<!-- $Id: userppp.sgml,v 1.5 1995/12/06 22:01:50 jfieber Exp $ -->
<!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project -->

<sect>Setting up user PPP<label id="userppp">

<p><em>Contributed by &a.nik;<newline>
28 July 1995</em>.

<!--  This FAQ/HowTo is intended to get you up and running with
  iijppp, also known as the <em>user level ppp</em> for FreeBSD 2.0.5
  (and above).

  I hope this document turns into a collaborative effort, largely
  because I am not really much of an authority on PPP. I've got
  it working, and want to pass on details of what I did so that
  other people can get it working. But I'm not 100% clear on some
  details, so I hope that by writing this and having others
  flesh out some of the information I'm going to learn something
  as well.
-->

  <p>User PPP was introduced to FreeBSD in release 2.0.5 as an
  addition to the existing kernel implementation of PPP.  So,
  what is different about this new PPP that warrants its
  addition?  To quote from the manual page:

<quote>
       This is a user process PPP software package. Normally, PPP is
       implemented as a part of the kernel (e.g. as managed by pppd) and
       it's thus somewhat hard to debug and/or modify its behavior. However,
       in this implementation PPP is done as a user process with the help of
       the tunnel device driver (tun).
</quote>

  In essence, this means that rather than running a PPP daemon, the ppp
  program can be run as and when desired. No PPP interface needs to be
  compiled into the kernel, as the program can use the generic tunnel
  device to to get data into and out of the kernel.

  From here on out, user ppp will be referred to as simply as ppp unless a
  distinction need to be made be it and any other PPP client/server software.
  Unless otherwise stated, all commands in this section should be
  executed as root.

  Parts in this section marked with an asterisk (*) are
  incomplete.  Comments and suggestions are appreciated and
  should be submitted to &a.nik;.
  Thanks to Rob Snow &lt;rsnow@txdirect.net&gt; who proved to be a mine of
  useful information when I was first experimenting with user ppp.

<sect1><heading>Before you start</heading>

<p>This document assumes you're in roughly this position:

    You have an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) which lets you
    use PPP. Further, you have a modem (or other device) connected and
    configured correctly which allows you to connect to your ISP.

  You are going to need the following information to hand:

<itemize>
    <item>IP address of your ISP's gateway
    
    <item>Your ISP's netmask setting

    <item>IP addresses of one or more nameservers

    <item>If your ISP allocates you a static IP address and/or hostname then
      you will need that as well. If not, you will need to know from what
      range of IP addresses your allocated IP address will fall in.
</itemize>

  If you do not have any of this information then contact your ISP and make
  sure they provide it to you.

  As well as this, you may need the files required to recompile
  your kernel. Check <ref id="kernelconfig" name="Kernel
  Configuration"> for more information on how to acquire these.

  In addition, I've assumed that because your connection to the Internet is  
  not full time you are not running a name server (<tt>named(8)</tt>).

<sect1><heading>Building a ppp ready kernel</heading>

<p>As the description states, ``ppp'' uses the kernel ``tun'' device. It is
  necessary to make sure that your kernel has support for this device compiled
  in.

  To check this, go to your kernel compile directory (probably /sys/i386/conf)
  and examine your kernel configuration file. It needs to have the line
<tscreen><verb>
pseudo-device	  tun		1
</verb></tscreen>
  in it somewhere. The stock GENERIC kernel has this as standard, so if you
  have not installed a custom kernel you don't have to change anything.
  If your kernel configuration file does not have this line in it then you
  should add the line, re-compile and then re-install the kernel. Boot from
  this new kernel.

<sect1><heading>Check the tun device</heading>

<p>My experiences with ppp have only been with one ``tun'' device (tun0). If
  you have used more (i.e., a number other than `1' in the pseudo-device line
  in the kernel configuration file) then alter all references to ``tun0''
  below to reflect whichever device number you are using.

  The easiest way to make sure that the tun0 device is configured correctly is
  to re-make it. To this end, execute the following commands:
<tscreen><verb>
# cd /dev
# ./MAKEDEV tun0
</verb></tscreen>

<sect1><heading>PPP Configuration</heading>

<p>The meat of the problem.

  Confusingly, it appears that both user ppp and pppd (the kernel level
  implementation of PPP) both assume configuration files kept in
  /etc/ppp. However, the sample configuration files provided are good for
  user ppp, so keep them around for reference. The easiest way to do this is:
<tscreen><verb>
# cd /etc
# mv ppp ppp.orig
# mkdir ppp
</verb></tscreen>
  Configuring ppp requires that you edit somewhere between one and three
  files, depending on your requirements. What you put in them depends to some
  extent on whether your ISP allocates IP addresses statically (i.e., you get
  given one IP address, and always use that one) or dynamically (i.e., your IP
  address can be different during different PPP sessions).

  However, there are a few things that you should do first, regardless of
  whether you are using static or dynamic IP addresses.


<sect2><heading>Configure the resolver(5)</heading>

<p>The resolver is the part of the networking system that turns IP addresses
     into hostnames. It can be configured to look for maps that describe IP to
     hostname mappings in one of two places.

     The first is a file called <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> (<tt>man 5 hosts</tt>).
     The second is the Internet Domain Name Service, a distributed
     data base, the discussion of which is beyond the realm of this document.

     The resolver is a set of system calls that do the mappings,
     and you have to tell them where to get their information
     from. You do this by editing the file <tt>/etc/host.conf</tt>. Do
     <bf>not</bf> call this file <tt>/etc/hosts.conf</tt> (note the extra
     ``s'') as the results can be confusing.

     This file should contain the following two lines,
<tscreen><verb>
hosts
bind
</verb></tscreen>
     which instruct the resolver to look in the file <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> first,
     and then to consult the DNS if the name was not found in the
     <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> file.

     It's probably a good idea to make sure you are not running the ``named''
     service. Check your <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt> file for the line that refers
     to ``namedflags'', and make sure the line reads
<tscreen><verb>
namedflags="NO"
</verb></tscreen>

<sect2><heading>Create the /etc/hosts(5) file</heading>

<p>This file should contain the IP addresses and names of machines on your
     network. At a bare minimum it should contain entries for the machine
     which will be running ppp. Assuming that you're machine is called
     foo.bar.com with the IP address 10.0.0.1, <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> should
     contain:
<tscreen><verb>
127.0.0.1    localhost
10.0.0.1     foo.bar.com	       foo
</verb></tscreen>
     The first line defines the alias ``localhost'' as a synonym for the
     current machine. Regardless of your own IP address, the IP address for
     this line should always be 127.0.0.1. The second line maps the name
     ``foo.bar.com'' (and the shorthand ``foo'') to the IP address 10.0.0.1.

     If your provider allocates you a static IP address then use this in place
     of 10.0.0.1.

     <!-- XXX <em>(* What should they do if they are
     allocated an IP address dynamically?)</em> -->

<sect2><heading>Create the /etc/resolv.conf file</heading>

<p><tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt> contains some extra information required when
     you are not running a nameserver. It points the resolver routines at real
     nameservers, and specifies some other information.

     At the very least, <tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt> should contain one line with
     a nameserver which can be queried. You should enter this as an IP
     address. My <tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt> contains:
<tscreen><verb>
nameserver 158.152.1.193
nameserver 158.152.1.65
</verb></tscreen>
     Which are Demon Internet's two nameservers. Add as many ``nameserver''
     lines as your ISP provides nameservers.

<sect1><heading>PPP and static IP addresses</heading>

<p>Probably the easiest to configure for. You will need to create three files
    in the <tt>/etc/ppp</tt> directory.

    The first of these is <tt>ppp.conf</tt>. It should look similar to the
    example below. Note that lines that end in a ``:'' start in column 1, all
    other lines should be indented as shown.

    <tt>/etc/ppp/ppp.conf</tt>
<tscreen><verb>
1     default:
2       set device /dev/cuaa0
3       set speed 9600
4       disable lqr
5       deny lqr
6       set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 5 \"\" ATE1Q0 OK-AT-OK
\\dATDT\\T TIMEOUT 40 CONNECT"
7      provider:
8        set phone 01234567890
9	 set login "TIMEOUT 10 gin:-BREAK-gin: foo word: bar col: ppp"
10       set timeout 120
11       set ifaddr x.x.x.x y.y.y.y
</verb></tscreen>
    Don't include the line numbers, they're just for this discussion.

<descrip>
<tag/Line 1:/ Identifies the default entry. Commands in this entry are
              executed automatically when ppp is run.

<tag/Line 2:/ Identifies the device that has the modem hanging from it.
              COM1: is <tt>/dev/cuaa0</tt> and COM2: is <tt>/dev/cuaa1</tt>.

<tag/Line 3:/ Sets the speed you want to connect at.

<tag/* Lines 4 and 5:/ Don't know exactly what effect these lines have

<tag/Line 6:/ Dial string commands. user ppp uses the <tt>chat(8)</tt>
              language. Check the manual page for information on the features
              of this language.

<tag/Line 7:/ Identifies an entry for a provider called ``provider''.

<tag/Line 8:/ Sets the phone number for this provider. Don't include any
              spaces in the phone number.

<tag/Line 9:/ Set's the login string sequence. In this example, the string is
	      for a service who's login session looks like
<tscreen><verb>
J. Random Provider
login: foo
password: bar
protocol: ppp
</verb></tscreen>
	      You will need to alter this script to suit your own needs. It is
	      written in the <tt>chat(8)</tt> language.

<tag/Line 10:/ Sets the default timeout (in seconds) for the connection. So
	      the connection will be closed automatically after 120 seconds
	      of inactivity.

<tag/Line 11:/ Sets the interface addresses. The string x.x.x.x should be
              replaced by the IP address that your provider allocates you. The
	      string y.y.y.y should be replaced by the IP address that your
	      ISP indicated for their gateway.
</descrip>

    Now you have to edit the file <tt>/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup</tt>:
<tscreen><verb>
x.x.x.x:
  add 0 0 HISADDR
</verb></tscreen>
    Replace x.x.x.x with your IP address as before. This file is used to
    automatically add a default route from your ISP (who's address is
    automatically inserted with the HISADDR macro) to you.

    Finally, you can create the file <tt>/etc/ppp/ppp.secret</tt>, which sets
    some passwords to prevent people messing around with ppp on your system.
    You may or may not want to do this, depending on how many people have
    access to your ppp system.

<sect1><heading>PPP and Dynamic IP configuration</heading>

<!-- XXX -->
 <p>If you service provider does not assign static IP numbers,
   <tt>ppp</tt> can be configured to negotiate the local address.  This is
   done by specifying 0 as the local IP address:
<tscreen><verb>
set ifaddr 0 0
</verb></tscreen>
   See the <tt>ppp(8)</tt> manual page for more detailed information.

<sect1><heading>Final system configuration</heading>

<p>You now have PPP configured, but there's a few more things to do before
    it's ready to work. They all involve editing the <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt>
    file.

    Working from the top down in this file, make sure the ``hostname='' line
    is set, e.g.,
<tscreen><verb>
hostname=foo.bar.com
</verb></tscreen>
    Look for the network_interfaces variable, and make sure the tun0 device is
    added to the list. My line looks like
<tscreen><verb>
network_interfaces="lo0 tun0 ep0"
</verb></tscreen>
    but I have an ethernet card (ep0) to configure as well.

    Now add an ifconfig line for the tun0 device. It should look something
    like
<tscreen><verb>
ifconfig_tun0="inet foo.bar.com y.y.y.y netmask 0xffffffff"
</verb></tscreen>
    as before, change ``foo.bar.com'' to be your hostname, y.y.y.y is the IP
    address of your providers gateway, and 0xffffffff is the netmask they
    provided you with (in hexadecimal). Two common values for the netmask are
<tscreen><verb>
255.255.255.255 = 0xffffffff
255.255.255.0   = 0xffffff00
</verb></tscreen>
    Set the routed flags to ``-s'' with the line
<tscreen><verb>
routedflags=-s
</verb></tscreen>
    It's probably worth your while ensuring that the ``sendmail_flags'' line
    does not include the ``-q'' option, otherwise sendmail will attempt to do
    a network lookup every now and then, possibly causing your machine to dial
    out. My sendmail line looks like
<tscreen><verb>
sendmail_flags="-bd"
</verb></tscreen>
    The upshot of this is that I must force sendmail to re-examine the
    mailqueue whenever I have the PPP link up, by typing
<tscreen><verb>
# /usr/sbin/sendmail -q
</verb></tscreen>
    That should be about all you need to do to get PPP working with a static
    IP address. All that's left is to reboot the machine. During startup the
    tun0 device should be detected, and two lines like the following should be
    printed,
<tscreen><verb>
tun0: flags=51<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING> mtu 1500
inet x.x.x.x --> y.y.y.y netmask 0xffffffff 
</verb></tscreen>
    At this point, it should all be working. You can now either type
<tscreen><verb>
# ppp
</verb></tscreen>
    and then ``dial provider'' to start the PPP session, or, if you want ppp
    to establish sessions automatically when there is outbound traffic, type
<tscreen><verb>
# ppp -auto provider
</verb></tscreen>
    This line could be added to your <tt>/etc/rc.local</tt> file.

