afb6a168f8
By default, makefs(8) has very few spare inodes in its output images, which is fine for static filesystems, but not so great for VM images where many more files will be added. Make makefs(8) use the same default settings as newfs(8) when creating images with free space -- there isn't much point to leaving free space on the image if you can't put files there. If no free space is requested, use current behavior of a minimal number of available inodes. Reviewed by: manu MFC after: 3 weeks Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D29492
522 lines
13 KiB
Groff
522 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: makefs.8,v 1.33 2011/05/22 21:51:39 christos Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Written by Luke Mewburn for Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by
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.\" Wasabi Systems, Inc.
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.\" 4. The name of Wasabi Systems, Inc. may not be used to endorse
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.\" or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
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.\" written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY WASABI SYSTEMS, INC. ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
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.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WASABI SYSTEMS, INC
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.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
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.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
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.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
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.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
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.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
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.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
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.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd September 17, 2020
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.Dt MAKEFS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm makefs
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.Nd create a file system image from a directory tree or a mtree manifest
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl DxZ
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.Op Fl B Ar endian
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.Op Fl b Ar free-blocks
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.Op Fl d Ar debug-mask
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.Op Fl F Ar mtree-specfile
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.Op Fl f Ar free-files
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.Op Fl M Ar minimum-size
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.Op Fl m Ar maximum-size
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.Op Fl N Ar userdb-dir
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.Op Fl O Ar offset
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.Op Fl o Ar fs-options
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.Op Fl R Ar roundup-size
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.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
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.Op Fl s Ar image-size
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.Op Fl T Ar timestamp
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.Op Fl t Ar fs-type
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.Ar image-file
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.Ar directory | manifest
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.Op Ar extra-directory ...
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The utility
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.Nm
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creates a file system image into
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.Ar image-file
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from the directory tree
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.Ar directory
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or from the mtree manifest
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.Ar manifest .
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If any optional directory trees are passed in the
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.Ar extra-directory
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arguments, then the directory tree of each argument will be merged
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into the
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.Ar directory
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or
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.Ar manifest
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first before creating
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.Ar image-file .
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No special devices or privileges are required to perform this task.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width flag
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.It Fl B Ar endian
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Set the byte order of the image to
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.Ar endian .
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Valid byte orders are
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.Ql 4321 ,
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.Ql big ,
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or
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.Ql be
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for big endian, and
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.Ql 1234 ,
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.Ql little ,
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or
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.Ql le
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for little endian.
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Some file systems may have a fixed byte order; in those cases this
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argument will be ignored.
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.It Fl b Ar free-blocks
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Ensure that a minimum of
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.Ar free-blocks
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free blocks exist in the image.
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An optional
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.Ql %
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suffix may be provided to indicate that
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.Ar free-blocks
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indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
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.It Fl D
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Treat duplicate paths in an mtree manifest as warnings not error.
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.It Fl d Ar debug-mask
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Enable various levels of debugging, depending upon which bits are
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set in
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.Ar debug-mask .
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XXX: document these
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.It Fl F Ar mtree-specfile
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.Em This is almost certainly not the option you are looking for.
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To create an image from a list of files in an mtree format manifest,
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specify it as the last argument on the command line, not as a the
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argument to
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.Fl F .
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.Pp
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Use
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.Ar mtree-specfile
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as an
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.Xr mtree 8
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.Sq specfile
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specification.
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This option has no effect when the image is created from a mtree manifest
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rather than a directory.
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.Pp
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If a specfile entry exists in the underlying file system, its
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permissions and modification time will be used unless specifically
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overridden by the specfile.
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An error will be raised if the type of entry in the specfile
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conflicts with that of an existing entry.
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.Pp
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In the opposite case (where a specfile entry does not have an entry
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in the underlying file system) the following occurs:
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If the specfile entry is marked
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.Sy optional ,
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the specfile entry is ignored.
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Otherwise, the entry will be created in the image, and it is
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necessary to specify at least the following parameters in the
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specfile:
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.Sy type ,
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.Sy mode ,
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.Sy gname ,
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or
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.Sy gid ,
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and
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.Sy uname
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or
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.Sy uid ,
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and
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.Sy link
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(in the case of symbolic links).
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If
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.Sy time
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is not provided, the current time will be used.
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If
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.Sy flags
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is not provided, the current file flags will be used.
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Missing regular file entries will be created as zero-length files.
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.It Fl f Ar free-files
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Ensure that a minimum of
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.Ar free-files
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free files (inodes) exist in the image.
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An optional
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.Ql %
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suffix may be provided to indicate that
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.Ar free-files
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indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
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.It Fl M Ar minimum-size
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Set the minimum size of the file system image to
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.Ar minimum-size .
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.It Fl m Ar maximum-size
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Set the maximum size of the file system image to
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.Ar maximum-size .
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An error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger
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than this to accommodate the provided directory tree.
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.It Fl N Ar userdb-dir
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Use the user database text file
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.Pa master.passwd
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and group database text file
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.Pa group
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from
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.Ar userdb-dir ,
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rather than using the results from the system's
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.Xr getpwnam 3
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and
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.Xr getgrnam 3
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(and related) library calls.
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.It Fl O Ar offset
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Instead of creating the filesystem at the beginning of the file, start
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at offset.
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Valid only for
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.Sy ffs
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and
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.Sy msdos .
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.It Fl o Ar fs-options
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Set file system specific options.
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.Ar fs-options
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is a comma separated list of options.
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Valid file system specific options are detailed below.
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.It Fl p
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Deprecated.
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See the
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.Fl Z
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flag.
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.It Fl R Ar roundup-size
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Round the image up to
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.Ar roundup-size .
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.Ar roundup-size
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should be a multiple of the file system block size.
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This option only applies to the
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.Sy ffs
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file system type.
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.It Fl S Ar sector-size
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Set the file system sector size to
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.Ar sector-size .
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.\" XXX: next line also true for cd9660?
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Defaults to 512.
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.It Fl s Ar image-size
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Set the size of the file system image to
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.Ar image-size .
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This is equivalent to setting both the minimum
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.Fl ( M )
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and the maximum
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.Fl ( m )
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sizes to the same value.
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For
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.Sy ffs
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and
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.Sy msdos
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the
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.Ar image-size
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does not include the
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.Ar offset .
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.Ar offset
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is not included in that size.
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.It Fl T Ar timestamp
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Specify a timestamp to be set for all filesystem files and directories
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created so that repeatable builds are possible.
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The
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.Ar timestamp
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can be a
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.Pa pathname ,
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where the timestamps are derived from that file, or an integer
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value interpreted as the number of seconds from the Epoch.
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Note that timestamps specified in an
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.Xr mtree 5
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spec file, override the default timestamp.
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.It Fl t Ar fs-type
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Create an
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.Ar fs-type
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file system image.
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The following file system types are supported:
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.Bl -tag -width cd9660 -offset indent
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.It Sy ffs
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BSD fast file system (default).
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.It Sy cd9660
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ISO 9660 file system.
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.It Sy msdos
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FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 file system.
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.El
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.It Fl x
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Exclude file system nodes not explicitly listed in the specfile.
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.It Fl Z
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Create a sparse file for
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.Sy ffs .
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This is useful for virtual machine images.
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.El
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.Pp
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Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected.
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Two or more numbers may be separated by an
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.Dq x
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to indicate a product.
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Each number may have one of the following optional suffixes:
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.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
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.It b
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Block; multiply by 512
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.It k
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Kibi; multiply by 1024 (1 KiB)
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.It m
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Mebi; multiply by 1048576 (1 MiB)
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.It g
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Gibi; multiply by 1073741824 (1 GiB)
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.It t
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Tebi; multiply by 1099511627776 (1 TiB)
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.It w
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Word; multiply by the number of bytes in an integer
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.El
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.\"
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.\"
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.Ss FFS-specific options
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.Sy ffs
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images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided.
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Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width optimization -offset indent -compact
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.It Sy avgfilesize
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Expected average file size.
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.It Sy avgfpdir
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Expected number of files per directory.
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.It Sy bsize
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Block size.
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.It Sy density
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Bytes per inode. If unset, will allocate the minimum number of inodes to
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represent the filesystem if no free space has been requested (free blocks
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or minimum size set); otherwise the larger of the newfs defaults or what
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is required by the free inode parameters if set.
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.It Sy fsize
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Fragment size.
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.It Sy label
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Label name of the image.
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.It Sy maxbpg
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Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group.
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.It Sy minfree
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Minimum % free.
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.It Sy optimization
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Optimization preference; one of
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.Ql space
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or
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.Ql time .
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.It Sy extent
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Maximum extent size.
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.It Sy maxbpcg
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Maximum total number of blocks in a cylinder group.
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.It Sy version
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UFS version.
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1 for FFS (default), 2 for UFS2.
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.It Sy softupdates
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0 for disable (default), 1 for enable
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.El
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.Ss CD9660-specific options
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.Sy cd9660
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images have ISO9660-specific optional parameters that may be
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provided.
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The arguments consist of a keyword and, optionally, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact
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.It Sy allow-deep-trees
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Allow the directory structure to exceed the maximum specified in
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the spec.
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.It Sy allow-illegal-chars
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Allow illegal characters in filenames.
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This option is not implemented.
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.It Sy allow-lowercase
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Allow lowercase characters in filenames.
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This option is not implemented.
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.It Sy allow-max-name
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Allow 37 instead of 33 characters for filenames by omitting the
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version id.
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.It Sy allow-multidot
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Allow multiple dots in a filename.
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.It Sy applicationid
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Application ID of the image.
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.It Sy archimedes
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Use the
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.Ql ARCHIMEDES
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extension to encode
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.Tn RISC OS
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metadata.
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.It Sy bootimagedir
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Boot image directory.
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This option is not implemented.
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.It Sy chrp-boot
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Write an MBR partition table to the image to allow older CHRP hardware to
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boot.
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.It Sy boot-load-segment
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Set load segment for the boot image.
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.It Sy bootimage
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Filename of a boot image in the format
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.Dq sysid;filename ,
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where
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.Dq sysid
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is one of
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.Ql i386 ,
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.Ql mac68k ,
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.Ql macppc ,
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.Ql powerpc ,
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or
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.Ql efi .
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.It Sy generic-bootimage
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Load a generic boot image into the first 32K of the cd9660 image.
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.It Sy hard-disk-boot
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Boot image is a hard disk image.
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.It Sy isolevel
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An integer representing the ISO 9660 interchange level where
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.Dq level
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is either
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.Ql 1
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or
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.Ql 2 .
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.Dq level
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.Ql 3
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is not implemented.
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.It Sy keep-bad-images
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Do not discard images whose write was aborted due to an error.
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For debugging purposes.
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.It Sy label
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Label name of the image.
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.It Sy no-boot
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Boot image is not bootable.
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.It Sy no-emul-boot
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Boot image is a
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.Dq no emulation
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ElTorito image.
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.It Sy no-trailing-padding
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Do not pad the image (apparently Linux needs the padding).
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.It Sy omit-trailing-period
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Omit trailing periods in filenames.
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.It Sy platformid
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Set platform ID of section header entry of the boot image.
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.It Sy preparer
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Preparer ID of the image.
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.It Sy publisher
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Publisher ID of the image.
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.It Sy rockridge
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Use RockRidge extensions (for longer filenames, etc.).
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.It Sy verbose
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Turns on verbose output.
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.It Sy volumeid
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Volume set identifier of the image.
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.El
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.Ss msdos-specific options
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.Sy msdos
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images have MS-DOS-specific optional parameters that may be
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provided.
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The arguments consist of a keyword, an equal sign
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.Pq Ql = ,
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and a value.
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The following keywords are supported (see
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.Xr newfs_msdos 8
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for more details):
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width omit-trailing-period -offset indent -compact
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.It Cm backup_sector
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Location of the backup boot sector.
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.It Cm block_size
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Block size.
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.It Cm bootstrap
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Bootstrap file.
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.It Cm bytes_per_sector
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Bytes per sector.
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.It Cm create_size
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Create file size.
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.It Cm directory_entries
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Directory entries.
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.It Cm drive_heads
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Drive heads.
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.It Cm fat_type
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FAT type (12, 16, or 32).
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.It Cm floppy
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Preset drive parameters for standard format floppy disks
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(160, 180, 320, 360, 640, 720, 1200, 1232, 1440, or 2880).
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.It Cm hidden_sectors
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Hidden sectors.
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.It Cm info_sector
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Location of the info sector.
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.It Cm media_descriptor
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Media descriptor.
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.It Cm num_FAT
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Number of FATs.
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.It Cm OEM_string
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OEM string.
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.It Cm offset
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Offset in device.
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|
This option will be ignored if
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.Fl O
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is set to a positive number.
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.It Cm reserved_sectors
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Reserved sectors.
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.It Cm sectors_per_cluster
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Sectors per cluster.
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.It Cm sectors_per_fat
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Sectors per FAT.
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.It Cm sectors_per_track
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Sectors per track.
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.It Cm size
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File System size.
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.It Cm volume_id
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Volume ID.
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.It Cm volume_label
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Volume Label.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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|
.Xr mtree 5 ,
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.Xr mtree 8 ,
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.Xr newfs 8
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|
.Sh HISTORY
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|
The
|
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.Nm
|
|
utility appeared in
|
|
.Nx 1.6 .
|
|
It was ported to
|
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.Fx
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|
and first appeared in
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|
.Fx 8.0 .
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|
.Sh AUTHORS
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|
.An Luke Mewburn
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|
.Aq Mt lukem@NetBSD.org
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(original program),
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.An Daniel Watt ,
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.An Walter Deignan ,
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.An Ryan Gabrys ,
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.An Alan Perez-Rathke ,
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.An Ram Vedam
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(cd9660 support),
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.An Christos Zoulas
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|
(msdos support).
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