925 lines
22 KiB
Groff
925 lines
22 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)find.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 5/9/95
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd July 29, 2004
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.Dt FIND 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm find
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.Nd walk a file hierarchy
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl H | Fl L | Fl P
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.Op Fl EXdsx
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.Op Fl f Ar pathname
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.Op Ar pathname ...
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.Ar expression
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility recursively descends the directory tree for each
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.Ar pathname
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listed, evaluating an
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.Ar expression
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(composed of the
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.Dq primaries
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and
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.Dq operands
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listed below) in terms
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of each file in the tree.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl E
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Interpret regular expressions followed by
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.Ic -regex
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and
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.Ic -iregex
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options as extended (modern) regular expressions rather than basic
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regular expressions (BRE's).
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The
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.Xr re_format 7
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manual page fully describes both formats.
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.It Fl H
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Cause the file information and file type (see
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.Xr stat 2 )
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returned for each symbolic link specified on the command line to be
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those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
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If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
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be for the link itself.
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File information of all symbolic links not on
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the command line is that of the link itself.
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.It Fl L
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Cause the file information and file type (see
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.Xr stat 2 )
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returned for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
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link, not the link itself.
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If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type will
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be for the link itself.
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.Pp
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This option is equivalent to the deprecated
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.Ic -follow
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primary.
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.It Fl P
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Cause the file information and file type (see
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.Xr stat 2 )
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returned for each symbolic link to be those of the link itself.
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This is the default.
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.It Fl X
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Permit
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.Nm
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to be safely used in conjunction with
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.Xr xargs 1 .
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If a file name contains any of the delimiting characters used by
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.Xr xargs 1 ,
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a diagnostic message is displayed on standard error, and the file
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is skipped.
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The delimiting characters include single
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.Pq Dq Li " ' "
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and double
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.Pq Dq Li " \*q "
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quotes, backslash
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.Pq Dq Li \e ,
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space, tab and newline characters.
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.Pp
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However, you may wish to consider the
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.Fl print0
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primary in conjunction with
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.Dq Nm xargs Fl 0
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as an effective alternative.
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.It Fl d
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Cause
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.Nm
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to perform a depth-first traversal, i.e., directories
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are visited in post-order and all entries in a directory will be acted
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on before the directory itself.
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By default,
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.Nm
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visits directories in pre-order, i.e., before their contents.
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Note, the default is
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.Em not
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a breadth-first traversal.
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.Pp
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This option is equivalent to the
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.Ic -depth
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primary of
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.St -p1003.1-2001 .
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.Fl d
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can be useful when
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.Nm
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is used with
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.Xr cpio 1
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to process files that are contained in directories with unusual permissions.
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It ensures that you have write permission while you are placing files in a
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directory, then sets the directory's permissions as the last thing.
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.It Fl f
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Specify a file hierarchy for
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.Nm
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to traverse.
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File hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
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following the options.
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.It Fl s
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Cause
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.Nm
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to traverse the file hierarchies in lexicographical order,
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i.e., alphabetical order within each directory.
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Note:
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.Ql find -s
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and
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.Ql "find | sort"
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may give different results.
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.It Fl x
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Prevent
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.Nm
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from descending into directories that have a device number different
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than that of the file from which the descent began.
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.Pp
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This option is equivalent to the deprecated
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.Ic -xdev
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primary.
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.El
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.Sh PRIMARIES
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Ic -acl
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May be used in conjunction with other options to locate
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files with extended ACLs.
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See
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.Xr acl 3
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for more information.
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.It Ic -amin Ar n
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True if the difference between the file last access time and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
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.Ar n
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minutes.
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.It Ic -anewer Ar file
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Same as
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.Ic -neweram .
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.It Ic -atime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw
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If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to
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true if the difference between the file last access time and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
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.Ar n
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24-hour periods.
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.Pp
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If units are specified, this primary evaluates to
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true if the difference between the file last access time and the time
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.Nm
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was started is exactly
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.Ar n
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units.
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Possible time units are as follows:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
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.It Cm s
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second
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.It Cm m
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minute (60 seconds)
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.It Cm h
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hour (60 minutes)
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.It Cm d
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day (24 hours)
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.It Cm w
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week (7 days)
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.El
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.Pp
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Any number of units may be combined in one
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.Ic -atime
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argument, for example,
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.Dq Li "-atime -1h30m" .
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Units are probably only useful when used in conjunction with the
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.Cm +
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or
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.Cm -
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modifier.
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.It Ic -cmin Ar n
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True if the difference between the time of last change of file status
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information and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
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.Ar n
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minutes.
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.It Ic -cnewer Ar file
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Same as
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.Ic -newercm .
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.It Ic -ctime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw
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If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to
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true if the difference between the time of last change of file status
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information and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
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.Ar n
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24-hour periods.
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.Pp
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If units are specified, this primary evaluates to
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true if the difference between the time of last change of file status
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information and the time
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.Nm
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was started is exactly
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.Ar n
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units.
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Please refer to the
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.Ic -atime
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primary description for information on supported time units.
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.It Ic -delete
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Delete found files and/or directories.
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Always returns true.
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This executes
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from the current working directory as
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.Nm
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recurses down the tree.
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It will not attempt to delete a filename with a
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.Dq Pa /
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character in its pathname relative to
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.Dq Pa \&.
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for security reasons.
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Depth-first traversal processing is implied by this option.
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.It Ic -depth
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Always true;
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same as the
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.Fl d
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option.
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.It Ic -depth Ar n
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True if the depth of the file relative to the starting point of the traversal
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is
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.Ar n .
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.It Ic -empty
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True if the current file or directory is empty.
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.It Ic -exec Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&;
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True if the program named
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.Ar utility
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returns a zero value as its exit status.
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Optional
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.Ar arguments
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may be passed to the utility.
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The expression must be terminated by a semicolon
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.Pq Dq Li \&; .
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If you invoke
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.Nm
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from a shell you may need to quote the semicolon if the shell would
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otherwise treat it as a control operator.
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If the string
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.Dq Li {}
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appears anywhere in the utility name or the
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arguments it is replaced by the pathname of the current file.
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.Ar Utility
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will be executed from the directory from which
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.Nm
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was executed.
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.Ar Utility
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and
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.Ar arguments
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are not subject to the further expansion of shell patterns
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and constructs.
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.It Ic -exec Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li {} +
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Same as
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.Ic -exec ,
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except that
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.Dq Li {}
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is replaced with as many pathnames as possible for each invocation of
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.Ar utility .
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This behaviour is similar to that of
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.Xr xargs 1 .
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.It Ic -execdir Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&;
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The
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.Ic -execdir
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primary is identical to the
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.Ic -exec
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primary with the exception that
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.Ar utility
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will be executed from the directory that holds
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the current file.
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The filename substituted for
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the string
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.Dq Li {}
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is not qualified.
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.It Ic -flags Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar flags , Ns Ar notflags
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The flags are specified using symbolic names (see
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.Xr chflags 1 ) .
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Those with the
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.Qq Li no
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prefix (except
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.Qq Li nodump )
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are said to be
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.Ar notflags .
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Flags in
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.Ar flags
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are checked to be set, and flags in
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.Ar notflags
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are checked to be not set.
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Note that this is different from
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.Ic -perm ,
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which only allows the user to specify mode bits that are set.
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.Pp
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If flags are preceded by a dash
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.Pq Dq Li - ,
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this primary evaluates to true
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if at least all of the bits in
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.Ar flags
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and none of the bits in
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.Ar notflags
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are set in the file's flags bits.
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If flags are preceded by a plus
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.Pq Dq Li + ,
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this primary evaluates to true
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if any of the bits in
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.Ar flags
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is set in the file's flags bits,
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or any of the bits in
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.Ar notflags
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is not set in the file's flags bits.
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Otherwise,
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this primary evaluates to true
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if the bits in
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.Ar flags
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exactly match the file's flags bits,
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and none of the
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.Ar flags
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bits match those of
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.Ar notflags .
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.It Ic -fstype Ar type
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True if the file is contained in a file system of type
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.Ar type .
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The
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.Xr sysctl 8
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command can be used to find out the types of file systems
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that are available on the system:
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.Pp
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.Dl "sysctl vfs"
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.Pp
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In addition, there are two pseudo-types,
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.Dq Li local
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and
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.Dq Li rdonly .
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The former matches any file system physically mounted on the system where
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the
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.Nm
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is being executed and the latter matches any file system which is
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mounted read-only.
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.It Ic -group Ar gname
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True if the file belongs to the group
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.Ar gname .
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If
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.Ar gname
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is numeric and there is no such group name, then
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.Ar gname
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is treated as a group ID.
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.It Ic -iname Ar pattern
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Like
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.Ic -name ,
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but the match is case insensitive.
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.It Ic -inum Ar n
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True if the file has inode number
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.Ar n .
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.It Ic -ipath Ar pattern
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Like
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.Ic -path ,
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but the match is case insensitive.
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.It Ic -iregex Ar pattern
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Like
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.Ic -regex ,
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but the match is case insensitive.
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.It Ic -links Ar n
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True if the file has
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.Ar n
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links.
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.It Ic -ls
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This primary always evaluates to true.
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The following information for the current file is written to standard output:
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its inode number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
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links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and pathname.
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If the file is a block or character special file, the major and minor numbers
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will be displayed instead of the size in bytes.
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If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file will be
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displayed preceded by
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.Dq Li -> .
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The format is identical to that produced by
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.Bk -words
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.Nm ls Fl dgils .
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.Ek
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.It Ic -maxdepth Ar n
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Always true; descend at most
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.Ar n
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directory levels below the command line arguments.
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If any
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.Ic -maxdepth
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primary is specified, it applies to the entire expression even if it would
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not normally be evaluated.
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.Ic -maxdepth Li 0
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limits the whole search to the command line arguments.
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.It Ic -mindepth Ar n
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Always true; do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than
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.Ar n .
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If any
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.Ic -mindepth
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primary is specified, it applies to the entire expression even if it would
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not normally be evaluated.
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.Ic -mindepth Li 1
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processes all but the command line arguments.
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.It Ic -mmin Ar n
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True if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is
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.Ar n
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minutes.
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.It Ic -mnewer Ar file
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Same as
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.Ic -newer .
|
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.It Ic -mtime Ar n Ns Op Cm smhdw
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|
If no units are specified, this primary evaluates to
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true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
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.Nm
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was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour period, is
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.Ar n
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24-hour periods.
|
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.Pp
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If units are specified, this primary evaluates to
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true if the difference between the file last modification time and the time
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.Nm
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was started is exactly
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.Ar n
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units.
|
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Please refer to the
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.Ic -atime
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primary description for information on supported time units.
|
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.It Ic -name Ar pattern
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|
True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
|
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.Ar pattern .
|
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Special shell pattern matching characters
|
|
.Dq ( Li \&[ ,
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|
.Dq Li \&] ,
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|
.Dq Li * ,
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and
|
|
.Dq Li \&? )
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|
may be used as part of
|
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.Ar pattern .
|
|
These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
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backslash
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.Pq Dq Li \e .
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.It Ic -newer Ar file
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True if the current file has a more recent last modification time than
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.Ar file .
|
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.It Ic -newer Ns Ar X Ns Ar Y Ar file
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True if the current file has a more recent last access time
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.Ar ( X Ns = Ns Cm a ) ,
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change time
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.Ar ( X Ns = Ns Cm c ) ,
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or modification time
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.Ar ( X Ns = Ns Cm m )
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than the last access time
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|
.Ar ( Y Ns = Ns Cm a ) ,
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change time
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|
.Ar ( Y Ns = Ns Cm c ) ,
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or modification time
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.Ar ( Y Ns = Ns Cm m )
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of
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.Ar file .
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|
In addition, if
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.Ar Y Ns = Ns Cm t ,
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then
|
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.Ar file
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is instead interpreted as a direct date specification of the form
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understood by
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.Xr cvs 1 .
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Ic -newermm
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|
is equivalent to
|
|
.Ic -newer .
|
|
.It Ic -nogroup
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|
True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
|
|
.It Ic -nouser
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True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
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|
.It Ic -ok Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&;
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The
|
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.Ic -ok
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primary is identical to the
|
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.Ic -exec
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|
primary with the exception that
|
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.Nm
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|
requests user affirmation for the execution of the
|
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.Ar utility
|
|
by printing
|
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a message to the terminal and reading a response.
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|
If the response is other than
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.Dq Li y
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the command is not executed and the
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value of the
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.Ic -ok
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|
expression is false.
|
|
.It Ic -okdir Ar utility Oo Ar argument ... Oc Li \&;
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The
|
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.Ic -okdir
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|
primary is identical to the
|
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.Ic -execdir
|
|
primary with the same exception as described for the
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.Ic -ok
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primary.
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.It Ic -path Ar pattern
|
|
True if the pathname being examined matches
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
Special shell pattern matching characters
|
|
.Dq ( Li \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&] ,
|
|
.Dq Li * ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq Li \&? )
|
|
may be used as part of
|
|
.Ar pattern .
|
|
These characters may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a
|
|
backslash
|
|
.Pq Dq Li \e .
|
|
Slashes
|
|
.Pq Dq Li /
|
|
are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
|
|
matched explicitly.
|
|
.It Ic -perm Oo Cm - Ns | Ns Cm + Oc Ns Ar mode
|
|
The
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
may be either symbolic (see
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 )
|
|
or an octal number.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
is symbolic, a starting value of zero is assumed and the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
sets or clears permissions without regard to the process' file mode
|
|
creation mask.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
is octal, only bits 07777
|
|
.Pq Dv S_ISUID | S_ISGID | S_ISTXT | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO
|
|
of the file's mode bits participate
|
|
in the comparison.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
is preceded by a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq Li - ,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if at least all of the bits in the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
are set in the file's mode bits.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
is preceded by a plus
|
|
.Pq Dq Li + ,
|
|
this primary evaluates to true
|
|
if any of the bits in the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
are set in the file's mode bits.
|
|
Otherwise, this primary evaluates to true if
|
|
the bits in the
|
|
.Ar mode
|
|
exactly match the file's mode bits.
|
|
Note, the first character of a symbolic mode may not be a dash
|
|
.Pq Dq Li - .
|
|
.It Ic -print
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output.
|
|
If none of
|
|
.Ic -exec , -ls , -print0 ,
|
|
or
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
is specified, the given expression shall be effectively replaced by
|
|
.Cm \&( Ar "given expression" Cm \&) Ic -print .
|
|
.It Ic -print0
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It prints the pathname of the current file to standard output, followed by an
|
|
.Tn ASCII NUL
|
|
character (character code 0).
|
|
.It Ic -prune
|
|
This primary always evaluates to true.
|
|
It causes
|
|
.Nm
|
|
to not descend into the current file.
|
|
Note, the
|
|
.Ic -prune
|
|
primary has no effect if the
|
|
.Fl d
|
|
option was specified.
|
|
.It Ic -regex Ar pattern
|
|
True if the whole path of the file matches
|
|
.Ar pattern
|
|
using regular expression.
|
|
To match a file named
|
|
.Dq Pa ./foo/xyzzy ,
|
|
you can use the regular expression
|
|
.Dq Li ".*/[xyz]*"
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq Li ".*/foo/.*" ,
|
|
but not
|
|
.Dq Li xyzzy
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq Li /foo/ .
|
|
.It Ic -size Ar n Ns Op Cm c
|
|
True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is
|
|
.Ar n .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
is followed by a
|
|
.Cm c ,
|
|
then the primary is true if the
|
|
file's size is
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
bytes (characters).
|
|
.It Ic -type Ar t
|
|
True if the file is of the specified type.
|
|
Possible file types are as follows:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
|
|
.It Cm b
|
|
block special
|
|
.It Cm c
|
|
character special
|
|
.It Cm d
|
|
directory
|
|
.It Cm f
|
|
regular file
|
|
.It Cm l
|
|
symbolic link
|
|
.It Cm p
|
|
FIFO
|
|
.It Cm s
|
|
socket
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Ic -user Ar uname
|
|
True if the file belongs to the user
|
|
.Ar uname .
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar uname
|
|
is numeric and there is no such user name, then
|
|
.Ar uname
|
|
is treated as a user ID.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All primaries which take a numeric argument allow the number to be
|
|
preceded by a plus sign
|
|
.Pq Dq Li +
|
|
or a minus sign
|
|
.Pq Dq Li - .
|
|
A preceding plus sign means
|
|
.Dq more than n ,
|
|
a preceding minus sign means
|
|
.Dq less than n
|
|
and neither means
|
|
.Dq exactly n .
|
|
.Sh OPERATORS
|
|
The primaries may be combined using the following operators.
|
|
The operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "( expression )" -compact
|
|
.It Cm \&( Ar expression Cm \&)
|
|
This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression evaluates to
|
|
true.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Cm \&! Ar expression
|
|
.It Cm -false Ar expression
|
|
.It Cm -not Ar expression
|
|
This is the unary
|
|
.Tn NOT
|
|
operator.
|
|
It evaluates to true if the expression is false.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ar expression Cm -and Ar expression
|
|
.It Ar expression expression
|
|
The
|
|
.Cm -and
|
|
operator is the logical
|
|
.Tn AND
|
|
operator.
|
|
As it is implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
|
|
have to be specified.
|
|
The expression evaluates to true if both expressions are true.
|
|
The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is false.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Ar expression Cm -or Ar expression
|
|
The
|
|
.Cm -or
|
|
operator is the logical
|
|
.Tn OR
|
|
operator.
|
|
The expression evaluates to true if either the first or the second expression
|
|
is true.
|
|
The second expression is not evaluated if the first expression is true.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
Primaries which themselves take arguments expect each argument
|
|
to be a separate argument to
|
|
.Nm .
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width indent
|
|
.It Li "find / \e! -name \*q*.c\*q -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in
|
|
.Pa .c .
|
|
.It Li "find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files owned by user
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
that are newer
|
|
than the file
|
|
.Pa ttt .
|
|
.It Li "find / \e! \e( -newer ttt -user wnj \e) -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
|
|
.Pa ttt
|
|
and owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj .
|
|
.It Li "find / \e( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \e) -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by
|
|
.Dq wnj
|
|
or that are newer than
|
|
.Pa ttt .
|
|
.It Li "find / -newerct '1 minute ago' -print"
|
|
Print out a list of all the files whose inode change time is more
|
|
recent than the current time minus one minute.
|
|
.It Li "find / -type f -exec echo {} \e;"
|
|
Use the
|
|
.Xr echo 1
|
|
command to print out a list of all the files.
|
|
.It Li "find -L /usr/ports/packages -type l -delete"
|
|
Delete all broken symbolic links in
|
|
.Pa /usr/ports/packages .
|
|
.It Li "find /usr/src -name CVS -prune -o -depth +6 -print"
|
|
Find files and directories that are at least seven levels deep
|
|
in the working directory
|
|
.Pa /usr/src .
|
|
.It Li "find /usr/src -name CVS -prune -o -mindepth 7 -print"
|
|
Is not equivalent to the previous example, since
|
|
.Ic -prune
|
|
is not evaluated below level seven.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh COMPATIBILITY
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -follow
|
|
primary is deprecated; the
|
|
.Fl L
|
|
option should be used instead.
|
|
See the
|
|
.Sx STANDARDS
|
|
section below for details.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr chflags 1 ,
|
|
.Xr chmod 1 ,
|
|
.Xr cvs 1 ,
|
|
.Xr locate 1 ,
|
|
.Xr whereis 1 ,
|
|
.Xr which 1 ,
|
|
.Xr xargs 1 ,
|
|
.Xr stat 2 ,
|
|
.Xr acl 3 ,
|
|
.Xr fts 3 ,
|
|
.Xr getgrent 3 ,
|
|
.Xr getpwent 3 ,
|
|
.Xr strmode 3 ,
|
|
.Xr re_format 7 ,
|
|
.Xr symlink 7
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the
|
|
.St -p1003.1-2001
|
|
standard.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
All the single character options except
|
|
.Ic -H
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -L
|
|
as well as the
|
|
.Ic -iname , -inum , -iregex , -print0 , -delete , -ls ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -regex
|
|
primaries are extensions to
|
|
.St -p1003.1-2001 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Historically, the
|
|
.Fl d , L
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl x
|
|
options were implemented using the primaries
|
|
.Ic -depth , -follow ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -xdev .
|
|
These primaries always evaluated to true.
|
|
As they were really global variables that took effect before the traversal
|
|
began, some legal expressions could have unexpected results.
|
|
An example is the expression
|
|
.Ic -print Cm -o Ic -depth .
|
|
As
|
|
.Ic -print
|
|
always evaluates to true, the standard order of evaluation
|
|
implies that
|
|
.Ic -depth
|
|
would never be evaluated.
|
|
This is not the case.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The operator
|
|
.Cm -or
|
|
was implemented as
|
|
.Cm -o ,
|
|
and the operator
|
|
.Cm -and
|
|
was implemented as
|
|
.Cm -a .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Historic implementations of the
|
|
.Ic -exec
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -ok
|
|
primaries did not replace the string
|
|
.Dq Li {}
|
|
in the utility name or the
|
|
utility arguments if it had preceding or following non-whitespace characters.
|
|
This version replaces it no matter where in the utility name or arguments
|
|
it appears.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl E
|
|
option was inspired by the equivalent
|
|
.Xr grep 1
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr sed 1
|
|
options.
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
A
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command appeared in
|
|
.At v1 .
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
The special characters used by
|
|
.Nm
|
|
are also special characters to many shell programs.
|
|
In particular, the characters
|
|
.Dq Li * ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&[ ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&] ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&? ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&( ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&) ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&! ,
|
|
.Dq Li \e
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq Li \&;
|
|
may have to be escaped from the shell.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file
|
|
names and the
|
|
.Ar expression ,
|
|
it is difficult to specify files named
|
|
.Pa -xdev
|
|
or
|
|
.Pa \&! .
|
|
These problems are handled by the
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
option and the
|
|
.Xr getopt 3
|
|
.Dq Fl Fl
|
|
construct.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -delete
|
|
primary does not interact well with other options that cause the file system
|
|
tree traversal options to be changed.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic -mindepth
|
|
and
|
|
.Ic -maxdepth
|
|
primaries are actually global options (as documented above).
|
|
They should
|
|
probably be replaced by options which look like options.
|