|
@item malformed netmask: @var{netmask}
|
|
If the netmask cannot be decoded as though it were a hexadecimal number,
|
|
then this message will be displayed. It will typically be caused by
|
|
incorrect characters in the @var{netmask} value.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item fs field "@var{field-name}" already set
|
|
Occurs when multiple definitions are given for one of the attributes of a
|
|
host's filesystem.
|
|
|
|
@item mount tree field "@var{field-name}" already set
|
|
Occurs when the @var{field-name} is defined more than once during the
|
|
definition of a filesystems mountpoint.
|
|
|
|
@item mount field "@var{field-name}" already set
|
|
Occurs when a static mount has multiple definitions of the same field.
|
|
|
|
@item no disk mounts on @var{hostname}
|
|
If there are no static mounts, nor local disk mounts specified for a
|
|
machine, this message will be displayed.
|
|
|
|
@item @var{host}:@var{device} needs field "@var{field-name}"
|
|
Occurs when a filesystem is missing a required field. @var{field-name} could
|
|
be one of @code{fstype}, @code{opts}, @code{passno} or
|
|
@code{mount}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item @var{filesystem} has a volname but no exportfs data
|
|
Occurs when a volume name is declared for a file system, but the string
|
|
specifying what machines the filesystem can be exported to is
|
|
missing.
|
|
|
|
@item sub-directory @var{directory} of @var{directory-tree} starts with '/'
|
|
Within the filesystem specification for a host, if an element
|
|
@var{directory} of the mountpoint begins with a @samp{/} and it is not
|
|
the start of the tree.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item @var{host}:@var{device} has no mount point
|
|
Occurs if the @samp{mount} option is not specified for a host's
|
|
filesystem.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item @var{host}:@var{device} has more than one mount point
|
|
Occurs if the mount option for a host's filesystem specifies multiple
|
|
trees at which to place the mountpoint.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item no volname given for @var{host}:@var{device}
|
|
Occurs when a filesystem is defined to be mounted on @file{default}, but
|
|
no volume name is given for the file system, then the mountpoint cannot
|
|
be determined.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item @var{host}:mount field specified for swap partition
|
|
Occurs if a mountpoint is given for a filesystem whose type is declared
|
|
to be @code{swap}.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item ambiguous mount: @var{volume} is a replicated filesystem
|
|
If several filesystems are declared as having the same volume name, they
|
|
will be considered replicated filesystems. To mount a replicated
|
|
filesystem statically, a specific host will need to be named, to say
|
|
which particular copy to try and mount, else this error will
|
|
result.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item cannot determine localname since volname @var{volume} is not uniquely defined
|
|
If a volume is replicated and an attempt is made to mount the filesystem
|
|
statically without specifying a local mountpoint, @i{FSinfo} cannot
|
|
calculate a mountpoint, as the desired pathname would be
|
|
ambiguous.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item volname @var{volume} is unknown
|
|
Occurs if an attempt is made to mount or reference a volume name which
|
|
has not been declared during the host filesystem definitions.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item volname @var{volume} not exported from @var{machine}
|
|
Occurs if you attempt to mount the volume @var{volume} from a machine
|
|
which has not declared itself to have such a filesystem
|
|
available.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item network booting requires both root and swap areas
|
|
Occurs if a machine has mount declarations for either the root partition
|
|
or the swap area, but not both. You cannot define a machine to only
|
|
partially boot via the network.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item unknown volname @var{volume} automounted @i{[} on <name> @i{]}
|
|
Occurs if @var{volume} is used in a definition of an automount map but the volume
|
|
name has not been declared during the host filesystem definitions.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item not allowed '/' in a directory name
|
|
Occurs when a pathname with multiple directory elements is specified as
|
|
the name for an automounter tree. A tree should only have one name at
|
|
each level.
|
|
|
|
@item @var{device} has duplicate exportfs data
|
|
Produced if the @samp{exportfs} option is used multiple times within the
|
|
same branch of a filesytem definition. For example, if you attempt to
|
|
set the @samp{exportfs} data at different levels of the mountpoint
|
|
directory tree.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item sub-directory of @var{directory-tree} is named "default"
|
|
@samp{default} is a keyword used to specify if a mountpoint should be
|
|
automatically calculated by @i{FSinfo}. If you attempt to specify a
|
|
directory name as this, it will use the filename of @file{default} but
|
|
will produce this warning.@refill
|
|
|
|
@item pass number for @var{host}:@var{device} is non-zero
|
|
Occurs if @var{device} has its @samp{fstype} declared to be @samp{swap}
|
|
or @samp{export} and the @b{fsck}(8) pass number is set. Swap devices should not be
|
|
fsck'd. @xref{FSinfo filesystems fstype}@refill
|
|
|
|
@item dump frequency for @var{host}:@var{device} is non-zero
|
|
Occurs if @var{device} has its @samp{fstype} declared to be @samp{swap}
|
|
or @samp{export} and the @samp{dump} option is set to a value greater
|
|
than zero. Swap devices should not be dumped.@refill
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Examples, Internals, FSinfo, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@chapter Examples
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* User Filesystems::
|
|
* Home Directories::
|
|
* Architecture Sharing::
|
|
* Wildcard Names::
|
|
* rwho servers::
|
|
* /vol::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node User Filesystems, Home Directories, Examples, Examples
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section User Filesystems
|
|
@cindex User filesystems
|
|
@cindex Mounting user filesystems
|
|
|
|
With more than one fileserver, the directories most frequently
|
|
cross-mounted are those containing user home directories. A common
|
|
convention used at Imperial College is to mount the user disks under
|
|
@t{/home/}@i{machine}.
|
|
|
|
Typically, the @samp{/etc/fstab} file contained a long list of entries
|
|
such as:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
@i{machine}:/home/@i{machine} /home/@i{machine} nfs ...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
for each fileserver on the network.
|
|
|
|
There are numerous problems with this system. The mount list can become
|
|
quite large and some of the machines may be down when a system is
|
|
booted. When a new fileserver is installed, @samp{/etc/fstab} must be
|
|
updated on every machine, the mount directory created and the filesystem
|
|
mounted.
|
|
|
|
In many environments most people use the same few workstations, but
|
|
it is convenient to go to a colleague's machine and access your own
|
|
files. When a server goes down, it can cause a process on a client
|
|
machine to hang. By minimising the mounted filesystems to only include
|
|
those actively being used, there is less chance that a filesystem will
|
|
be mounted when a server goes down.
|
|
|
|
The following is a short extract from a map taken from a research fileserver
|
|
at Imperial College.
|
|
|
|
Note the entry for @samp{localhost} which is used for users such as
|
|
the operator (@samp{opr}) who have a home directory on most machine as
|
|
@samp{/home/localhost/opr}.
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/defaults opts:=rw,intr,grpid,nosuid
|
|
charm host!=$@{key@};type:=nfs;rhost:=$@{key@};rfs:=/home/$@{key@} \
|
|
host==$@{key@};type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/xd0g
|
|
#
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
localhost type:=link;fs:=$@{host@}
|
|
...
|
|
#
|
|
# dylan has two user disks so have a
|
|
# top directory in which to mount them.
|
|
#
|
|
dylan type:=auto;fs:=$@{map@};pref:=$@{key@}/
|
|
#
|
|
dylan/dk2 host!=dylan;type:=nfs;rhost:=dylan;rfs:=/home/$@{key@} \
|
|
host==dylan;type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/dsk/2s0
|
|
#
|
|
dylan/dk5 host!=dylan;type:=nfs;rhost:=dylan;rfs:=/home/$@{key@} \
|
|
host==dylan;type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/dsk/5s0
|
|
...
|
|
#
|
|
toytown host!=$@{key@};type:=nfs;rhost:=$@{key@};rfs:=/home/$@{key@} \
|
|
host==$@{key@};type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/xy1g
|
|
...
|
|
#
|
|
zebedee host!=$@{key@};type:=nfs;rhost:=$@{key@};rfs:=/home/$@{key@} \
|
|
host==$@{key@};type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/dsk/1s0
|
|
#
|
|
# Just for access...
|
|
#
|
|
gould type:=auto;fs:=$@{map@};pref:=$@{key@}/
|
|
gould/staff host!=gould;type:=nfs;rhost:=gould;rfs:=/home/$@{key@}
|
|
#
|
|
gummo host!=$@{key@};type:=nfs;rhost:=$@{key@};rfs:=/home/$@{key@}
|
|
...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
This map is shared by most of the machines listed so on those
|
|
systems any of the user disks is accessible via a consistent name.
|
|
@i{Amd} is started with the following command
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd /home amd.home
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Note that when mounting a remote filesystem, the @dfn{automounted}
|
|
mount point is referenced, so that the filesystem will be mounted if
|
|
it is not yet (at the time the remote @samp{mountd} obtains the file handle).
|
|
|
|
@node Home Directories, Architecture Sharing, User Filesystems, Examples
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Home Directories
|
|
@cindex Home directories
|
|
@cindex Example of mounting home directories
|
|
@cindex Mount home directories
|
|
|
|
One convention for home directories is to locate them in @samp{/homes}
|
|
so user @samp{jsp}'s home directory is @samp{/homes/jsp}. With more
|
|
than a single fileserver it is convenient to spread user files across
|
|
several machines. All that is required is a mount-map which converts
|
|
login names to an automounted directory.
|
|
|
|
Such a map might be started by the command:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
amd /homes amd.homes
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
where the map @samp{amd.homes} contained the entries:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/defaults type:=link # All the entries are of type:=link
|
|
jsp fs:=/home/charm/jsp
|
|
njw fs:=/home/dylan/dk5/njw
|
|
...
|
|
phjk fs:=/home/toytown/ai/phjk
|
|
sjv fs:=/home/ganymede/sjv
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Whenever a login name is accessed in @samp{/homes} a symbolic link
|
|
appears pointing to the real location of that user's home directory. In
|
|
this example, @samp{/homes/jsp} would appear to be a symbolic link
|
|
pointing to @samp{/home/charm/jsp}. Of course, @samp{/home} would also
|
|
be an automount point.
|
|
|
|
This system causes an extra level of symbolic links to be used.
|
|
Although that turns out to be relatively inexpensive, an alternative is
|
|
to directly mount the required filesystems in the @samp{/homes}
|
|
map. The required map is simple, but long, and its creation is best automated.
|
|
The entry for @samp{jsp} could be:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
jsp -sublink:=$@{key@};rfs:=/home/charm \
|
|
host==charm;type:=ufs;dev:=/dev/xd0g \
|
|
host!=charm;type:=nfs;rhost:=charm
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
This map can become quite big if it contains a large number of entries.
|
|
By combining two other features of @i{Amd} it can be greatly simplified.
|
|
|
|
First the UFS partitions should be mounted under the control of
|
|
@samp{/etc/fstab}, taking care that they are mounted in the same place
|
|
that @i{Amd} would have automounted them. In most cases this would be
|
|
something like @samp{/a/@dfn{host}/home/@dfn{host}} and
|
|
@samp{/etc/fstab} on host @samp{charm} would have a line:@refill
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/dev/xy0g /a/charm/home/charm 4.2 rw,nosuid,grpid 1 5
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
The map can then be changed to:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/defaults type:=nfs;sublink:=$@{key@};opts:=rw,intr,nosuid,grpid
|
|
jsp rhost:=charm;rfs:=/home/charm
|
|
njw rhost:=dylan;rfs:=/home/dylan/dk5
|
|
...
|
|
phjk rhost:=toytown;rfs:=/home/toytown;sublink:=ai/$@{key@}
|
|
sjv rhost:=ganymede;rfs:=/home/ganymede
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
This map operates as usual on a remote machine (@i{ie} @code{$@{host@}}
|
|
not equal to @code{$@{rhost@}}). On the machine where the filesystem is
|
|
stored (@i{ie} @code{$@{host@}} equal to @code{$@{rhost@}}), @i{Amd}
|
|
will construct a local filesystem mount point which corresponds to the
|
|
name of the locally mounted UFS partition. If @i{Amd} is started with
|
|
the ``-r'' option then instead of attempting an NFS mount, @i{Amd} will
|
|
simply inherit the UFS mount (@pxref{Inheritance Filesystem}). If
|
|
``-r'' is not used then a loopback NFS mount will be made. This type of
|
|
mount is known to cause a deadlock on many systems.
|
|
|
|
@node Architecture Sharing, Wildcard Names, Home Directories, Examples
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Architecture Sharing
|
|
@cindex Architecture sharing
|
|
@cindex Sharing a fileserver between architectures
|
|
@cindex Architecture dependent volumes
|
|
|
|
@c %At the moment some of the research machines have sets of software
|
|
@c %mounted in @samp{/vol}. This contains subdirectories for \TeX,
|
|
@c %system sources, local sources, prolog libraries and so on.
|
|
Often a filesystem will be shared by machines of different architectures.
|
|
Separate trees can be maintained for the executable images for each
|
|
architecture, but it may be more convenient to have a shared tree,
|
|
with distinct subdirectories.
|
|
|
|
A shared tree might have the following structure on the fileserver (called
|
|
@samp{fserver} in the example):
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
local/tex
|
|
local/tex/fonts
|
|
local/tex/lib
|
|
local/tex/bin
|
|
local/tex/bin/sun3
|
|
local/tex/bin/sun4
|
|
local/tex/bin/hp9000
|
|
...
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
In this example, the subdirectories of @samp{local/tex/bin} should be
|
|
hidden when accessed via the automount point (conventionally @samp{/vol}).
|
|
A mount-map for @samp{/vol} to achieve this would look like:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/defaults sublink:=$@{/key@};rhost:=fserver;type:=link
|
|
tex type:=auto;fs:=$@{map@};pref:=$@{key@}/
|
|
tex/fonts host!=fserver;type:=nfs;rfs:=/vol/tex \
|
|
host==fserver;fs:=/usr/local/tex
|
|
tex/lib host!=fserver;type:=nfs;rfs:=/vol/tex \
|
|
host==fserver;fs:=/usr/local/tex
|
|
tex/bin -sublink:=$@{/key@}/$@{arch@} host!=fserver;type:=nfs;rfs:=/vol/tex \
|
|
host:=fserver;fs:=/usr/local/tex
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
When @samp{/vol/tex/bin} is referenced, the current machine architecture
|
|
is automatically appended to the path by the @code{$@{sublink@}}
|
|
variable. This means that users can have @samp{/vol/tex/bin} in their
|
|
@samp{PATH} without concern for architecture dependencies.
|
|
|
|
@node Wildcard Names, rwho servers, Architecture Sharing, Examples
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Wildcard names & Replicated Servers
|
|
|
|
By using the wildcard facility, @i{Amd} can @dfn{overlay} an existing
|
|
directory with additional entries.
|
|
The system files are usually mounted under @samp{/usr}. If instead
|
|
@i{Amd} is mounted on @samp{/usr}, additional
|
|
names can be overlayed to augment or replace names in the ``master'' @samp{/usr}.
|
|
A map to do this would have the form:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
local type:=auto;fs:=local-map
|
|
share type:=auto;fs:=share-map
|
|
* -type:=nfs;rfs:=/export/exec/$@{arch@};sublink:="$@{key@}" \
|
|
rhost:=fserv1 rhost:=fserv2 rhost:=fserv3
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
Note that the assignment to @code{$@{sublink@}} is surrounded by double
|
|
quotes to prevent the incoming key from causing the map to be
|
|
misinterpreted. This map has the effect of directing any access to
|
|
@samp{/usr/local} or @samp{/usr/share} to another automount point.
|
|
|
|
In this example, it is assumed that the @samp{/usr} files are replicated
|
|
on three fileservers: @samp{fserv1}, @samp{fserv2} and @samp{fserv3}.
|
|
For any references other than to @samp{local} and @samp{share} one of
|
|
the servers is used and a symbolic link to
|
|
@t{$@{autodir@}/$@{rhost@}/export/exec/$@{arch@}/@i{whatever}} is
|
|
returned once an appropriate filesystem has been mounted.@refill
|
|
|
|
@node rwho servers, /vol, Wildcard Names, Examples
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @samp{rwho} servers
|
|
@cindex rwho servers
|
|
@cindex Architecture specific mounts
|
|
@cindex Example of architecture specific mounts
|
|
|
|
The @samp{/usr/spool/rwho} directory is a good candidate for automounting.
|
|
For efficiency reasons it is best to capture the rwho data on a small
|
|
number of machines and then mount that information onto a large number
|
|
of clients. The data written into the rwho files is byte order dependent
|
|
so only servers with the correct byte ordering can be used by a client:
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/defaults type:=nfs
|
|
usr/spool/rwho -byte==little;rfs:=/usr/spool/rwho \
|
|
rhost:=vaxA rhost:=vaxB \
|
|
|| -rfs:=/usr/spool/rwho \
|
|
rhost:=sun4 rhost:=hp300
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node /vol, , rwho servers, Examples
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section @samp{/vol}
|
|
@cindex /vol
|
|
@cindex Catch-all mount point
|
|
@cindex Generic volume name
|
|
|
|
@samp{/vol} is used as a catch-all for volumes which do not have other
|
|
conventional names.
|
|
|
|
Below is part of the @samp{/vol} map for the domain @samp{doc.ic.ac.uk}.
|
|
The @samp{r+d} tree is used for new or experimental software that needs
|
|
to be available everywhere without installing it on all the fileservers.
|
|
Users wishing to try out the new software then simply include
|
|
@samp{/vol/r+d/@{bin,ucb@}} in their path.@refill
|
|
|
|
The main tree resides on one host @samp{gould.doc.ic.ac.uk}, which has
|
|
different @samp{bin}, @samp{etc}, @samp{lib} and @samp{ucb}
|
|
sub-directories for each machine architecture. For example,
|
|
@samp{/vol/r+d/bin} for a Sun-4 would be stored in the sub-directory
|
|
@samp{bin/sun4} of the filesystem @samp{/usr/r+d}. When it was accessed
|
|
a symbolic link pointing to @samp{/a/gould/usr/r+d/bin/sun4} would be
|
|
returned.@refill
|
|
|
|
@example
|
|
/defaults type:=nfs;opts:=rw,grpid,nosuid,intr,soft
|
|
wp -opts:=rw,grpid,nosuid;rhost:=charm \
|
|
host==charm;type:=link;fs:=/usr/local/wp \
|
|
host!=charm;type:=nfs;rfs:=/vol/wp
|
|
...
|
|
#
|
|
src -opts:=rw,grpid,nosuid;rhost:=charm \
|
|
host==charm;type:=link;fs:=/usr/src \
|
|
host!=charm;type:=nfs;rfs:=/vol/src
|
|
#
|
|
r+d type:=auto;fs:=$@{map@};pref:=r+d/
|
|
# per architecture bin,etc,lib&ucb...
|
|
r+d/bin rhost:=gould.doc.ic.ac.uk;rfs:=/usr/r+d;sublink:=$@{/key@}/$@{arch@}
|
|
r+d/etc rhost:=gould.doc.ic.ac.uk;rfs:=/usr/r+d;sublink:=$@{/key@}/$@{arch@}
|
|
r+d/include rhost:=gould.doc.ic.ac.uk;rfs:=/usr/r+d;sublink:=$@{/key@}
|
|
r+d/lib rhost:=gould.doc.ic.ac.uk;rfs:=/usr/r+d;sublink:=$@{/key@}/$@{arch@}
|
|
r+d/man rhost:=gould.doc.ic.ac.uk;rfs:=/usr/r+d;sublink:=$@{/key@}
|
|
r+d/src rhost:=gould.doc.ic.ac.uk;rfs:=/usr/r+d;sublink:=$@{/key@}
|
|
r+d/ucb rhost:=gould.doc.ic.ac.uk;rfs:=/usr/r+d;sublink:=$@{/key@}/$@{arch@}
|
|
# hades pictures
|
|
pictures -opts:=rw,grpid,nosuid;rhost:=thpfs \
|
|
host==thpfs;type:=link;fs:=/nbsd/pictures \
|
|
host!=thpfs;type:=nfs;rfs:=/nbsd;sublink:=pictures
|
|
# hades tools
|
|
hades -opts:=rw,grpid,nosuid;rhost:=thpfs \
|
|
host==thpfs;type:=link;fs:=/nbsd/hades \
|
|
host!=thpfs;type:=nfs;rfs:=/nbsd;sublink:=hades
|
|
# bsd tools for hp.
|
|
bsd -opts:=rw,grpid,nosuid;arch==hp9000;rhost:=thpfs \
|
|
host==thpfs;type:=link;fs:=/nbsd/bsd \
|
|
host!=thpfs;type:=nfs;rfs:=/nbsd;sublink:=bsd
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@node Internals, Acknowledgements & Trademarks, Examples, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@chapter Internals
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Log Messages::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Log Messages, , Internals, Internals
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@section Log Messages
|
|
|
|
In the following sections a brief explanation is given of some of the
|
|
log messages made by @i{Amd}. Where the message is in @samp{typewriter}
|
|
font, it corresponds exactly to the message produced by @i{Amd}. Words
|
|
in @dfn{italic} are replaced by an appropriate string. Variables,
|
|
@code{$@{var@}}, indicate that the value of the appropriate variable is
|
|
output.
|
|
|
|
Log messages are either sent direct to a file,
|
|
or logged via the @b{syslog}(3) mechanism.
|
|
Messages are logged with facility @samp{LOG_DAEMON} when using @b{syslog}(3).
|
|
In either case, entries in the file are of the form:
|
|
@example
|
|
@i{date-string} @i{hostname} @t{amd[}@i{pid}@t{]} @i{message}
|
|
@end example
|
|
|
|
@menu
|
|
* Fatal errors::
|
|
* Info messages::
|
|
@end menu
|
|
|
|
@node Fatal errors, Info messages, Log Messages, Log Messages
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Fatal errors
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} attempts to deal with unusual events. Whenever it is not
|
|
possible to deal with such an error, @i{Amd} will log an appropriate
|
|
message and, if it cannot possibly continue, will either exit or abort.
|
|
These messages are selected by @samp{-x fatal} on the command line.
|
|
When @b{syslog}(3) is being used, they are logged with level
|
|
@samp{LOG_FATAL}. Even if @i{Amd} continues to operate it is likely to
|
|
remain in a precarious state and should be restarted at the earliest
|
|
opportunity.
|
|
|
|
@table @asis
|
|
@item @t{Attempting to inherit not-a-filesystem}
|
|
The prototype mount point created during a filesystem restart did not
|
|
contain a reference to the restarted filesystem. This erorr ``should
|
|
never happen''.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Can't bind to domain "@i{NIS-domain}"}
|
|
A specific NIS domain was requested on the command line, but no server
|
|
for that domain is available on the local net.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Can't determine IP address of this host (@i{hostname})}
|
|
When @i{Amd} starts it determines its own IP address. If this lookup
|
|
fails then @i{Amd} cannot continue. The hostname it looks up is that
|
|
obtained returned by @b{gethostname}(2) system call.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Can't find root file handle for @i{automount point}}
|
|
@i{Amd} creates its own file handles for the automount points. When it
|
|
mounts itself as a server, it must pass these file handles to the local
|
|
kernel. If the filehandle is not obtainable the mount point is ignored.
|
|
This error ``should never happen''.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Must be root to mount filesystems (euid = @i{euid})}
|
|
To prevent embarrassment, @i{Amd} makes sure it has appropriate system
|
|
privileges. This amounts to having an euid of 0. The check is made
|
|
after argument processing complete to give non-root users a chance to
|
|
access the ``-v'' option.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{No work to do - quitting}
|
|
No automount points were given on the command line and so there is no
|
|
work to do.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Out of memory in realloc}
|
|
While attempting to realloc some memory, the memory space available to
|
|
@i{Amd} was exhausted. This is an unrecoverable error.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Out of memory}
|
|
While attempting to malloc some memory, the memory space available to
|
|
@i{Amd} was exhausted. This is an unrecoverable error.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{cannot create rpc/udp service}
|
|
Either the NFS or AMQ endpoint could not be created.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{gethostname:} @i{description}
|
|
The @b{gethostname}(2) system call failed during startup.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{host name is not set}
|
|
The @b{gethostname}(2) system call returned a zero length host name.
|
|
This can happen if @i{Amd} is started in single user mode just after
|
|
booting the system.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{ifs_match called!}
|
|
An internal error occurred while restarting a pre-mounted filesystem.
|
|
This error ``should never happen''.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{mount_afs:} @i{description}
|
|
An error occured while @i{Amd} was mounting itself.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{run_rpc failed}
|
|
Somehow the main NFS server loop failed. This error ``should never
|
|
happen''.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{unable to free rpc arguments in amqprog_1}
|
|
The incoming arguments to the AMQ server could not be free'ed.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{unable to free rpc arguments in nfs_program_1}
|
|
The incoming arguments to the NFS server could not be free'ed.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{unable to register (AMQ_PROGRAM, AMQ_VERSION, udp)}
|
|
The AMQ server could not be registered with the local portmapper or the
|
|
internal RPC dispatcher.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{unable to register (NFS_PROGRAM, NFS_VERSION, 0)}
|
|
The NFS server could not be registered with the internal RPC dispatcher.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Info messages, , Fatal errors, Log Messages
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@subsection Info messages
|
|
|
|
@i{Amd} generates information messages to record state changes. These
|
|
messages are selected by @samp{-x info} on the command line. When
|
|
@b{syslog}(3) is being used, they are logged with level @samp{LOG_INFO}.
|
|
|
|
The messages listed below can be generated and are in a format suitable
|
|
for simple statistical analysis. @dfn{mount-info} is the string
|
|
that is displayed by @dfn{Amq} in its mount information column and
|
|
placed in the system mount table.
|
|
|
|
@table @asis
|
|
@item @t{mount of "@t{$@{@i{path}@}}" on @t{$@{@i{fs}@}} timed out}
|
|
Attempts to mount a filesystem for the given automount point have failed
|
|
to complete within 30 seconds.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{"@t{$@{@i{path}@}}" forcibly timed out}
|
|
An automount point has been timed out by the @i{Amq} command.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{restarting @i{mount-info} on @t{$@{@i{fs}@}}}
|
|
A pre-mounted file system has been noted.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{"@t{$@{@i{path}@}}" has timed out}
|
|
No access to the automount point has been made within the timeout
|
|
period.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{file server @t{$@{@i{rhost}@}} is down - timeout of "@t{$@{@i{path}@}}" ignored}
|
|
An automount point has timed out, but the corresponding file server is
|
|
known to be down. This message is only produced once for each mount
|
|
point for which the server is down.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Re-synchronizing cache for map @t{$@{@i{map}@}}}
|
|
The named map has been modified and the internal cache is being re-synchronized.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Filehandle denied for "@t{$@{@i{rhost}@}}:@t{$@{@i{rfs}@}}"}
|
|
The mount daemon refused to return a file handle for the requested filesystem.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Filehandle error for "$@{@i{rhost}@}:$@{@i{rfs}@}":} @i{description}
|
|
The mount daemon gave some other error for the requested filesystem.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{file server @t{$@{@i{rhost}@}} type nfs starts up}
|
|
A new NFS file server has been referenced and is known to be up.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{file server @t{$@{@i{rhost}@}} type nfs starts down}
|
|
A new NFS file server has been referenced and is known to be down.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{file server @t{$@{@i{rhost}@}} type nfs is up}
|
|
An NFS file server that was previously down is now up.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{file server @t{$@{@i{rhost}@}} type nfs is down}
|
|
An NFS file server that was previously up is now down.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{Finishing with status @i{exit-status}}
|
|
@i{Amd} is about to exit with the given exit status.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{@i{mount-info} mounted fstype @t{$@{@i{type}@}} on @t{$@{@i{fs}@}}}
|
|
A new file system has been mounted.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{@i{mount-info} restarted fstype @t{$@{@i{type}@}} on @t{$@{@i{fs}@}}}
|
|
@i{Amd} is using a pre-mounted filesystem to satisfy a mount request.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{@i{mount-info} unmounted fstype @t{$@{@i{type}@}} from @t{$@{@i{fs}@}}}
|
|
A file system has been unmounted.
|
|
|
|
@item @t{@i{mount-info} unmounted fstype @t{$@{@i{type}@}} from @t{$@{@i{fs}@}} link @t{$@{@i{fs}@}}/@t{$@{@i{sublink}@}}}
|
|
A file system of which only a sub-directory was in use has been unmounted.
|
|
|
|
@end table
|
|
|
|
@node Acknowledgements & Trademarks, Index, Internals, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@unnumbered Acknowledgements & Trademarks
|
|
|
|
Thanks to the Formal Methods Group at Imperial College for
|
|
suffering patiently while @i{Amd} was being developed on their machines.
|
|
|
|
Thanks to the many people who have helped with the development of
|
|
@i{Amd}, especially Piete Brooks at the Cambridge University Computing
|
|
Lab for many hours of testing, experimentation and discussion.
|
|
|
|
@itemize @bullet
|
|
@item
|
|
@b{DEC}, @b{VAX} and @b{Ultrix} are registered trademarks of Digital
|
|
Equipment Corporation.
|
|
@item
|
|
@b{AIX} and @b{IBM} are registered trademarks of International Business
|
|
Machines Corporation.
|
|
@item
|
|
@b{Sun}, @b{NFS} and @b{SunOS} are registered trademarks of Sun
|
|
Microsystems, Inc.
|
|
@item
|
|
@b{Unix} is a registered trademark of AT&T Unix Systems Laboratories
|
|
in the USA and other countries.
|
|
@end itemize
|
|
|
|
@node Index, , Acknowledgements & Trademarks, Top
|
|
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
|
|
@unnumbered Index
|
|
|
|
@printindex cp
|
|
|
|
@contents
|
|
@bye
|