379 lines
16 KiB
Groff
379 lines
16 KiB
Groff
.\" ++Copyright++ 1985
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.\" -
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.\" Copyright (c) 1985
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\" -
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.\" Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
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.\"
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.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
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.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
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.\" the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
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.\" publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
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.\" specific, written prior permission.
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.\"
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
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.\" WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
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.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
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.\" CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
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.\" PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
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.\" ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
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.\" SOFTWARE.
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.\" -
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.\" --Copyright--
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.\"
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.\" @(#)named.8 6.6 (Berkeley) 2/14/89
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.\"
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.TH NAMED 8 "April 17, 1993"
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.UC 4
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.SH NAME
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named \- Internet domain name server
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B named
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[
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.B \-d
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.I debuglevel
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] [
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.B \-p
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.I port#
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] [{\-b}
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.I bootfile
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] [
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.B \-q
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] [
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.B \-r
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]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.I Named
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is the Internet domain name server.
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See RFC's 1033, 1034, and 1035 for more information on the Internet
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name-domain system. Without any arguments,
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.I named
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will read the default boot file
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.IR /etc/named.boot ,
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read any initial data and listen for queries.
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.PP
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Options are:
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.TP
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.B \-d
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Print debugging information.
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A number after the ``d'' determines the level of
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messages printed.
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.TP
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.B \-p
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Use a different port number. The default is the standard port number
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as returned by getservbyname(3) for service ``domain''.
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.TP
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.B \-b
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Use an alternate boot file. This is optional and allows you to
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specify a file with a leading dash.
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.TP
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.B \-q
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Trace all incoming queries if \fInamed\fP has been compiled with
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\fIQRYLOG\fP defined.
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.TP
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.B \-r
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Turns recursion off in the server. Answers can come only from local
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(primary or secondary) zones. This can be used on root servers.
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.PP
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Any additional argument is taken as the name of the boot file.
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If multiple boot files are specified, only the last is used.
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.PP
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The boot file contains information about where the name server is to get
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its initial data.
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Lines in the boot file cannot be continued on subsequent lines.
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The following is a small example:
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.in +2m
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.nf
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;
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; boot file for name server
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;
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directory /usr/local/adm/named
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.ta \w'forwarders\ 'u +\w'6.32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA\ 'u +\w'128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3\ 'u
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; type domain source host/file backup file
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cache . root.cache
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primary Berkeley.EDU berkeley.edu.zone
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primary 32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA ucbhosts.rev
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secondary CC.Berkeley.EDU 128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3 cc.zone.bak
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secondary 6.32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA 128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3 cc.rev.bak
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primary 0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA localhost.rev
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forwarders 10.0.0.78 10.2.0.78
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; slave
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.DT
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.fi
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.in
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The ``directory'' line causes the server to change its working directory to
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the directory specified. This can be important for the correct processing
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of \s-1$INCLUDE\s+1 files in primary zone files.
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.LP
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The ``cache'' line specifies that data in ``root.cache'' is to be placed in
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the backup cache. Its main use is to specify data such as locations of root
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domain servers. This cache is not used during normal operation, but is used
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as ``hints'' to find the current root servers. The file ``root.cache'' is
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in the same format as ``berkeley.edu.zone''. There can be more than one
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``cache'' file specified. The ``root.cache'' file should be retrieved
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periodically from \s-1FTP.RS.INTERNIC.NET\s+1 since it contains a list of
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root servers, and this list changes periodically.
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.LP
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The first example ``primary'' line states that the file
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``berkeley.edu.zone'' contains authoritative data for the ``Berkeley.EDU''
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zone. The file ``berkeley.edu.zone'' contains data in the master file
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format described in RFC883. All domain names are relative to the origin, in
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this case, ``Berkeley.EDU'' (see below for a more detailed description).
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The second ``primary'' line states that the file ``ucbhosts.rev'' contains
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authoritative data for the domain ``32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA,'' which is used to
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translate addresses in network 128.32 to hostnames. Each master file should
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begin with an SOA record for the zone (see below).
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.LP
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The first example ``secondary'' line specifies that all authoritative data
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under ``CC.Berkeley.EDU'' is to be transferred from the name server at
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128.32.137.8. If the transfer fails it will try 128.32.137.3 and continue
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trying the addresses, up to 10, listed on this line. The secondary copy is
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also authoritative for the specified domain. The first non-dotted-quad
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address on this line will be taken as a filename in which to backup the
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transferred zone. The name server will load the zone from this backup file
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if it exists when it boots, providing a complete copy even if the master
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servers are unreachable. Whenever a new copy of the domain is received by
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automatic zone transfer from one of the master servers, this file will be
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updated. If no file name is given, a temporary file will be used, and will
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be deleted after each successful zone transfer. This is not recommended
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since it is a needless waste of bandwidth. The second example ``secondary''
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line states that the address-to-hostname mapping for the subnet 128.32.136
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should be obtained from the same list of master servers as the previous zone.
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.LP
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The ``forwarders'' line specifies the addresses of sitewide servers that
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will accept recursive queries from other servers. If the boot file
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specifies one or more forwarders, then the server will send all queries for
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data not in the cache to the forwarders first. Each forwarder will be asked
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in turn until an answer is returned or the list is exhausted. If no answer
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is forthcoming from a forwarder, the server will continue as it would have
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without the forwarders line unless it is in ``slave'' mode. The forwarding
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facility is useful to cause a large sitewide cache to be generated on a
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master, and to reduce traffic over links to outside servers. It can also be
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used to allow servers to run that do not have access directly to the
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Internet, but wish to act as though they do.
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.LP
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The ``slave'' line (shown commented out) is used to put the server in slave
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mode. In this mode, the server will only make queries to forwarders. This
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option is normally used on machine that wish to run a server but for
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physical or administrative reasons cannot be given access to the Internet,
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but have access to a host that does have access.
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.LP
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The ``sortlist'' line can be used to indicate networks that are to be
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preferred over other networks Queries for host addresses from hosts on the
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same network as the server will receive responses with local network
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addresses listed first, then addresses on the sort list, then other
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addresses.
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.LP
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The ``xfrnets'' directive (not shown) can be used to implement primative
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access control. If this directive is given, then your name server will
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only answer zone transfer requests from hosts which are on networks listed
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in your ``xfrnets'' directives. This directive may also be given as
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``tcplist'' for compatibility with older, interrim servers.
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.LP
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The ``include'' directive (not shown) can be used to process the contents
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of some other file as though they appeared in place of the ``include''
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directive. This is useful if you have a lot of zones or if you have
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logical groupings of zones which are maintained by different people.
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The ``include'' directive takes one argument, that being the name of the
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file whose contents are to be included. No quotes are necessary around
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the file name.
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.LP
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The ``bogusns'' directive (not shown) tells \s-1BIND\s+1 that no queries
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are to be sent to the specified name server addresses (which are specified
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as dotted quads, not as domain names). This is useful when you know that
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some popular server has bad data in a zone or cache, and you want to avoid
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contamination while the problem is being fixed.
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.LP
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The ``max-fetch'' directive (not shown) can be used to override the default
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limit (which is 10) to the number of named-xfer subprocesses which \s-1BIND\s+1
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can spawn at any one time.
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.PP
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The master file consists of control information and a list of resource
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records for objects in the zone of the forms:
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.RS
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.nf
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$INCLUDE <filename> <opt_domain>
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$ORIGIN <domain>
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<domain> <opt_ttl> <opt_class> <type> <resource_record_data>
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.fi
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.RE
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where
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.I domain
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is "." for root, "@" for the current origin, or a standard domain
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name. If
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.I domain
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is a standard domain name that does not end with ``.'', the current origin
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is appended to the domain. Domain names ending with ``.'' are
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unmodified.
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The
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.I opt_domain
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field is used to define an origin for the data in an included file.
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It is equivalent to placing a $ORIGIN statement before the first
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line of the included file. The field is optional.
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Neither the
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.I opt_domain
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field nor $ORIGIN statements in the included file modify the current origin
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for this file.
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The
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.I opt_ttl
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field is an optional integer number for the time-to-live field.
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It defaults to zero, meaning the minimum value specified in the SOA
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record for the zone.
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The
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.I opt_class
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field is the object address type; currently only one type is supported,
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.BR IN ,
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for objects connected to the DARPA Internet.
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The
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.I type
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field contains one of the following tokens; the data expected in the
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.I resource_record_data
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field is in parentheses.
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.TP "\w'MINFO 'u"
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A
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a host address (dotted quad)
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.IP NS
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an authoritative name server (domain)
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.IP MX
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a mail exchanger (domain), preceded by a preference value (0..32767),
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with lower numeric values representing higher logical preferences.
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.IP CNAME
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the canonical name for an alias (domain)
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.IP SOA
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marks the start of a zone of authority (domain of originating host,
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domain address of maintainer, a serial number and the following
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parameters in seconds: refresh, retry, expire and minimum TTL (see RFC883)).
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.IP NULL
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a null resource record (no format or data)
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.IP RP
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a Responsible Person for some domain name (mailbox, TXT-referral)
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.IP PTR
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a domain name pointer (domain)
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.IP HINFO
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host information (cpu_type OS_type)
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.PP
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Resource records normally end at the end of a line,
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but may be continued across lines between opening and closing parentheses.
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Comments are introduced by semicolons and continue to the end of the line.
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.PP
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Note that there are other resource record types, not shown here. You should
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consult the \s-1BIND\s+1 Operations Guide (``\s-1BOG\s+1'') for the complete
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list. Some resource record types may have been standardized in newer RFC's
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but not yet implemented in this version of \s-1BIND\s+1.
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.PP
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Each master zone file should begin with an SOA record for the zone.
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An example SOA record is as follows:
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.LP
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.nf
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@ IN SOA ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. rwh.ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. (
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1989020501 ; serial
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10800 ; refresh
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3600 ; retry
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3600000 ; expire
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86400 ) ; minimum
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.fi
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.LP
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The SOA specifies a serial number, which should be changed each time the
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master file is changed. Note that the serial number can be given as a
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dotted number, but this is a \fIvery\fP unwise thing to do since the
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translation to normal integers is via concatenation rather than
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multiplication and addition. You can spell out the year, month, day of
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month, and 0..99 version number and still fit inside the unsigned 32-bit
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size of this field. It's true that we will have to rethink this strategy in
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the year 4294 (Greg.) but we're not worried about it. Secondary servers
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check the serial number at intervals specified by the refresh time in
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seconds; if the serial number changes, a zone transfer will be done to load
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the new data. If a master server cannot be contacted when a refresh is due,
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the retry time specifies the interval at which refreshes should be attempted.
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If a master server cannot be contacted within the interval given by the
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expire time, all data from the zone is discarded by secondary servers. The
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minimum value is the time-to-live (``\s-1TTL\s+1'') used by records in the
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file with no explicit time-to-live value.
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.SH NOTES
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The boot file directives ``domain'' and ``suffixes'' have been
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obsoleted by a more useful resolver-based implementation of
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suffixing for partially qualified domain names. The prior mechanisms
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could fail under a number of situations, especially when then local
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nameserver did not have complete information.
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.sp
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The following signals have the specified effect when sent to the
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server process using the
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.IR kill (1)
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command.
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.IP SIGHUP
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Causes server to read named.boot and reload database. If the server
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is built with the FORCED_RELOAD compile-time option, then SIGHUP will
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also cause the server to check the serial number on all secondary zones.
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Normally the serial numbers are only checked at the SOA-specified intervals.
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.IP SIGINT
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Dumps current data base and cache to /var/tmp/named_dump.db
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.IP SIGIOT
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Dumps statistics data into /var/tmp/named.stats if the server is
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compiled -DSTATS. Statistics data is appended to the file.
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.IP SIGSYS
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Dumps the profiling data in /var/tmp if the server is compiled
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with profiling (server forks, chdirs and exits).
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.IP SIGTERM
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Dumps the primary and secondary database files.
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Used to save modified data on shutdown if the
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server is compiled with dynamic updating enabled.
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.IP SIGUSR1
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Turns on debugging; each SIGUSR1 increments debug level.
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(SIGEMT on older systems without SIGUSR1)
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.IP SIGUSR2
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Turns off debugging completely.
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(SIGFPE on older systems without SIGUSR2)
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.IP SIGWINCH
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Toggles logging of all incoming queries via syslog(3)
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(requires server to have been built with the QRYLOG option).
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.SH FILES
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.nf
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.ta \w'/var/tmp/named_dump.db 'u
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/etc/named.boot name server configuration boot file
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/etc/named.pid the process id (/var/run/named.pid on newer systems)
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/var/tmp/named.run debug output
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/var/tmp/named_dump.db dump of the name server database
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/var/tmp/named.stats nameserver statistics data
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.fi
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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kill(1), gethostbyname(3), signal(3),
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resolver(3), resolver(5), hostname(7),
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RFC 882, RFC 883, RFC 973, RFC 974, RFC 1033, RFC 1034, RFC 1035, RFC 1123,
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\fIName Server Operations Guide for \s-1BIND\s+1\fR
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