NETINTRO(4)

NAME
networking - introduction to networking facilities

SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <net/route.h>
#include <net/if.h>

DESCRIPTION
This section is a general introduction to the networking facilities available in the system. Documentation in this part of section 4 is broken up into three areas: protocol families (domains), protocols, and network interfaces.

All network protocols are associated with a specific protocol family. A protocol family provides basic services to the protocol implementation to allow it to function within a specific network environment. These services may include packet fragmentation and reassembly, routing, addressing, and basic transport. A protocol family may support multiple methods of addressing, though the current protocol implementations do not. A protocol family is normally comprised of a number of protocols, one per socket(2) type. It is not required that a protocol family support all socket types. A protocol family may contain multiple protocols supporting the same socket abstraction.

A protocol supports one of the socket abstractions detailed in socket(2). A specific protocol may be accessed either by creating a socket of the appropriate type and protocol family, or by requesting the protocol explicitly when creating a socket. Protocols normally accept only one type of address format, usually determined by the addressing structure inherent in the design of the protocol family/network architecture. Certain semantics of the basic socket abstractions are protocol specific. All protocols are expected to support the basic model for their particular socket type, but may, in addition, provide non-standard facilities or extensions to a mechanism. For example, a protocol supporting the SOCK_STREAM abstraction may allow more than one byte of out-of-band data to be transmitted per out-of-band message.

A network interface is similar to a device interface. Network interfaces comprise the lowest layer of the networking subsystem, interacting with the actual transport hardware. An interface may support one or more protocol families and/or address formats. The SYNOPSIS section of each network interface entry gives a sample specification of the related drivers for use in providing a system description to the config(8) program. The DIAGNOSTICS section lists messages which may appear on the console and/or in the system error log, /var/log/messages (see syslogd(8)), due to errors in device operation.

PROTOCOLS
The system currently supports the Internet protocols, the Xerox Network Systems(tm) protocols, and some of the ISO OSI protocols. Raw socket interfaces are provided to the IP protocol layer of the Internet, and to the IDP protocol of Xerox NS. Consult the appropriate manual pages in this section for more information regarding the support for each protocol family.

ADDRESSING
Associated with each protocol family is an address format. All network address adhere to a general structure, called a sockaddr, described below. However, each protocol imposes finer and more specific structure, generally renaming the variant, which is discussed in the protocol family manual page alluded to above.

        struct sockaddr {
    	u_char	sa_len;
        	u_char	sa_family;
        	char	sa_data[14];
    };

The field sa_len contains the total length of the of the structure, which may exceed 16 bytes. The following address values for sa_family are known to the system (and additional formats are defined for possible future implementation):

    #define    AF_UNIX      1    /* local to host (pipes, portals) */
    #define    AF_INET      2    /* internetwork: UDP, TCP, etc. */
    #define    AF_NS        6    /* Xerox NS protocols */
    #define    AF_CCITT     10   /* CCITT protocols, X.25 etc */
    #define    AF_HYLINK    15   /* NSC Hyperchannel */
    #define    AF_ISO       18   /* ISO protocols */

ROUTING
UNIX provides some packet routing facilities. The kernel maintains a routing information database, which is used in selecting the appropriate network interface when transmitting packets.

A user process (or possibly multiple co-operating processes) maintains this database by sending messages over a special kind of socket. This supplants fixed size ioctl(2) used in earlier releases.

This facility is described in route(4).

INTERFACES
Each network interface in a system corresponds to a path through which messages may be sent and received. A network interface usually has a hardware device associated with it, though certain interfaces such as the loopback interface, lo(4), do not.

The following ioctl calls may be used to manipulate network interfaces. The ioctl is made on a socket (typically of type SOCK_DGRAM) in the desired domain. Most of the requests supported in earlier releases take an ifreq structure as its parameter. This structure has the form

    struct	ifreq {
    #define    IFNAMSIZ    16
        char    ifr_name[IFNAMSIZ];        /* if name, e.g. "en0" */
        union {
            struct    sockaddr ifru_addr;
            struct    sockaddr ifru_dstaddr;
            struct    sockaddr ifru_broadaddr;
            short     ifru_flags;
            int       ifru_metric;
            caddr_t   ifru_data;
        } ifr_ifru;
    #define ifr_addr      ifr_ifru.ifru_addr    /* address */
    #define ifr_dstaddr   ifr_ifru.ifru_dstaddr /* other end of p-to-p link */
    #define ifr_broadaddr ifr_ifru.ifru_broadaddr /* broadcast address */
    #define ifr_flags     ifr_ifru.ifru_flags   /* flags */
    #define ifr_metric    ifr_ifru.ifru_metric  /* metric */
    #define ifr_data      ifr_ifru.ifru_data    /* for use by interface */
    };

Calls which are now deprecated are:

SIOCSIFADDR
    Set interface address for protocol family. Following the address assignment, the ``initialization'' routine for the interface is called.

SIOCSIFDSTADDR
    Set point to point address for protocol family and interface.

SIOCSIFBRDADDR
    Set broadcast address for protocol family and interface.

Ioctl requests to obtain addresses and requests both to set and retrieve other data are still fully supported and use the ifreq structure:

SIOCGIFADDR
    Get interface address for protocol family.

SIOCGIFDSTADDR
    Get point to point address for protocol family and interface.

SIOCGIFBRDADDR
    Get broadcast address for protocol family and interface.

SIOCSIFFLAGS
    Set interface flags field. If the interface is marked down, any processes currently routing packets through the interface are notified; some interfaces may be reset so that incoming packets are no longer received. When marked up again, the interface is reinitialized.

SIOCGIFFLAGS
    Get interface flags.

SIOCSIFMETRIC
    Set interface routing metric. The metric is used only by user-level routers.

SIOCGIFMETRIC
    Get interface metric.

There are two requests that make use of a new structure:

SIOCAIFADDR
    An interface may have more than one address associated with it in some protocols. This request provides a means to add additional addresses (or modify characteristics of the primary address if the default address for the address family is specified). Rather than making separate calls to set destination or broadcast addresses, or network masks (now an integral feature of multiple protocols) a separate structure is used to specify all three facets simultaneously (see below). One would use a slightly tailored version of this struct specific to each family (replacing each sockaddr by one of the family-specific type). Where the sockaddr itself is larger than the default size, one needs to modify the ioctl identifier itself to include the total size, as described in ioctl.

SIOCDIFADDR
    This requests deletes the specified address from the list associated with an interface. It also uses the if_aliasreq structure to allow for the possibility of protocols allowing multiple masks or destination addresses, and also adopts the convention that specification of the default address means to delete the first address for the interface belonging to the address family in which the original socket was opened.

SIOCGIFCONF
    Get interface configuration list. This request takes an ifconf structure (see below) as a value-result parameter. The ifc_len field should be initially set to the size of the buffer pointed to by ifc_buf. On return it will contain the length, in bytes, of the configuration list.

    /*
    * Structure used in SIOCAIFCONF request.
    */
    struct ifaliasreq {
            char    ifra_name[IFNAMSIZ];   /* if name, e.g. "en0" */
            struct  sockaddr        ifra_addr;
            struct  sockaddr        ifra_broadaddr;
            struct  sockaddr        ifra_mask;
    };

    /*
    * Structure used in SIOCGIFCONF request.
    * Used to retrieve interface configuration
    * for machine (useful for programs which
    * must know all networks accessible).
    */
    struct ifconf {
        int   ifc_len;		/* size of associated buffer */
        union {
            caddr_t    ifcu_buf;
            struct     ifreq *ifcu_req;
        } ifc_ifcu;
    #define ifc_buf ifc_ifcu.ifcu_buf /* buffer address */
    #define ifc_req ifc_ifcu.ifcu_req /* array of structures returned */
    };

SEE ALSO
socket(2), ioctl(2), intro(4), config(8), routed(8)

HISTORY
The netintro manual appeared in 4.3BSD tahoe.