455 lines
11 KiB
Groff
455 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" From: @(#)swapon.8 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd April 23, 2020
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.Dt DUMPON 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm dumpon
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.Nd "specify a device for crash dumps"
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl i Ar index
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.Op Fl r
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.Op Fl v
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.Op Fl C Ar cipher
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.Op Fl k Ar pubkey
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.Op Fl Z
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.Op Fl z
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.Ar device
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.Nm
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.Op Fl i Ar index
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.Op Fl r
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.Op Fl v
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.Op Fl C Ar cipher
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.Op Fl k Ar pubkey
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.Op Fl Z
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.Op Fl z
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.Op Fl g Ar gateway
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.Fl s Ar server
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.Fl c Ar client
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.Ar iface
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.Nm
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.Op Fl v
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.Cm off
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.Nm
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.Op Fl v
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.Fl l
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility is used to configure where the kernel can save a crash dump in the case
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of a panic.
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.Pp
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System administrators should typically configure
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.Nm
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in a persistent fashion using the
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.Xr rc.conf 5
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variables
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.Va dumpdev
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and
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.Va dumpon_flags .
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For more information on this usage, see
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.Xr rc.conf 5 .
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.Pp
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Starting in
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.Fx 13.0 ,
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.Nm
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can configure a series of fallback dump devices.
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For example, an administrator may prefer
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.Xr netdump 4
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by default, but if the
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.Xr netdump 4
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service cannot be reached or some other failure occurs, they might choose a
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local disk dump as a second choice option.
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.Ss General options
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.Bl -tag -width _k_pubkey
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.It Fl i Ar index
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Insert the specified dump configuration into the prioritized fallback dump
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device list at the specified index, starting at zero.
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.Pp
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If
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.Fl i
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is not specified, the configured dump device is appended to the prioritized
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list.
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.It Fl r
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Remove the specified dump device configuration or configurations from the
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fallback dump device list rather than inserting or appending it.
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In contrast,
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.Do
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.Nm
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off
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.Dc
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removes all configured devices.
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Conflicts with
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.Fl i .
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.It Fl k Ar pubkey
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Configure encrypted kernel dumps.
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.Pp
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A random, one-time symmetric key is automatically generated for bulk kernel
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dump encryption every time
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.Nm
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is used.
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The provided
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.Ar pubkey
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is used to encrypt a copy of the symmetric key.
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The encrypted dump contents consist of a standard dump header, the
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pubkey-encrypted symmetric key contents, and the symmetric key encrypted core
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dump contents.
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.Pp
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As a result, only someone with the corresponding private key can decrypt the symmetric key.
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The symmetric key is necessary to decrypt the kernel core.
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The goal of the mechanism is to provide confidentiality.
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.Pp
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The
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.Va pubkey
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file should be a PEM-formatted RSA key of at least 2048 bits.
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.It Fl C Ar cipher
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Select the symmetric algorithm used for encrypted kernel crash dump.
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The default is
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.Dq chacha20
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but
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.Dq aes256-cbc
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is also available.
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(AES256-CBC mode does not work in conjunction with compression.)
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.It Fl l
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List the currently configured dump device(s), or /dev/null if no devices are
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configured.
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.It Fl v
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Enable verbose mode.
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.It Fl Z
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Enable compression (Zstandard).
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.It Fl z
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Enable compression (gzip).
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Only one compression method may be enabled at a time, so
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.Fl z
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is incompatible with
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.Fl Z .
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.Pp
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Zstandard provides superior compression ratio and performance.
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.El
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.Ss Netdump
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.Nm
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may also configure the kernel to dump to a remote
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.Xr netdumpd 8
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server.
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(The
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.Xr netdumpd 8
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server is available in ports.)
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.Xr netdump 4
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eliminates the need to reserve space for crash dumps.
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It is especially useful in diskless environments.
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When
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.Nm
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is used to configure netdump, the
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.Ar device
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(or
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.Ar iface )
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parameter should specify a network interface (e.g.,
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.Va igb1 ) .
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The specified NIC must be up (online) to configure netdump.
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.Pp
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.Xr netdump 4
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specific options include:
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.Bl -tag -width _g_gateway
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.It Fl c Ar client
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The local IP address of the
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.Xr netdump 4
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client.
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.It Fl g Ar gateway
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The first-hop router between
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.Ar client
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and
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.Ar server .
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If the
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.Fl g
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option is not specified and the system has a default route, the default
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router is used as the
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.Xr netdump 4
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gateway.
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If the
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.Fl g
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option is not specified and the system does not have a default route,
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.Ar server
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is assumed to be on the same link as
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.Ar client .
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.It Fl s Ar server
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The IP address of the
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.Xr netdumpd 8
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server.
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.El
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.Pp
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All of these options can be specified in the
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.Xr rc.conf 5
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variable
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.Va dumpon_flags .
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.Ss Minidumps
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The default type of kernel crash dump is the mini crash dump.
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Mini crash dumps hold only memory pages in use by the kernel.
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Alternatively, full memory dumps can be enabled by setting the
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.Va debug.minidump
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.Xr sysctl 8
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variable to 0.
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.Ss Full dumps
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For systems using full memory dumps, the size of the specified dump
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device must be at least the size of physical memory.
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Even though an additional 64 kB header is added to the dump, the BIOS for a
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platform typically holds back some memory, so it is not usually
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necessary to size the dump device larger than the actual amount of RAM
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available in the machine.
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Also, when using full memory dumps, the
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.Nm
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utility will refuse to enable a dump device which is smaller than the
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total amount of physical memory as reported by the
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.Va hw.physmem
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.Xr sysctl 8
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variable.
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.Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
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Because the file system layer is already dead by the time a crash dump
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is taken, it is not possible to send crash dumps directly to a file.
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.Pp
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The
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.Xr loader 8
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variable
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.Va dumpdev
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may be used to enable early kernel core dumps for system panics which occur
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before userspace starts.
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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In order to generate an RSA private key, a user can use the
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.Xr genrsa 1
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tool:
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.Pp
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.Dl # openssl genrsa -out private.pem 4096
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.Pp
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A public key can be extracted from the private key using the
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.Xr rsa 1
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tool:
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.Pp
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.Dl # openssl rsa -in private.pem -out public.pem -pubout
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.Pp
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Once the RSA keys are created in a safe place, the public key may be moved to
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the untrusted netdump client machine.
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Now
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.Pa public.pem
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can be used by
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.Nm
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to configure encrypted kernel crash dumps:
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.Pp
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.Dl # dumpon -k public.pem /dev/ada0s1b
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.Pp
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It is recommended to test if the kernel saves encrypted crash dumps using the
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current configuration.
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The easiest way to do that is to cause a kernel panic using the
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.Xr ddb 4
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debugger:
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.Pp
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.Dl # sysctl debug.kdb.panic=1
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.Pp
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In the debugger the following commands should be typed to write a core dump and
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reboot:
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.Pp
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.Dl db> dump
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.Dl db> reset
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.Pp
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After reboot
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.Xr savecore 8
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should be able to save the core dump in the
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.Va Dq dumpdir
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directory, which is
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.Pa /var/crash
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by default:
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.Pp
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.Dl # savecore /dev/ada0s1b
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.Pp
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Three files should be created in the core directory:
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.Pa info.# ,
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.Pa key.#
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and
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.Pa vmcore_encrypted.#
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(where
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.Dq #
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is the number of the last core dump saved by
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.Xr savecore 8 ) .
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The
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.Pa vmcore_encrypted.#
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can be decrypted using the
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.Xr decryptcore 8
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utility:
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.Pp
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.Dl # decryptcore -p private.pem -k key.# -e vmcore_encrypted.# -c vmcore.#
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.Pp
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or shorter:
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.Pp
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.Dl # decryptcore -p private.pem -n #
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.Pp
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The
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.Pa vmcore.#
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can be now examined using
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.Xr kgdb 1 :
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.Pp
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.Dl # kgdb /boot/kernel/kernel vmcore.#
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.Pp
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or shorter:
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.Pp
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.Dl # kgdb -n #
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.Pp
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The core was decrypted properly if
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.Xr kgdb 1
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does not print any errors.
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Note that the live kernel might be at a different path
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which can be examined by looking at the
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.Va kern.bootfile
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.Xr sysctl 8 .
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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.Xr rc 8
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script runs early during boot, typically before networking is configured.
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This makes it unsuitable for configuring
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.Xr netdump 4
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when the client address is dynamic.
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To configure
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.Xr netdump 4
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when
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.Xr dhclient 8
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binds to a server,
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.Xr dhclient-script 8
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can be used to run
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.Xr dumpon 8 .
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For example, to automatically configure
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.Xr netdump 4
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on the vtnet0 interface, add the following to
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.Pa /etc/dhclient-exit-hooks .
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.Bd -literal
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case $reason in
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BOUND|REBIND|REBOOT|RENEW)
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if [ "$interface" != vtnet0 ] || [ -n "$old_ip_address" -a \\
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"$old_ip_address" = "$new_ip_address" ]; then
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break
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fi
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if [ -n "$new_routers" ]; then
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# Take the first router in the list.
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gateway_flag="-g ${new_routers%% *}"
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fi
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# Configure as the highest-priority dump device.
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dumpon -i 0 -c $new_ip_address -s $server $gateway_flag vtnet0
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;;
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esac
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Be sure to fill in the server IP address and change the interface name if
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needed.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr gzip 1 ,
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.Xr kgdb 1 ,
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.Xr zstd 1 ,
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.Xr ddb 4 ,
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.Xr netdump 4 ,
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.Xr fstab 5 ,
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.Xr rc.conf 5 ,
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.Xr config 8 ,
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.Xr decryptcore 8 ,
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.Xr init 8 ,
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.Xr loader 8 ,
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.Xr rc 8 ,
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.Xr savecore 8 ,
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.Xr swapon 8 ,
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.Xr panic 9
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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utility appeared in
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.Fx 2.0.5 .
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.Pp
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Support for encrypted kernel core dumps and netdump was added in
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.Fx 12.0 .
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.Sh AUTHORS
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The
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.Nm
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manual page was written by
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.An Mark Johnston Aq Mt markj@FreeBSD.org ,
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.An Conrad Meyer Aq Mt cem@FreeBSD.org ,
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.An Konrad Witaszczyk Aq Mt def@FreeBSD.org ,
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and countless others.
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.Sh CAVEATS
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To configure encrypted kernel core dumps, the running kernel must have been
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compiled with the
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.Dv EKCD
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option.
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.Pp
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Netdump does not automatically update the configured
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.Ar gateway
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if routing topology changes.
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.Pp
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The size of a compressed dump or a minidump is not a fixed function of RAM
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size.
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Therefore, when at least one of these options is enabled, the
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.Nm
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utility cannot verify that the
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.Ar device
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has sufficient space for a dump.
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.Nm
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is also unable to verify that a configured
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.Xr netdumpd 8
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server has sufficient space for a dump.
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.Pp
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.Fl Z
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requires a kernel compiled with the
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.Dv ZSTDIO
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kernel option.
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Similarly,
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.Fl z
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requires the
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.Dv GZIO
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option.
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.Sh BUGS
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Netdump only supports IPv4 at this time.
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.Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
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The current encrypted kernel core dump scheme does not provide integrity nor
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authentication.
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That is, the recipient of an encrypted kernel core dump cannot know if they
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received an intact core dump, nor can they verify the provenance of the dump.
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.Pp
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RSA keys smaller than 1024 bits are practical to factor and therefore weak.
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Even 1024 bit keys may not be large enough to ensure privacy for many
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years, so NIST recommends a minimum of 2048 bit RSA keys.
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As a seatbelt,
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.Nm
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prevents users from configuring encrypted kernel dumps with extremely weak RSA
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keys.
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If you do not care for cryptographic privacy guarantees, just use
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.Nm
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without specifying a
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.Fl k Ar pubkey
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option.
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.Pp
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This process is sandboxed using
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.Xr capsicum 4 .
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