da52b4caaf
is in accordance with the information provided at ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change Also add $FreeBSD$ to a few files to keep svn happy. Discussed with: imp, rwatson
328 lines
7.8 KiB
Groff
328 lines
7.8 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)jot.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd June 2, 2010
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.Dt JOT 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm jot
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.Nd print sequential or random data
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl cnr
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.Op Fl b Ar word
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.Op Fl w Ar word
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.Op Fl s Ar string
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.Op Fl p Ar precision
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.Op Ar reps Op Ar begin Op Ar end Op Ar s
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility is used to print out increasing, decreasing, random,
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or redundant data, usually numbers, one per line.
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.Pp
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The following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl r
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Generate random data instead of the default sequential data.
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.It Fl b Ar word
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Just print
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.Ar word
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repetitively.
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.It Fl w Ar word
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Print
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.Ar word
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with the generated data appended to it.
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Octal, hexadecimal, exponential,
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.Tn ASCII ,
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zero padded,
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and right-adjusted representations
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are possible by using the appropriate
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.Xr printf 3
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conversion specification inside
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.Ar word ,
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in which case the data are inserted rather than appended.
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.It Fl c
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This is an abbreviation for
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.Fl w Ar %c .
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.It Fl s Ar string
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Print data separated by
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.Ar string .
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Normally, newlines separate data.
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.It Fl n
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Do not print the final newline normally appended to the output.
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.It Fl p Ar precision
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Print only as many digits or characters of the data
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as indicated by the integer
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.Ar precision .
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In the absence of
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.Fl p ,
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the precision is the greater of the precisions of
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.Ar begin
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and
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.Ar end .
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The
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.Fl p
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option is overridden by whatever appears in a
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.Xr printf 3
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conversion following
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.Fl w .
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.El
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.Pp
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The last four arguments indicate, respectively,
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the number of data, the lower bound, the upper bound,
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and the step size or, for random data, the seed.
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While at least one of them must appear,
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any of the other three may be omitted, and
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will be considered as such if given as
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.Fl ""
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or as an empty string.
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Any three of these arguments determines the fourth.
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If four are specified and the given and computed values of
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.Ar reps
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conflict, the lower value is used.
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If fewer than three are specified, defaults are assigned
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left to right, except for
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.Ar s ,
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which assumes a default of 1 or -1 if both
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.Ar begin
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and
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.Ar end
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are given.
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.Pp
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Defaults for the four arguments are, respectively,
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100, 1, 100, and 1, except that when random data are requested,
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the seed,
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.Ar s ,
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is picked randomly.
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The
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.Ar reps
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argument is expected to be an unsigned integer,
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and if given as zero is taken to be infinite.
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The
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.Ar begin
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and
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.Ar end
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arguments may be given as real numbers or as characters
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representing the corresponding value in
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.Tn ASCII .
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The last argument must be a real number.
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.Pp
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Random numbers are obtained through
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.Xr arc4random 3
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when no seed is specified,
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and through
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.Xr random 3
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when a seed is given.
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When
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.Nm
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is asked to generate random integers or characters with begin
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and end values in the range of the random number generator function
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and no format is specified with one of the
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.Fl w ,
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.Fl b ,
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or
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.Fl p
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options,
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.Nm
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will arrange for all the values in the range to appear in the output
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with an equal probability.
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In all other cases be careful to ensure that the output format's
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rounding or truncation will not skew the distribution of output
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values in an unintended way.
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.Pp
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The name
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.Nm
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derives in part from
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.Nm iota ,
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a function in APL.
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.Ss Rounding and truncation
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The
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.Nm
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utility uses double precision floating point arithmetic internally.
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Before printing a number, it is converted depending on the output
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format used.
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.Pp
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If no output format is specified or the output format is a
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floating point format
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.Po
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.Sq E ,
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.Sq G ,
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.Sq e ,
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.Sq f ,
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or
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.Sq g
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.Pc ,
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the value is rounded using the
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.Xr printf 3
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function, taking into account the requested precision.
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.Pp
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If the output format is an integer format
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.Po
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.Sq D ,
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.Sq O ,
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.Sq U ,
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.Sq X ,
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.Sq c ,
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.Sq d ,
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.Sq i ,
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.Sq o ,
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.Sq u ,
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or
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.Sq x
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.Pc ,
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the value is converted to an integer value by truncation.
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.Pp
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As an illustration, consider the following command:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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$ jot 6 1 10 0.5
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1
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2
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2
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2
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3
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4
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.Ed
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.Pp
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By requesting an explicit precision of 1, the values generated before rounding
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can be seen.
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The .5 values are rounded down if the integer part is even,
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up otherwise.
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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$ jot -p 1 6 1 10 0.5
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1.0
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1.5
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2.0
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2.5
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3.0
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3.5
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.Ed
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.Pp
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By offsetting the values slightly, the values generated by the following
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command are always rounded down:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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$ jot -p 0 6 .9999999999 10 0.5
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1
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1
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2
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2
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3
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3
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Another way of achieving the same result is to force truncation by
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specifying an integer format:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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$ jot -w %d 6 1 10 0.5
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Sh EXIT STATUS
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.Ex -std
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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The command
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.Dl jot - 1 10
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.Pp
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prints the integers from 1 to 10,
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while the command
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.Dl jot 21 -1 1.00
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.Pp
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prints 21 evenly spaced numbers increasing from -1 to 1.
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The
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.Tn ASCII
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character set is generated with
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.Dl jot -c 128 0
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.Pp
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and the strings xaa through xaz with
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.Dl jot -w xa%c 26 a
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.Pp
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while 20 random 8-letter strings are produced with
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.Dl "jot -r -c 160 a z | rs -g 0 8"
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.Pp
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Infinitely many
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.Em yes Ns 's
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may be obtained through
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.Dl jot -b yes 0
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.Pp
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and thirty
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.Xr ed 1
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substitution commands applying to lines 2, 7, 12, etc.\& is
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the result of
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.Dl jot -w %ds/old/new/ 30 2 - 5
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.Pp
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The stuttering sequence 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, etc.\& can be
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produced by truncating the output precision and a suitable choice of step size,
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as in
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.Dl jot -w %d - 9.5 0 -.5
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.Pp
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and a file containing exactly 1024 bytes is created with
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.Dl jot -b x 512 > block
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.Pp
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Finally, to set tabs four spaces apart starting
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from column 10 and ending in column 132, use
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.Dl expand -`jot -s, - 10 132 4`
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.Pp
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and to print all lines 80 characters or longer,
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.Dl grep `jot -s \&"\&" -b \&. 80`
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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The following diagnostic messages deserve special explanation:
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.Bl -diag
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.It "illegal or unsupported format '%s'"
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The requested conversion format specifier for
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.Xr printf 3
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was not of the form
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.Dl %[#][ ][{+,-}][0-9]*[.[0-9]*]?
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where
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.Dq ?\&
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must be one of
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.Dl [l]{d,i,o,u,x}
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or
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.Dl {c,e,f,g,D,E,G,O,U,X}
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.It "range error in conversion"
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A value to be printed fell outside the range of the data type
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associated with the requested output format.
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.It "too many conversions"
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More than one conversion format specifier has been supplied,
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but only one is allowed.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr ed 1 ,
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.Xr expand 1 ,
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.Xr rs 1 ,
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.Xr seq 1 ,
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.Xr yes 1 ,
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.Xr arc4random 3 ,
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.Xr printf 3 ,
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.Xr random 3
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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utility first appeared in
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.Bx 4.2 .
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