1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
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1999-05-08 10:22:15 +00:00
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.\" $Id: ps.1,v 1.21 1999/04/28 11:38:28 phk Exp $
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.\"
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.Dd April 18, 1994
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.Dt PS 1
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.Os BSD 4
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.Sh NAME
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1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
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.Nm ps
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.Nd process status
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
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.Nm ps
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1998-02-18 22:49:58 +00:00
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.Op Fl aCcefhjlmrSTuvwx
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.Op Fl M Ar core
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.Op Fl N Ar system
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.Op Fl O Ar fmt
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.Op Fl o Ar fmt
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.Op Fl p Ar pid
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.Op Fl t Ar tty
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1995-12-26 03:38:55 +00:00
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.Op Fl U Ar username
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.Op Fl W Ar swap
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.Nm ps
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.Op Fl L
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
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.Nm Ps
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your
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processes that have controlling terminals.
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1995-12-30 13:52:02 +00:00
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This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.Tn ID .
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.Pp
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The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
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.Fl L
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.Fl O
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and
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.Fl o
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options).
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The default output format includes, for each process, the process'
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.Tn ID ,
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controlling terminal, cpu time (including both user and system time),
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state, and associated command.
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.Pp
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1995-12-30 13:52:02 +00:00
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The process file system (see
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1999-05-08 10:22:15 +00:00
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.Xr procfs 5 )
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should be mounted when
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1995-12-30 13:52:02 +00:00
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.Nm
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is executed, otherwise not all information will be available.
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.Pp
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl a
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Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
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1996-10-21 07:30:26 +00:00
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.It Fl c
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Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the executable name,
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rather than the full command line.
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.It Fl C
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Change the way the cpu percentage is calculated by using a ``raw''
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cpu calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has
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no effect).
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.It Fl e
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Display the environment as well.
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1997-12-05 07:35:31 +00:00
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.It Fl f
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1998-06-04 06:46:13 +00:00
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Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
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1998-06-04 07:02:59 +00:00
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This option is honored only if the uid of the user is 0.
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.It Fl h
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Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
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header per page of information.
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.It Fl j
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Print information associated with the following keywords:
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user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time and command.
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.It Fl L
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List the set of available keywords.
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.It Fl l
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Display information associated with the following keywords:
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uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time
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and command.
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.It Fl M
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Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
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instead of the default
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1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
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.Pa /dev/kmem .
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.It Fl m
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Sort by memory usage, instead of by process
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.Tn ID .
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.It Fl N
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Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default
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1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
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.Pa /kernel .
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.It Fl O
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Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
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of keywords specified, after the process
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.Tn ID ,
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in the default information
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display.
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Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
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This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
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the standard header.
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.It Fl o
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Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
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of keywords specified.
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Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
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This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
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the standard header.
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.It Fl p
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Display information associated with the specified process
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.Tn ID .
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.It Fl r
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Sort by current cpu usage, instead of by process
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.Tn ID .
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.It Fl S
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Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
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children to their parent process.
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.It Fl T
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Display information about processes attached to the device associated
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with the standard input.
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.It Fl t
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Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
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device.
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1995-12-26 03:38:55 +00:00
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.It Fl U
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Display the processes belonging to the specified
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.Tn username .
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.It Fl u
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Display information associated with the following keywords:
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user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command.
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The
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.Fl u
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option implies the
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.Fl r
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option.
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.It Fl v
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Display information associated with the following keywords:
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pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz,
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%cpu, %mem and command.
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The
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.Fl v
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option implies the
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.Fl m
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option.
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.It Fl W
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Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the
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default
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1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
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.Pa /dev/drum .
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.It Fl w
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Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
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is your window size.
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If the
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.Fl w
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option is specified more than once,
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1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
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.Nm
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
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.It Fl x
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Display information about processes without controlling terminals.
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.El
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.Pp
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A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
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Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It %cpu
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The cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
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a minute of previous (real) time.
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Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
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be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
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.Tn \&%CPU
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fields to exceed 100%.
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.It %mem
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The percentage of real memory used by this process.
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.It flags
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1996-04-19 22:23:27 +00:00
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The flags associated with the process as in
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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the include file
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.Aq Pa sys/proc.h :
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1996-04-19 22:23:27 +00:00
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.Bl -column P_NOCLDSTOP P_NOCLDSTOP
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.It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
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.It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
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.It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x00004 Loaded into memory"
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.It Dv "P_NOCLDSTOP" Ta No "0x00008 No SIGCHLD when children stop"
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.It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
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.It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
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.It Dv "P_SELECT" Ta No "0x00040 Selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
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.It Dv "P_SINTR" Ta No "0x00080 Sleep is interruptible"
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.It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
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.It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
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.It Dv "P_TIMEOUT" Ta No "0x00400 Timing out during sleep"
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.It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
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.It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 Debugging process has waited for child"
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.It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
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.It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
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.It Dv "P_OWEUPC" Ta No "0x20000 Owe process an addupc() call at next ast"
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.It Dv "P_SWAPPING" Ta No "0x40000 Process is being swapped"
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.El
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.It lim
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The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
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.Xr setrlimit 2 .
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.It lstart
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1997-08-19 21:52:07 +00:00
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The exact time the command started, using the ``%c'' format described in
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.Xr strftime 3 .
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.It nice
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The process scheduling increment (see
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.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
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.It rss
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the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
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.It start
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The time the command started.
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If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
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displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in
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.Xr strftime 3 .
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If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
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displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format.
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Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format.
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.It state
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The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
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.Dq Tn RWNA .
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The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
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.It D
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Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
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.It I
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Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
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This Implements the mumbled about "Jail" feature.
This is a seriously beefed up chroot kind of thing. The process
is jailed along the same lines as a chroot does it, but with
additional tough restrictions imposed on what the superuser can do.
For all I know, it is safe to hand over the root bit inside a
prison to the customer living in that prison, this is what
it was developed for in fact: "real virtual servers".
Each prison has an ip number associated with it, which all IP
communications will be coerced to use and each prison has its own
hostname.
Needless to say, you need more RAM this way, but the advantage is
that each customer can run their own particular version of apache
and not stomp on the toes of their neighbors.
It generally does what one would expect, but setting up a jail
still takes a little knowledge.
A few notes:
I have no scripts for setting up a jail, don't ask me for them.
The IP number should be an alias on one of the interfaces.
mount a /proc in each jail, it will make ps more useable.
/proc/<pid>/status tells the hostname of the prison for
jailed processes.
Quotas are only sensible if you have a mountpoint per prison.
There are no privisions for stopping resource-hogging.
Some "#ifdef INET" and similar may be missing (send patches!)
If somebody wants to take it from here and develop it into
more of a "virtual machine" they should be most welcome!
Tools, comments, patches & documentation most welcome.
Have fun...
Sponsored by: http://www.rndassociates.com/
Run for almost a year by: http://www.servetheweb.com/
1999-04-28 11:38:52 +00:00
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.It J
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Marks a process which is in
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.Xr jail 2 .
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The hostname of the prison can be found in
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.Ql Li /proc/<pid>/status .
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.It R
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Marks a runnable process.
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.It S
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Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
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.It T
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Marks a stopped process.
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.It Z
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Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').
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.El
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.Pp
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Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
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information:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
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.It +
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The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
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.It <
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The process has raised
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.Tn CPU
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scheduling priority.
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.It >
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The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
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currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
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swapped.
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.It A
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the process has asked for random page replacement
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.Pf ( Dv VA_ANOM ,
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from
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.Xr vadvise 2 ,
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for example,
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.Xr lisp 1
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in a garbage collect).
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.It E
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The process is trying to exit.
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.It L
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The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
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.Tn I/O ) .
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.It N
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The process has reduced
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.Tn CPU
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scheduling priority (see
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.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
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.It S
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The process has asked for
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.Tn FIFO
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page replacement
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.Pf ( Dv VA_SEQL ,
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from
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.Xr vadvise 2 ,
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for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
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sequentially address voluminous data).
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.It s
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The process is a session leader.
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.It V
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The process is suspended during a
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.Xr vfork .
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.It W
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The process is swapped out.
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.It X
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The process is being traced or debugged.
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.El
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.It tt
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|
An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
|
1998-06-04 06:46:13 +00:00
|
|
|
The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
|
1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
|
|
|
.Pa /dev/tty ,
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1998-06-04 07:02:59 +00:00
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or, for the console, ``con''.
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that
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controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
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.It wchan
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The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
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When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
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trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
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as 324000.
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.El
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.Pp
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When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
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has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
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is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying
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to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''.
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1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
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.Nm Ps
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
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process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
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The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
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is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended
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on too much.
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The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
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.Sh KEYWORDS
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The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
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meanings.
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Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width sigignore -compact
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.It %cpu
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percentage cpu usage (alias pcpu)
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.It %mem
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percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
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.It acflag
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accounting flag (alias acflg)
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.It command
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command and arguments
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.It cpu
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short-term cpu usage factor (for scheduling)
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.It flags
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the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
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.It inblk
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total blocks read (alias inblock)
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.It jobc
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job control count
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.It ktrace
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tracing flags
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.It ktracep
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tracing vnode
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.It lim
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memoryuse limit
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.It logname
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login name of user who started the process
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.It lstart
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time started
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.It majflt
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total page faults
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.It minflt
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total page reclaims
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.It msgrcv
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total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
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.It msgsnd
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total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
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.It nice
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nice value (alias ni)
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.It nivcsw
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total involuntary context switches
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.It nsigs
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total signals taken (alias nsignals)
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.It nswap
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total swaps in/out
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.It nvcsw
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total voluntary context switches
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.It nwchan
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wait channel (as an address)
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.It oublk
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total blocks written (alias oublock)
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.It p_ru
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resource usage (valid only for zombie)
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.It paddr
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swap address
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.It pagein
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pageins (same as majflt)
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.It pgid
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process group number
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.It pid
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process
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.Tn ID
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.It poip
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pageouts in progress
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.It ppid
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parent process
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.Tn ID
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.It pri
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scheduling priority
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.It re
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core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
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.It rgid
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real group
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.Tn ID
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.It rlink
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reverse link on run queue, or 0
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.It rss
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resident set size
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.It rsz
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resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias rssize)
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1994-09-01 11:28:45 +00:00
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.It rtprio
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realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.It ruid
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real user
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.Tn ID
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.It ruser
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user name (from ruid)
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.It sess
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session pointer
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.It sig
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pending signals (alias pending)
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.It sigcatch
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caught signals (alias caught)
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.It sigignore
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ignored signals (alias ignored)
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.It sigmask
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blocked signals (alias blocked)
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.It sl
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sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
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.It start
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time started
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.It state
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symbolic process state (alias stat)
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.It svgid
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saved gid from a setgid executable
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.It svuid
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saved uid from a setuid executable
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.It tdev
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control terminal device number
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.It time
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accumulated cpu time, user + system (alias cputime)
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.It tpgid
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control terminal process group
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.Tn ID
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.\".It trss
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.\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
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.It tsess
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control terminal session pointer
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.It tsiz
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text size (in Kbytes)
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.It tt
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control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
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.It tty
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full name of control terminal
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.It uprocp
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process pointer
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.It ucomm
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name to be used for accounting
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.It uid
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effective user
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.Tn ID
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.It upr
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scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
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.It user
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user name (from uid)
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.It vsz
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virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
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.It wchan
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wait channel (as a symbolic name)
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.It xstat
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exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
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.El
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.Sh FILES
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1996-02-02 18:22:04 +00:00
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.Bl -tag -width /var/db/kvm_kernel.db -compact
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.It Pa /dev
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special files and device names
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.It Pa /dev/drum
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default swap device
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.It Pa /dev/kmem
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default kernel memory
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.It Pa /var/run/dev.db
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/dev name database
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1996-02-02 18:22:04 +00:00
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.It Pa /var/db/kvm_kernel.db
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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system namelist database
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1994-08-05 09:14:37 +00:00
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.It Pa /kernel
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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default system namelist
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1995-12-30 13:52:02 +00:00
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.It Pa /proc
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the mount point of
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.Xr procfs 5
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr kill 1 ,
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.Xr w 1 ,
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.Xr kvm 3 ,
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.Xr strftime 3 ,
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1995-12-30 13:52:02 +00:00
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.Xr procfs 5 ,
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
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.Xr pstat 8
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.Sh BUGS
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Since
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1998-05-15 06:30:58 +00:00
|
|
|
.Nm
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1994-05-26 06:18:55 +00:00
|
|
|
cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
|
|
|
|
process, the information it displays can never be exact.
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