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This is groff, produced by makeinfo version 4.3d from ./groff.texinfo.
This manual documents GNU `troff' version 1.19.
Copyright (C) 1994-2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
being `A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
`GNU Free Documentation License."
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: `You have freedom to copy and
modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
INFO-DIR-SECTION Typesetting
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Groff: (groff). The GNU troff document formatting system.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

File: groff, Node: Man options, Next: Man usage, Prev: man, Up: man
Options
-------
The command line format for using the `man' macros with `groff' is:
groff -m man [ -rLL=LENGTH ] [ -rLT=LENGTH ] [ -rFT=DIST ]
[ -rcR=1 ] [ -rC1 ] [ -rD1 ] [-rHY=FLAGS ]
[ -rPNNN ] [ -rSXX ] [ -rXNNN ]
[ -rIN=LENGTH ] [ -rSN=LENGTH ] [ FILES... ]
It is possible to use `-man' instead of `-m man'.
`-rcR=1'
This option (the default if a TTY output device is used) creates a
single, very long page instead of multiple pages. Use `-rcR=0' to
disable it.
`-rC1'
If more than one manual page is given on the command line, number
the pages continuously, rather than starting each at 1.
`-rD1'
Double-sided printing. Footers for even and odd pages are
formatted differently.
`-rFT=DIST'
Set the position of the footer text to DIST. If positive, the
distance is measured relative to the top of the page, otherwise it
is relative to the bottom. The default is -0.5i.
`-rHY=FLAGS'
Set hyphenation flags. Possible values are 1 to hyphenate without
restrictions, 2 to not hyphenate the last word on a page, 4 to
not hyphenate the last two characters of a word, and 8 to not
hyphenate the first two characters of a word. These values are
additive; the default is 14.
`-rIN=LENGTH'
Set the body text indent to LENGTH. If not specified, the indent
defaults to 7n (7 characters) in nroff mode and 7.2n otherwise.
For nroff, this value should always be an integer multiple of unit
`n' to get consistent indentation.
`-rLL=LENGTH'
Set line length to LENGTH. If not specified, the line length
defaults to 78 en in nroff mode (this is 78 characters per line)
and 6.5 inch otherwise.
`-rLT=LENGTH'
Set title length to LENGTH. If not specified, the title length
defaults to the line length.
`-rPNNN'
Page numbering starts with NNN rather than with 1.
`-rSXX'
Use XX (which can be 10, 11, or 12pt) as the base document font
size instead of the default value of 10pt.
`-rSN=LENGTH'
Set the indent for sub-subheadings to LENGTH. If not specified,
the indent defaults to 3n.
`-rXNNN'
After page NNN, number pages as NNNa, NNNb, NNNc, etc. For
example, the option `-rX2' produces the following page numbers: 1,
2, 2a, 2b, 2c, etc.

File: groff, Node: Man usage, Next: Man font macros, Prev: Man options, Up: man
Usage
-----
This section describes the available macros for manual pages. For
further customization, put additional macros and requests into the file
`man.local' which is loaded immediately after the `man' package.
- Macro: .TH title section [extra1 [extra2 [extra3]]]
Set the title of the man page to TITLE and the section to SECTION,
which must have a value between 1 and 8. The value of SECTION may
also have a string appended, e.g. `.pm', to indicate a specific
subsection of the man pages.
Both TITLE and SECTION are positioned at the left and right in the
header line (with SECTION in parentheses immediately appended to
TITLE. EXTRA1 is positioned in the middle of the footer line.
EXTRA2 is positioned at the left in the footer line (or at the
left on even pages and at the right on odd pages if double-sided
printing is active). EXTRA3 is centered in the header line.
For HTML output, headers and footers are completely suppressed.
Additionally, this macro starts a new page; the new line number
is 1 again (except if the `-rC1' option is given on the command
line) - this feature is intended only for formatting multiple man
pages; a single man page should contain exactly one `TH' macro at
the beginning of the file.
- Macro: .SH [heading]
Set up an unnumbered section heading sticking out to the left.
Prints out all the text following `SH' up to the end of the line
(or the text in the next line if there is no argument to `SH') in
bold face (or the font specified by the string `HF'), one size
larger than the base document size. Additionally, the left margin
and the indentation for the following text is reset to its default
value.
- Macro: .SS [heading]
Set up an unnumbered (sub)section heading. Prints out all the text
following `SS' up to the end of the line (or the text in the next
line if there is no argument to `SS') in bold face (or the font
specified by the string `HF'), at the same size as the base
document size. Additionally, the left margin and the indentation
for the following text is reset to its default value.
- Macro: .TP [nnn]
Set up an indented paragraph with label. The indentation is set to
NNN if that argument is supplied (the default unit is `n' if
omitted), otherwise it is set to the previous indentation value
specified with `TP', `IP', or `HP' (or to the default value if
none of them have been used yet).
The first line of text following this macro is interpreted as a
string to be printed flush-left, as it is appropriate for a label.
It is not interpreted as part of a paragraph, so there is no
attempt to fill the first line with text from the following input
lines. Nevertheless, if the label is not as wide as the
indentation the paragraph starts at the same line (but indented),
continuing on the following lines. If the label is wider than the
indentation the descriptive part of the paragraph begins on the
line following the label, entirely indented. Note that neither
font shape nor font size of the label is set to a default value;
on the other hand, the rest of the text has default font settings.
- Macro: .LP
- Macro: .PP
- Macro: .P
These macros are mutual aliases. Any of them causes a line break
at the current position, followed by a vertical space downwards by
the amount specified by the `PD' macro. The font size and shape
are reset to the default value (10pt roman if no `-rS' option is
given on the command line). Finally, the current left margin and
the indentation is restored.
- Macro: .IP [designator [nnn]]
Set up an indented paragraph, using DESIGNATOR as a tag to mark
its beginning. The indentation is set to NNN if that argument is
supplied (default unit is `n'), otherwise it is set to the
previous indentation value specified with `TP', `IP', or `HP' (or
the default value if none of them have been used yet). Font size
and face of the paragraph (but not the designator) are reset to
their default values.
To start an indented paragraph with a particular indentation but
without a designator, use `""' (two double quotes) as the first
argument of `IP'.
For example, to start a paragraph with bullets as the designator
and 4 en indentation, write
.IP \(bu 4
- Macro: .HP [nnn]
Set up a paragraph with hanging left indentation. The indentation
is set to NNN if that argument is supplied (default unit is `n'),
otherwise it is set to the previous indentation value specified
with `TP', `IP', or `HP' (or the default value if non of them have
been used yet). Font size and face are reset to their default
values.
- Macro: .RS [nnn]
Move the left margin to the right by the value NNN if specified
(default unit is `n'); otherwise it is set to the previous
indentation value specified with `TP', `IP', or `HP' (or to the
default value if none of them have been used yet). The
indentation value is then set to the default.
Calls to the `RS' macro can be nested.
- Macro: .RE [nnn]
Move the left margin back to level NNN, restoring the previous left
margin. If no argument is given, it moves one level back. The
first level (i.e., no call to `RS' yet) has number 1, and each call
to `RS' increases the level by 1.
To summarize, the following macros cause a line break with the
insertion of vertical space (which amount can be changed with the `PD'
macro): `SH', `SS', `TP', `LP' (`PP', `P'), `IP', and `HP'.
The macros `RS' and `RE' also cause a break but do not insert
vertical space.
Finally, the macros `SH', `SS', `LP' (`PP', `P'), and `RS' reset the
indentation to its default value.

File: groff, Node: Man font macros, Next: Miscellaneous man macros, Prev: Man usage, Up: man
Macros to set fonts
-------------------
The standard font is roman; the default text size is 10 point. If
command line option `-rS=N' is given, use Npt as the default text size.
- Macro: .SM [text]
Set the text on the same line or the text on the next line in a
font that is one point size smaller than the default font.
- Macro: .SB [text]
Set the text on the same line or the text on the next line in bold
face font, one point size smaller than the default font.
- Macro: .BI text
Set its arguments alternately in bold face and italic, without a
space between the arguments. Thus,
.BI this "word and" that
produces "thisword andthat" with "this" and "that" in bold face,
and "word and" in italics.
- Macro: .IB text
Set its arguments alternately in italic and bold face, without a
space between the arguments.
- Macro: .RI text
Set its arguments alternately in roman and italic, without a space
between the arguments.
- Macro: .IR text
Set its arguments alternately in italic and roman, without a space
between the arguments.
- Macro: .BR text
Set its arguments alternately in bold face and roman, without a
space between the arguments.
- Macro: .RB text
Set its arguments alternately in roman and bold face, without a
space between the arguments.
- Macro: .B [text]
Set TEXT in bold face. If no text is present on the line where
the macro is called, then the text of the next line appears in bold
face.
- Macro: .I [text]
Set TEXT in italic. If no text is present on the line where the
macro is called, then the text of the next line appears in italic.

File: groff, Node: Miscellaneous man macros, Next: Predefined man strings, Prev: Man font macros, Up: man
Miscellaneous macros
--------------------
The default indentation is 7.2n in troff mode and 7n in nroff mode
except for `grohtml' which ignores indentation.
- Macro: .DT
Set tabs every 0.5 inches. Since this macro is always executed
during a call to the `TH' macro, it makes sense to call it only if
the tab positions have been changed.
- Macro: .PD [nnn]
Adjust the empty space before a new paragraph (or section). The
optional argument gives the amount of space (default unit is `v');
without parameter, the value is reset to its default value (1 line
in nroff mode, 0.4v otherwise).
This affects the macros `SH', `SS', `TP', `LP' (as well as `PP'
and `P'), `IP', and `HP'.
The following two macros are included for BSD compatibility.
- Macro: .AT [system [release]]
Alter the footer for use with AT&T manpages. This command exists
only for compatibility; don't use it. The first argument SYSTEM
can be:
`3'
7th Edition (the default)
`4'
System III
`5'
System V
An optional second argument RELEASE to `AT' specifies the release
number (such as "System V Release 3").
- Macro: .UC [version]
Alters the footer for use with BSD manpages. This command exists
only for compatibility; don't use it. The argument can be:
`3'
3rd Berkeley Distribution (the default)
`4'
4th Berkeley Distribution
`5'
4.2 Berkeley Distribution
`6'
4.3 Berkeley Distribution
`7'
4.4 Berkeley Distribution

File: groff, Node: Predefined man strings, Next: Preprocessors in man pages, Prev: Miscellaneous man macros, Up: man
Predefined strings
------------------
The following strings are defined:
- String: \*[S]
Switch back to the default font size.
- String: \*[HF]
The typeface used for headings. The default is `B'.
- String: \*[R]
The `registered' sign.
- String: \*[Tm]
The `trademark' sign.
- String: \*[lq]
- String: \*[rq]
Left and right quote. This is equal to `\(lq' and `\(rq',
respectively.

File: groff, Node: Preprocessors in man pages, Next: Optional man extensions, Prev: Predefined man strings, Up: man
Preprocessors in `man' pages
----------------------------
If a preprocessor like `gtbl' or `geqn' is needed, it has become
common usage to make the first line of the man page look like this:
'\" WORD
Note the single space character after the double quote. WORD consists
of letters for the needed preprocessors: `e' for `geqn', `r' for
`grefer', `t' for `gtbl'. Modern implementations of the `man' program
read this first line and automatically call the right preprocessor(s).

File: groff, Node: Optional man extensions, Prev: Preprocessors in man pages, Up: man
Optional `man' extensions
-------------------------
Use the file `man.local' for local extensions to the `man' macros or
for style changes.
Custom headers and footers
..........................
In groff versions 1.18.2 and later, you can specify custom headers
and footers by redefining the following macros in `man.local'.
- Macro: .PT
Control the content of the headers. Normally, the header prints
the command name and section number on either side, and the
optional fifth argument to `TH' in the center.
- Macro: .BT
Control the content of the footers. Normally, the footer prints
the page number and the third and fourth arguments to `TH'.
Use the `FT' number register to specify the footer position. The
default is -0.5i.
Ultrix-specific man macros
..........................
The `groff' source distribution includes a file named `man.ultrix',
containing macros compatible with the Ultrix variant of `man'. Copy
this file into `man.local' (or use the `mso' request to load it) to
enable the following macros.
- Macro: .CT key
Print `<CTRL/KEY>'.
- Macro: .CW
Print subsequent text using the constant width (Courier) typeface.
- Macro: .Ds
Begin a non-filled display.
- Macro: .De
End a non-filled display started with `Ds'.
- Macro: .EX [indent]
Begins a non-filled display using the constant width (Courier)
typeface. Use the optional INDENT argument to indent the display.
- Macro: .EE
End a non-filled display started with `EX'.
- Macro: .G [text]
Sets TEXT in Helvetica. If no text is present on the line where
the macro is called, then the text of the next line appears in
Helvetica.
- Macro: .GL [text]
Sets TEXT in Helvetica Oblique. If no text is present on the line
where the macro is called, then the text of the next line appears
in Helvetica Oblique.
- Macro: .HB [text]
Sets TEXT in Helvetica Bold. If no text is present on the line
where the macro is called, then all text up to the next `HB'
appears in Helvetica Bold.
- Macro: .TB [text]
Identical to `HB'.
- Macro: .MS title sect [punct]
Set a manpage reference in Ultrix format. The TITLE is in Courier
instead of italic. Optional punctuation follows the section
number without an intervening space.
- Macro: .NT [`C'] [title]
Begin a note. Print the optional title, or the word "Note",
centered on the page. Text following the macro makes up the body
of the note, and is indented on both sides. If the first argument
is `C', the body of the note is printed centered (the second
argument replaces the word "Note" if specified).
- Macro: .NE
End a note begun with `NT'.
- Macro: .PN path [punct]
Set the path name in constant width (Courier), followed by
optional punctuation.
- Macro: .Pn [punct] path [punct]
When called with two arguments, identical to `PN'. When called
with three arguments, set the second argument in constant width
(Courier), bracketed by the first and third arguments in the
current font.
- Macro: .R
Switch to roman font and turn off any underlining in effect.
- Macro: .RN
Print the string `<RETURN>'.
- Macro: .VS [`4']
Start printing a change bar in the margin if the number `4' is
specified. Otherwise, this macro does nothing.
- Macro: .VE
End printing the change bar begun by `VS'.
Simple example
..............
The following example `man.local' file alters the `SH' macro to add
some extra vertical space before printing the heading. Headings are
printed in Helvetica Bold.
.\" Make the heading fonts Helvetica
.ds HF HB
.
.\" Put more whitespace in front of headings.
.rn SH SH-orig
.de SH
. if t .sp (u;\\n[PD]*2)
. SH-orig \\$*
..

File: groff, Node: mdoc, Next: ms, Prev: man, Up: Macro Packages
`mdoc'
======
See the `groff_mdoc(7)' man page (type `man groff_mdoc' at the
command line).

File: groff, Node: ms, Next: me, Prev: mdoc, Up: Macro Packages
`ms'
====
The `-ms' macros are suitable for reports, letters, books, user
manuals, and so forth. The package provides macros for cover pages,
section headings, paragraphs, lists, footnotes, pagination, and a table
of contents.
* Menu:
* ms Intro::
* General ms Structure::
* ms Document Control Registers::
* ms Cover Page Macros::
* ms Body Text::
* ms Page Layout::
* Differences from AT&T ms::

File: groff, Node: ms Intro, Next: General ms Structure, Prev: ms, Up: ms
Introduction to `ms'
--------------------
The original `-ms' macros were included with AT&T `troff' as well as
the `man' macros. While the `man' package is intended for brief
documents that can be read on-line as well as printed, the `ms' macros
are suitable for longer documents that are meant to be printed rather
than read on-line.
The `ms' macro package included with `groff' is a complete,
bottom-up re-implementation. Several macros (specific to AT&T or
Berkeley) are not included, while several new commands are. *Note
Differences from AT&T ms::, for more information.

File: groff, Node: General ms Structure, Next: ms Document Control Registers, Prev: ms Intro, Up: ms
General structure of an `ms' document
-------------------------------------
The `ms' macro package expects a certain amount of structure, but
not as much as packages such as `man' or `mdoc'.
The simplest documents can begin with a paragraph macro (such as
`LP' or `PP'), and consist of text separated by paragraph macros or
even blank lines. Longer documents have a structure as follows:
*Document type*
If you invoke the `RP' (report) macro on the first line of the
document, `groff' prints the cover page information on its own
page; otherwise it prints the information on the first page with
your document text immediately following. Other document formats
found in AT&T `troff' are specific to AT&T or Berkeley, and are
not supported in `groff'.
*Format and layout*
By setting number registers, you can change your document's type
(font and size), margins, spacing, headers and footers, and
footnotes. *Note ms Document Control Registers::, for more
details.
*Cover page*
A cover page consists of a title, the author's name and
institution, an abstract, and the date. (1) (*note General ms
Structure-Footnote-1::) *Note ms Cover Page Macros::, for more
details.
*Body*
Following the cover page is your document. You can use the `ms'
macros to write reports, letters, books, and so forth. The
package is designed for structured documents, consisting of
paragraphs interspersed with headings and augmented by lists,
footnotes, tables, and other common constructs. *Note ms Body
Text::, for more details.
*Table of contents*
Longer documents usually include a table of contents, which you
can invoke by placing the `TC' macro at the end of your document.
The `ms' macros have minimal indexing facilities, consisting of the
`IX' macro, which prints an entry on standard error. Printing the
table of contents at the end is necessary since `groff' is a
single-pass text formatter, thus it cannot determine the page
number of each section until that section has actually been set
and printed. Since `ms' output is intended for hardcopy, you can
manually relocate the pages containing the table of contents
between the cover page and the body text after printing.

File: groff, Node: General ms Structure-Footnotes, Up: General ms Structure
(1) Actually, only the title is required.

File: groff, Node: ms Document Control Registers, Next: ms Cover Page Macros, Prev: General ms Structure, Up: ms
Document control registers
--------------------------
The following is a list of document control number registers. For
the sake of consistency, set registers related to margins at the
beginning of your document, or just after the `RP' macro. You can set
other registers later in your document, but you should keep them
together at the beginning to make them easy to find and edit as
necessary.
Margin Settings
...............
- Register: \n[PO]
Defines the page offset (i.e. the left margin). There is no
explicit right margin setting; the combination of the `PO' and
`LL' registers implicitly define the right margin width.
Effective: next page.
Default value: 1i.
- Register: \n[LL]
Defines the line length (i.e. the width of the body text).
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 6i.
- Register: \n[LT]
Defines the title length (i.e. the header and footer width). This
is usually the same as `LL', but not necessarily.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 6i.
- Register: \n[HM]
Defines the header margin height at the top of the page.
Effective: next page.
Default: 1i.
- Register: \n[FM]
Defines the footer margin height at the bottom of the page.
Effective: next page.
Default: 1i.
Text Settings
.............
- Register: \n[PS]
Defines the point size of the body text.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 10p.
- Register: \n[VS]
Defines the space between lines (line height plus leading).
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 12p.
Paragraph Settings
..................
- Register: \n[PI]
Defines the initial indent of a `.PP' paragraph.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 5n.
- Register: \n[PD]
Defines the space between paragraphs.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 0.3v.
- Register: \n[QI]
Defines the indent on both sides of a quoted (`.QP') paragraph.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 5n.
Footnote Settings
.................
- Register: \n[FL]
Defines the length of a footnote.
Effective: next footnote.
Default: `\n[LL]' * 5 / 6.
- Register: \n[FI]
Defines the footnote indent.
Effective: next footnote.
Default: 2n.
- Register: \n[FF]
The footnote format:
`0'
Prints the footnote number as a superscript; indents the
footnote (default).
`1'
Prints the number followed by a period (like 1.) and indents
the footnote.
`2'
Like 1, without an indent.
`3'
Like 1, but prints the footnote number as a hanging paragraph.
Effective: next footnote.
Default: 0.
Miscellaneous Number Registers
..............................
- Register: \n[MINGW]
Defines the minimum width between columns in a multi-column
document.
Effective: next page.
Default: 2n.

File: groff, Node: ms Cover Page Macros, Next: ms Body Text, Prev: ms Document Control Registers, Up: ms
Cover page macros
-----------------
Use the following macros to create a cover page for your document in
the order shown.
- Macro: .RP [`no']
Specifies the report format for your document. The report format
creates a separate cover page. The default action (no `.RP'
macro) is to print a subset of the cover page on page 1 of your
document.
If you use the word `no' as an optional argument, `groff' prints a
title page but does not repeat any of the title page information
(title, author, abstract, etc.) on page 1 of the document.
- Macro: .DA [...]
(optional) Print the current date, or the arguments to the macro
if any, on the title page (if specified) and in the footers. This
is the default for `nroff'.
- Macro: .ND [...]
(optional) Print the current date, or the arguments to the macro
if any, on the title page (if specified) but not in the footers.
This is the default for `troff'.
- Macro: .TL
Specifies the document title. `groff' collects text following the
`.TL' macro into the title, until reaching the author name or
abstract.
- Macro: .AU
Specifies the author's name, which appears on the line (or lines)
immediately following. You can specify multiple authors as
follows:
.AU
John Doe
.AI
University of West Bumblefuzz
.AU
Martha Buck
.AI
Monolithic Corporation
...
- Macro: .AI
Specifies the author's institution. You can specify multiple
institutions in the same way that you specify multiple authors.
- Macro: .AB [`no']
Begins the abstract. The default is to print the word ABSTRACT,
centered and in italics, above the text of the abstract. The word
`no' as an optional argument suppresses this heading.
- Macro: .AE
End the abstract.
The following is example mark-up for a title page.
.RP
.TL
The Inevitability of Code Bloat
in Commercial and Free Software
.AU
J. Random Luser
.AI
University of West Bumblefuzz
.AB
This report examines the long-term growth
of the code bases in two large, popular software
packages; the free Emacs and the commercial
Microsoft Word.
While differences appear in the type or order
of features added, due to the different
methodologies used, the results are the same
in the end.
.PP
The free software approach is shown to be
superior in that while free software can
become as bloated as commercial offerings,
free software tends to have fewer serious
bugs and the added features are in line with
user demand.
.AE
... the rest of the paper follows ...

File: groff, Node: ms Body Text, Next: ms Page Layout, Prev: ms Cover Page Macros, Up: ms
Body text
---------
This section describes macros used to mark up the body of your
document. Examples include paragraphs, sections, and other groups.
* Menu:
* Paragraphs in ms::
* Headings in ms::
* Highlighting in ms::
* Lists in ms::
* Indents in ms::
* Tabstops in ms::
* ms Displays and Keeps::
* ms Insertions::
* Example multi-page table::
* ms Footnotes::

File: groff, Node: Paragraphs in ms, Next: Headings in ms, Prev: ms Body Text, Up: ms Body Text
Paragraphs
..........
The following paragraph types are available.
- Macro: .PP
Sets a paragraph with an initial indent.
- Macro: .LP
Sets a paragraph with no initial indent.
- Macro: .QP
Sets a paragraph that is indented at both left and right margins.
The effect is identical to the HTML `<BLOCKQUOTE>' element. The
next paragraph or heading returns margins to normal.
- Macro: .XP
Sets a paragraph whose lines are indented, except for the first
line. This is a Berkeley extension.
The following markup uses all four paragraph macros.
.NH 2
Cases used in the study
.LP
The following software and versions were
considered for this report.
.PP
For commercial software, we chose
.B "Microsoft Word for Windows" ,
starting with version 1.0 through the
current version (Word 2000).
.PP
For free software, we chose
.B Emacs ,
from its first appearance as a standalone
editor through the current version (v20).
See [Bloggs 2002] for details.
.QP
Franklin's Law applied to software:
software expands to outgrow both
RAM and disk space over time.
.LP
Bibliography:
.XP
Bloggs, Joseph R.,
.I "Everyone's a Critic" ,
Underground Press, March 2002.
A definitive work that answers all questions
and criticisms about the quality and usability of
free software.

File: groff, Node: Headings in ms, Next: Highlighting in ms, Prev: Paragraphs in ms, Up: ms Body Text
Headings
........
Use headings to create a hierarchical structure for your document.
The `ms' macros print headings in *bold*, using the same font family
and point size as the body text.
The following describes the heading macros:
- Macro: .NH curr-level
- Macro: .NH S level0 ...
Numbered heading. The argument is either a numeric argument to
indicate the level of the heading, or the letter `S' followed by
numeric arguments to set the heading level explicitly.
If you specify heading levels out of sequence, such as invoking
`.NH 3' after `.NH 1', `groff' prints a warning on standard error.
- Macro: .SH
Unnumbered subheading.

File: groff, Node: Highlighting in ms, Next: Lists in ms, Prev: Headings in ms, Up: ms Body Text
Highlighting
............
The `ms' macros provide a variety of methods to highlight or
emphasize text:
- Macro: .B [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in *bold type*. If you specify a second
argument, `groff' prints it in the previous font after the bold
text, with no intervening space (this allows you to set
punctuation after the highlighted text without highlighting the
punctuation). Similarly, it prints the third argument (if any) in
the previous font *before* the first argument. For example,
.B foo ) (
prints (*foo*).
If you give this macro no arguments, `groff' prints all text
following in bold until the next highlighting, paragraph, or
heading macro.
- Macro: .R [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in roman (or regular) type. It operates
similarly to the `B' macro otherwise.
- Macro: .I [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in _italic type_. It operates similarly
to the `B' macro otherwise.
- Macro: .CW [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in a `constant width face'. It operates
similarly to the `B' macro otherwise.
- Macro: .BI [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in bold italic type. It operates
similarly to the `B' macro otherwise.
- Macro: .BX [txt]
Prints its argument and draws a box around it. If you want to box
a string that contains spaces, use a digit-width space (`\0').
- Macro: .UL [txt [post]]
Prints its first argument with an underline. If you specify a
second argument, `groff' prints it in the previous font after the
underlined text, with no intervening space.
- Macro: .LG
Prints all text following in larger type (two points larger than
the current point size) until the next font size, highlighting,
paragraph, or heading macro. You can specify this macro multiple
times to enlarge the point size as needed.
- Macro: .SM
Prints all text following in smaller type (two points smaller than
the current point size) until the next type size, highlighting,
paragraph, or heading macro. You can specify this macro multiple
times to reduce the point size as needed.
- Macro: .NL
Prints all text following in the normal point size (that is, the
value of the `PS' register).

File: groff, Node: Lists in ms, Next: Indents in ms, Prev: Highlighting in ms, Up: ms Body Text
Lists
.....
The `.IP' macro handles duties for all lists.
- Macro: .IP [marker [width]]
The MARKER is usually a bullet glyph (`\[bu]') for unordered
lists, a number (or auto-incrementing number register) for
numbered lists, or a word or phrase for indented (glossary-style)
lists.
The WIDTH specifies the indent for the body of each list item; its
default unit is `n'. Once specified, the indent remains the same
for all list items in the document until specified again.
The following is an example of a bulleted list.
A bulleted list:
.IP \[bu] 2
lawyers
.IP \[bu]
guns
.IP \[bu]
money
Produces:
A bulleted list:
o lawyers
o guns
o money
The following is an example of a numbered list.
.nr step 1 1
A numbered list:
.IP \n[step] 3
lawyers
.IP \n+[step]
guns
.IP \n+[step]
money
Produces:
A numbered list:
1. lawyers
2. guns
3. money
Note the use of the auto-incrementing number register in this
example.
The following is an example of a glossary-style list.
A glossary-style list:
.IP lawyers 0.4i
Two or more attorneys.
.IP guns
Firearms, preferably
large-caliber.
.IP money
Gotta pay for those
lawyers and guns!
Produces:
A glossary-style list:
lawyers
Two or more attorneys.
guns Firearms, preferably large-caliber.
money
Gotta pay for those lawyers and guns!
In the last example, the `IP' macro places the definition on the
same line as the term if it has enough space; otherwise, it breaks to
the next line and starts the definition below the term. This may or
may not be the effect you want, especially if some of the definitions
break and some do not. The following examples show two possible ways
to force a break.
The first workaround uses the `br' request to force a break after
printing the term or label.
A glossary-style list:
.IP lawyers 0.4i
Two or more attorneys.
.IP guns
.br
Firearms, preferably large-caliber.
.IP money
Gotta pay for those lawyers and guns!
The second workaround uses the `\p' escape to force the break. Note
the space following the escape; this is important. If you omit the
space, `groff' prints the first word on the same line as the term or
label (if it fits) *then* breaks the line.
A glossary-style list:
.IP lawyers 0.4i
Two or more attorneys.
.IP guns
\p Firearms, preferably large-caliber.
.IP money
Gotta pay for those lawyers and guns!
To set nested lists, use the `RS' and `RE' macros. *Note Indents in
ms::, for more information.
For example:
.IP \[bu] 2
Lawyers:
.RS
.IP \[bu]
Dewey,
.IP \[bu]
Cheatham,
.IP \[bu]
and Howe.
.RE
.IP \[bu]
Guns
Produces:
o Lawyers:
o Dewey,
o Cheatham,
o and Howe.
o Guns

File: groff, Node: Indents in ms, Next: Tabstops in ms, Prev: Lists in ms, Up: ms Body Text
Indents
.......
In many situations, you may need to indent a section of text while
still wrapping and filling. *Note Lists in ms::, for an example of
nested lists.
- Macro: .RS
- Macro: .RE
These macros begin and end an indented section. The `PI' register
controls the amount of indent, allowing the indented text to line
up under hanging and indented paragraphs.
*Note ms Displays and Keeps::, for macros to indent and turn off
filling.

File: groff, Node: Tabstops in ms, Next: ms Displays and Keeps, Prev: Indents in ms, Up: ms Body Text
Tab Stops
.........
Use the `ta' request to define tab stops as needed. *Note Tabs and
Fields::.
- Macro: .TA
Use this macro to reset the tab stops to the default for `ms'
(every 5n). You can redefine the `TA' macro to create a different
set of default tab stops.

File: groff, Node: ms Displays and Keeps, Next: ms Insertions, Prev: Tabstops in ms, Up: ms Body Text
Displays and keeps
..................
Use displays to show text-based examples or figures (such as code
listings).
Displays turn off filling, so lines of code are displayed as-is
without inserting `br' requests in between each line. Displays can be
"kept" on a single page, or allowed to break across pages.
- Macro: .DS L
- Macro: .LD
- Macro: .DE
Left-justified display. The `.DS L' call generates a page break,
if necessary, to keep the entire display on one page. The `LD'
macro allows the display to break across pages. The `DE' macro
ends the display.
- Macro: .DS I
- Macro: .ID
- Macro: .DE
Indents the display as defined by the `DI' register. The `.DS I'
call generates a page break, if necessary, to keep the entire
display on one page. The `ID' macro allows the display to break
across pages. The `DE' macro ends the display.
- Macro: .DS B
- Macro: .BD
- Macro: .DE
Sets a block-centered display: the entire display is
left-justified, but indented so that the longest line in the
display is centered on the page. The `.DS B' call generates a
page break, if necessary, to keep the entire display on one page.
The `BD' macro allows the display to break across pages. The `DE'
macro ends the display.
- Macro: .DS C
- Macro: .CD
- Macro: .DE
Sets a centered display: each line in the display is centered.
The `.DS C' call generates a page break, if necessary, to keep the
entire display on one page. The `CD' macro allows the display to
break across pages. The `DE' macro ends the display.
- Macro: .DS R
- Macro: .RD
- Macro: .DE
Right-justifies each line in the display. The `.DS R' call
generates a page break, if necessary, to keep the entire display
on one page. The `RD' macro allows the display to break across
pages. The `DE' macro ends the display.
On occasion, you may want to "keep" other text together on a page.
For example, you may want to keep two paragraphs together, or a
paragraph that refers to a table (or list, or other item) immediately
following. The `ms' macros provide the `KS' and `KE' macros for this
purpose.
- Macro: .KS
- Macro: .KE
The `KS' macro begins a block of text to be kept on a single page,
and the `KE' macro ends the block.
- Macro: .KF
- Macro: .KE
Specifies a "floating keep"; if the keep cannot fit on the current
page, `groff' holds the contents of the keep and allows text
following the keep (in the source file) to fill in the remainder of
the current page. When the page breaks, whether by an explicit
`bp' request or by reaching the end of the page, `groff' prints
the floating keep at the top of the new page. This is useful for
printing large graphics or tables that do not need to appear
exactly where specified.
You can also use the `ne' request to force a page break if there is
not enough vertical space remaining on the page.
Use the following macros to draw a box around a section of text
(such as a display).
- Macro: .B1
- Macro: .B2
Marks the beginning and ending of text that is to have a box drawn
around it. The `B1' macro begins the box; the `B2' macro ends it.
Text in the box is automatically placed in a diversion (keep).

File: groff, Node: ms Insertions, Next: Example multi-page table, Prev: ms Displays and Keeps, Up: ms Body Text
Tables, figures, equations, and references
..........................................
The `ms' macros support the standard `groff' preprocessors: `tbl',
`pic', `eqn', and `refer'. You mark text meant for preprocessors by
enclosing it in pairs of tags as follows.
- Macro: .TS [`H']
- Macro: .TE
Denotes a table, to be processed by the `tbl' preprocessor. The
optional argument `H' to `TS' instructs `groff' to create a
running header with the information up to the `TH' macro. `groff'
prints the header at the beginning of the table; if the table runs
onto another page, `groff' prints the header on the next page as
well.
- Macro: .PS
- Macro: .PE
Denotes a graphic, to be processed by the `pic' preprocessor. You
can create a `pic' file by hand, using the AT&T `pic' manual
available on the Web as a reference, or by using a graphics
program such as `xfig'.
- Macro: .EQ [align]
- Macro: .EN
Denotes an equation, to be processed by the `eqn' preprocessor.
The optional ALIGN argument can be `C', `L', or `I' to center (the
default), left-justify, or indent the equation.
- Macro: .[
- Macro: .]
Denotes a reference, to be processed by the `refer' preprocessor.
The GNU `refer(1)' man page provides a comprehensive reference to
the preprocessor and the format of the bibliographic database.
* Menu:
* Example multi-page table::

File: groff, Node: Example multi-page table, Next: ms Footnotes, Prev: ms Insertions, Up: ms Body Text
An example multi-page table
...........................
The following is an example of how to set up a table that may print
across two or more pages.
.TS H
allbox expand;
cb | cb .
Text ...of heading...
_
.TH
.T&
l | l .
... the rest of the table follows...
.CW
.TE

File: groff, Node: ms Footnotes, Prev: Example multi-page table, Up: ms Body Text
Footnotes
.........
The `ms' macro package has a flexible footnote system. You can
specify either numbered footnotes or symbolic footnotes (that is, using
a marker such as a dagger symbol).
- String: \*[*]
Specifies the location of a numbered footnote marker in the text.
- Macro: .FS
- Macro: .FE
Specifies the text of the footnote. The default action is to
create a numbered footnote; you can create a symbolic footnote by
specifying a "mark" glyph (such as `\[dg]' for the dagger glyph)
in the body text and as an argument to the `FS' macro, followed by
the text of the footnote and the `FE' macro.
You can control how `groff' prints footnote numbers by changing the
value of the `FF' register. *Note ms Document Control Registers::.

File: groff, Node: ms Page Layout, Next: Differences from AT&T ms, Prev: ms Body Text, Up: ms
Page layout
-----------
The default output from the `ms' macros provides a minimalist page
layout: it prints a single column, with the page number centered at the
top of each page. It prints no footers.
You can change the layout by setting the proper number registers and
strings.
* Menu:
* ms Headers and Footers::
* ms Margins::
* ms Multiple Columns::
* ms TOC::
* ms Strings and Special Characters::

File: groff, Node: ms Headers and Footers, Next: ms Margins, Prev: ms Page Layout, Up: ms Page Layout
Headers and footers
...................
For documents that do not distinguish between odd and even pages,
set the following strings:
- String: \*[LH]
- String: \*[CH]
- String: \*[RH]
Sets the left, center, and right headers.
- String: \*[LF]
- String: \*[CF]
- String: \*[RF]
Sets the left, center, and right footers.
For documents that need different information printed in the even
and odd pages, use the following macros:
- Macro: .OH 'left'center'right'
- Macro: .EH 'left'center'right'
- Macro: .OF 'left'center'right'
- Macro: .EF 'left'center'right'
The `OH' and `EH' macros define headers for the odd and even pages;
the `OF' and `EF' macros define footers for the odd and even pages.
This is more flexible than defining the individual strings.
You can replace the quote (`'') marks with any character not
appearing in the header or footer text.

File: groff, Node: ms Margins, Next: ms Multiple Columns, Prev: ms Headers and Footers, Up: ms Page Layout
Margins
.......
You control margins using a set of number registers. *Note ms
Document Control Registers::, for details.

File: groff, Node: ms Multiple Columns, Next: ms TOC, Prev: ms Margins, Up: ms Page Layout
Multiple columns
................
The `ms' macros can set text in as many columns as will reasonably
fit on the page. The following macros are available; all of them force
a page break if a multi-column mode is already set. However, if the
current mode is single-column, starting a multi-column mode does *not*
force a page break.
- Macro: .1C
Single-column mode.
- Macro: .2C
Two-column mode.
- Macro: .MC [width [gutter]]
Multi-column mode. If you specify no arguments, it is equivalent
to the `2C' macro. Otherwise, WIDTH is the width of each column
and GUTTER is the space between columns. The `MINGW' number
register controls the default gutter width.

File: groff, Node: ms TOC, Next: ms Strings and Special Characters, Prev: ms Multiple Columns, Up: ms Page Layout
Creating a table of contents
............................
The facilities in the `ms' macro package for creating a table of
contents are semi-automated at best. Assuming that you want the table
of contents to consist of the document's headings, you need to repeat
those headings wrapped in `XS' and `XE' macros.
- Macro: .XS [page]
- Macro: .XA [page]
- Macro: .XE
These macros define a table of contents or an individual entry in
the table of contents, depending on their use. The macros are
very simple; they cannot indent a heading based on its level. The
easiest way to work around this is to add tabs to the table of
contents string. The following is an example:
.NH 1
Introduction
.XS
Introduction
.XE
.LP
...
.CW
.NH 2
Methodology
.XS
Methodology
.XE
.LP
...
You can manually create a table of contents by beginning with the
`XS' macro for the first entry, specifying the page number for
that entry as the argument to `XS'. Add subsequent entries using
the `XA' macro, specifying the page number for that entry as the
argument to `XA'. The following is an example:
.XS 1
Introduction
.XA 2
A Brief History of the Universe
.XA 729
Details of Galactic Formation
...
.XE
- Macro: .TC [`no']
Prints the table of contents on a new page, setting the page
number to *i* (Roman numeral one). You should usually place this
macro at the end of the file, since `groff' is a single-pass
formatter and can only print what has been collected up to the
point that the `TC' macro appears.
The optional argument `no' suppresses printing the title specified
by the string register `TOC'.
- Macro: .PX [`no']
Prints the table of contents on a new page, using the current page
numbering sequence. Use this macro to print a manually-generated
table of contents at the beginning of your document.
The optional argument `no' suppresses printing the title specified
by the string register `TOC'.
The `Groff and Friends HOWTO' includes a `sed' script that
automatically inserts `XS' and `XE' macro entries after each heading in
a document.
Altering the `NH' macro to automatically build the table of contents
is perhaps initially more difficult, but would save a great deal of
time in the long run if you use `ms' regularly.
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