2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
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This is groff, produced by makeinfo version 4.3d from ./groff.texinfo.
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2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
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2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
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This manual documents GNU `troff' version 1.19.
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2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
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2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
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Copyright (C) 1994-2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation,
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Inc.
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2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
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Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
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Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
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being `A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
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below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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`GNU Free Documentation License."
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(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: `You have freedom to copy and
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modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
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the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
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2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Typesetting
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2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
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START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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* Groff: (groff). The GNU troff document formatting system.
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END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
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File: groff, Node: DESC File Format, Next: Font File Format, Prev: Font Files, Up: Font Files
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`DESC' File Format
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------------------
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The `DESC' file can contain the following types of line. Except for
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the `charset' keyword which must comes last (if at all), the order of
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the lines is not important.
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`res N'
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There are N machine units per inch.
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`hor N'
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The horizontal resolution is N machine units. All horizontal
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quantities are rounded to be multiples of this value.
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`vert N'
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The vertical resolution is N machine units. All vertical
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quantities are rounded to be multiples of this value.
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`sizescale N'
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The scale factor for point sizes. By default this has a value
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of 1. One scaled point is equal to one point/N. The arguments to
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the `unitwidth' and `sizes' commands are given in scaled points.
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*Note Fractional Type Sizes::, for more information.
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`unitwidth N'
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Quantities in the font files are given in machine units for fonts
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whose point size is N scaled points.
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`prepro PROGRAM'
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Call PROGRAM as a preprocessor. Currently, this keyword is used
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by `groff' with option `-Thtml' only.
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`postpro PROGRAM'
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Call PROGRAM as a postprocessor. For example, the line
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postpro grodvi
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in the file `devdvi/DESC' makes `groff' call `grodvi' if option
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`-Tdvi' is given (and `-Z' isn't used).
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`tcommand'
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This means that the postprocessor can handle the `t' and `u'
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intermediate output commands.
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`sizes S1 S2 ... SN 0'
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This means that the device has fonts at S1, S2, ... SN scaled
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points. The list of sizes must be terminated by 0 (this is digit
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zero). Each SI can also be a range of sizes M-N. The list can
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extend over more than one line.
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`styles S1 S2 ... SM'
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The first M font positions are associated with styles S1 ... SM.
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`fonts N F1 F2 F3 ... FN'
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Fonts F1 ... FN are mounted in the font positions M+1, ..., M+N
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where M is the number of styles. This command may extend over
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more than one line. A font name of 0 means no font is mounted on
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the corresponding font position.
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`family FAM'
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The default font family is FAM.
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`use_charnames_in_special'
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This command indicates that `gtroff' should encode special
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characters inside special commands. Currently, this is only used
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by the HTML output device. *Note Postprocessor Access::.
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`papersize STRING ...'
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Select a paper size. Valid values for STRING are the ISO paper
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types `A0'-`A7', `B0'-`B7', `C0'-`C7', `D0'-`D7', `DL', and the US
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paper types `letter', `legal', `tabloid', `ledger', `statement',
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`executive', `com10', and `monarch'. Case is not significant for
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STRING if it holds predefined paper types. Alternatively, STRING
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can be a file name (e.g. `/etc/papersize'); if the file can be
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opened, `groff' reads the first line and tests for the above paper
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sizes. Finally, STRING can be a custom paper size in the format
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`LENGTH,WIDTH' (no spaces before and after the comma). Both
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LENGTH and WIDTH must have a unit appended; valid values are `i'
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for inches, `C' for centimeters, `p' for points, and `P' for
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picas. Example: `12c,235p'. An argument which starts with a
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digit is always treated as a custom paper format. `papersize'
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sets both the vertical and horizontal dimension of the output
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medium.
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More than one argument can be specified; `groff' scans from left to
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right and uses the first valid paper specification.
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`pass_filenames'
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Tell `gtroff' to emit the name of the source file currently being
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processed. This is achieved by the intermediate output command
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`F'. Currently, this is only used by the HTML output device.
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`print PROGRAM'
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Use PROGRAM as a spooler program for printing. If omitted, the
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`-l' and `-L' options of `groff' are ignored.
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`charset'
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This line and everything following in the file are ignored. It is
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allowed for the sake of backwards compatibility.
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The `res', `unitwidth', `fonts', and `sizes' lines are mandatory.
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Other commands are ignored by `gtroff' but may be used by
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postprocessors to store arbitrary information about the device in the
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`DESC' file.
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Here a list of obsolete keywords which are recognized by `groff' but
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completely ignored: `spare1', `spare2', `biggestfont'.
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File: groff, Node: Font File Format, Prev: DESC File Format, Up: Font Files
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Font File Format
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----------------
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A "font file", also (and probably better) called a "font description
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file", has two sections. The first section is a sequence of lines each
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containing a sequence of blank delimited words; the first word in the
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line is a key, and subsequent words give a value for that key.
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`name F'
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The name of the font is F.
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`spacewidth N'
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The normal width of a space is N.
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`slant N'
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The glyphs of the font have a slant of N degrees. (Positive means
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forward.)
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`ligatures LIG1 LIG2 ... LIGN [0]'
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Glyphs LIG1, LIG2, ..., LIGN are ligatures; possible ligatures are
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`ff', `fi', `fl', `ffi' and `ffl'. For backwards compatibility,
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the list of ligatures may be terminated with a 0. The list of
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ligatures may not extend over more than one line.
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`special'
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The font is "special"; this means that when a glyph is requested
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that is not present in the current font, it is searched for in any
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special fonts that are mounted.
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Other commands are ignored by `gtroff' but may be used by
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postprocessors to store arbitrary information about the font in the font
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file.
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The first section can contain comments which start with the `#'
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character and extend to the end of a line.
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The second section contains one or two subsections. It must contain
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a `charset' subsection and it may also contain a `kernpairs'
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subsection. These subsections can appear in any order. Each
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subsection starts with a word on a line by itself.
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The word `charset' starts the character set subsection.(1) (*note
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Font File Format-Footnote-1::) The `charset' line is followed by a
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sequence of lines. Each line gives information for one glyph. A line
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comprises a number of fields separated by blanks or tabs. The format is
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NAME METRICS TYPE CODE [ENTITY-NAME] [`--' COMMENT]
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NAME identifies the glyph name(2) (*note Font File Format-Footnote-2::):
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If NAME is a single character C then it corresponds to the `gtroff'
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input character C; if it is of the form `\C' where C is a single
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character, then it corresponds to the special character `\[C]';
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otherwise it corresponds to the special character `\[NAME]'. If it is
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exactly two characters XX it can be entered as `\(XX'. Note that
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single-letter special characters can't be accessed as `\C'; the only
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exception is `\-' which is identical to `\[-]'.
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`gtroff' supports 8-bit input characters; however some utilities
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have difficulties with eight-bit characters. For this reason, there is
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a convention that the entity name `charN' is equivalent to the single
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input character whose code is N. For example, `char163' would be
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equivalent to the character with code 163 which is the pounds sterling
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sign in the ISO Latin-1 character set. You shouldn't use `charN'
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entities in font description files since they are related to input, not
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output. Otherwise, you get hard-coded connections between input and
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output encoding which prevents use of different (input) character sets.
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The name `---' is special and indicates that the glyph is unnamed;
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such glyphs can only be used by means of the `\N' escape sequence in
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`gtroff'.
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The TYPE field gives the glyph type:
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`1'
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the glyph has a descender, for example, `p';
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`2'
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the glyph has an ascender, for example, `b';
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`3'
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the glyph has both an ascender and a descender, for example, `('.
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The CODE field gives the code which the postprocessor uses to print
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the glyph. The glyph can also be input to `gtroff' using this code by
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means of the `\N' escape sequence. CODE can be any integer. If it
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starts with `0' it is interpreted as octal; if it starts with `0x' or
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`0X' it is interpreted as hexadecimal. Note, however, that the `\N'
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escape sequence only accepts a decimal integer.
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The ENTITY-NAME field gives an ASCII string identifying the glyph
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which the postprocessor uses to print the `gtroff' glyph NAME. This
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field is optional and has been introduced so that the HTML device
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driver can encode its character set. For example, the glyph `\[Po]' is
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represented as `£' in HTML 4.0.
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Anything on the line after the ENTITY-NAME field resp. after `--'
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will be ignored.
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The METRICS field has the form:
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WIDTH[`,'HEIGHT[`,'DEPTH[`,'ITALIC-CORRECTION
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[`,'LEFT-ITALIC-CORRECTION[`,'SUBSCRIPT-CORRECTION]]]]]
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There must not be any spaces between these subfields (it has been split
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here into two lines for better legibility only). Missing subfields are
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assumed to be 0. The subfields are all decimal integers. Since there
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is no associated binary format, these values are not required to fit
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into a variable of type `char' as they are in `ditroff'. The WIDTH
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subfield gives the width of the glyph. The HEIGHT subfield gives the
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height of the glyph (upwards is positive); if a glyph does not extend
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above the baseline, it should be given a zero height, rather than a
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negative height. The DEPTH subfield gives the depth of the glyph, that
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is, the distance from the baseline to the lowest point below the
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baseline to which the glyph extends (downwards is positive); if a glyph
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does not extend below the baseline, it should be given a zero depth,
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rather than a negative depth. The ITALIC-CORRECTION subfield gives the
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amount of space that should be added after the glyph when it is
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immediately to be followed by a glyph from a roman font. The
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LEFT-ITALIC-CORRECTION subfield gives the amount of space that should
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be added before the glyph when it is immediately to be preceded by a
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glyph from a roman font. The SUBSCRIPT-CORRECTION gives the amount of
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space that should be added after a glyph before adding a subscript.
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This should be less than the italic correction.
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A line in the `charset' section can also have the format
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NAME "
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This indicates that NAME is just another name for the glyph mentioned
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in the preceding line.
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The word `kernpairs' starts the kernpairs section. This contains a
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sequence of lines of the form:
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C1 C2 N
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This means that when glyph C1 appears next to glyph C2 the space
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between them should be increased by N. Most entries in the kernpairs
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section have a negative value for N.
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File: groff, Node: Font File Format-Footnotes, Up: Font File Format
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(1) This keyword is misnamed since it starts a list of ordered
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glyphs, not characters.
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(2) The distinction between input, characters, and output, glyphs,
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is not clearly separated in the terminology of `groff'; for example,
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the `char' request should be called `glyph' since it defines an output
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entity.
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File: groff, Node: Installation, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: File formats, Up: Top
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Installation
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************
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File: groff, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Request Index, Prev: Installation, Up: Top
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Copying This Manual
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*******************
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* Menu:
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* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
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2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
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File: groff, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
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GNU Free Documentation License
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==============================
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Version 1.1, March 2000
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Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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0. PREAMBLE
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The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
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written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
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the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
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modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
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this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
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credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
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modifications made by others.
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This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
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works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
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It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
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license designed for free software.
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
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free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
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free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
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that the software does. But this License is not limited to
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software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
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of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
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We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
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instruction or reference.
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1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
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This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
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notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
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under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to
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any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
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and is addressed as "you".
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A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
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Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
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modifications and/or translated into another language.
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A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
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section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
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relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the
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Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains
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nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
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(For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
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mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
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The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
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the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
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philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
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The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
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|
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
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the notice that says that the Document is released under this
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License.
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The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
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listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
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that says that the Document is released under this License.
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A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
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represented in a format whose specification is available to the
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general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly
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and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
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composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
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|
widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
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text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
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|
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
|
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|
otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed
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to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
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Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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|
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
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|
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
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|
standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification.
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|
Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that
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can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
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|
or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
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|
available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
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|
processors for output purposes only.
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The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
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|
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
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material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
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works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
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Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
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|
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
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|
2. VERBATIM COPYING
|
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You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
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commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
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copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
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applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
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add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
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may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
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|
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
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|
|
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
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|
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
|
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|
|
the conditions in section 3.
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|
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
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|
|
and you may publicly display copies.
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|
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
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|
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than
|
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|
|
100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you
|
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|
|
must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly,
|
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|
all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
|
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|
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
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|
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
|
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|
front cover must present the full title with all words of the
|
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|
|
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
|
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|
|
on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
|
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|
|
|
covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
|
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|
satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
|
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|
other respects.
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If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
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legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
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|
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
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|
adjacent pages.
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
|
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|
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
|
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|
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
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|
state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
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|
computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy
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|
of the Document, free of added material, which the general
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|
|
network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
|
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|
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
|
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|
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
|
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|
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
|
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|
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
|
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|
|
location until at least one year after the last time you
|
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|
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
|
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|
|
retailers) of that edition to the public.
|
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|
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
|
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|
|
the Document well before redistributing any large number of
|
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|
|
copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
|
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|
|
version of the Document.
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|
4. MODIFICATIONS
|
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You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
|
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|
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
|
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|
|
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
|
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the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
|
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|
|
licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
|
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|
|
|
whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
|
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|
|
|
things in the Modified Version:
|
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|
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|
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|
|
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
|
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|
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
|
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|
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
|
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|
|
in the History section of the Document). You may use the
|
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|
same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
|
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that version gives permission.
|
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B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
|
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|
|
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
|
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|
|
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
|
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|
|
|
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
|
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|
|
authors, if it has less than five).
|
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C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
|
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|
|
Modified Version, as the publisher.
|
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|
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
|
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E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
|
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|
|
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
|
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|
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F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
|
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|
|
|
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
|
|
|
|
|
|
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
|
|
|
|
|
|
the Addendum below.
|
|
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|
|
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G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
|
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|
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
|
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|
|
license notice.
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H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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|
|
I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and
|
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|
|
add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
|
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|
|
|
|
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
|
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|
|
|
the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in
|
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|
|
the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
|
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|
|
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
|
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|
|
then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
|
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|
|
the previous sentence.
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J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
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|
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
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|
|
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
|
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|
|
|
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
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|
the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
|
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|
|
work that was published at least four years before the
|
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|
|
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
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it refers to gives permission.
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K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgments" or "Dedications",
|
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|
preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all
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|
|
the substance and tone of each of the contributor
|
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|
|
|
acknowledgments and/or dedications given therein.
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L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
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|
|
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
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|
|
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
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|
|
titles.
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|
M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
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|
|
may not be included in the Modified Version.
|
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|
N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
|
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|
|
|
conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
|
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|
|
|
|
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
|
|
|
|
|
|
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
|
|
|
|
|
|
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
|
|
|
|
|
|
add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
|
|
|
|
|
|
Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
|
|
|
|
|
|
other section titles.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
|
|
|
|
|
|
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
|
|
|
|
|
|
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
|
|
|
|
|
|
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
|
|
|
|
|
|
definition of a standard.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
|
|
|
|
|
|
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
|
|
|
|
|
|
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
|
|
|
|
|
|
passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
|
|
|
|
|
|
added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
|
|
|
|
|
|
Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
|
|
|
|
|
|
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
|
|
|
|
|
|
you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
|
|
|
|
|
|
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
|
|
|
|
|
|
publisher that added the old one.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
|
|
|
|
|
|
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
|
|
|
|
|
|
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
|
|
|
|
|
|
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
|
|
|
|
|
|
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
|
|
|
|
|
|
all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
|
|
|
|
|
|
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
|
|
|
|
|
|
combined work in its license notice.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
|
|
|
|
|
|
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
|
|
|
|
|
|
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
|
|
|
|
|
|
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
|
|
|
|
|
|
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
|
|
|
|
|
|
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
|
|
|
|
|
|
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
|
|
|
|
|
|
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
|
|
|
|
|
|
combined work.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
|
|
|
|
|
|
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
|
|
|
|
|
|
entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled
|
|
|
|
|
|
"Acknowledgments", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You
|
|
|
|
|
|
must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
|
|
|
|
|
|
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
|
|
|
|
|
|
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
|
|
|
|
|
|
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
|
|
|
|
|
|
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
|
|
|
|
|
|
documents in all other respects.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
|
|
|
|
|
|
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
|
|
|
|
|
|
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
|
|
|
|
|
|
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
|
|
|
|
|
|
that document.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
|
|
|
|
|
|
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
|
|
|
|
|
|
a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a
|
|
|
|
|
|
Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
|
|
|
|
|
|
copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
|
|
|
|
|
|
called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
|
|
|
|
|
|
other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
|
|
|
|
|
|
account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
|
|
|
|
|
|
derivative works of the Document.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
|
|
|
|
|
|
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
|
|
|
|
|
|
quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be
|
|
|
|
|
|
placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
|
|
|
|
|
|
aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
|
|
|
|
|
|
aggregate.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8. TRANSLATION
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
|
|
|
|
|
|
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
|
|
|
|
|
|
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
|
|
|
|
|
|
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
|
|
|
|
|
|
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
|
|
|
|
|
|
translation of this License provided that you also include the
|
|
|
|
|
|
original English version of this License. In case of a
|
|
|
|
|
|
disagreement between the translation and the original English
|
|
|
|
|
|
version of this License, the original English version will prevail.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9. TERMINATION
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
|
|
|
|
|
|
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
|
|
|
|
|
|
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
|
|
|
|
|
|
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
|
|
|
|
|
|
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
|
|
|
|
|
|
from you under this License will not have their licenses
|
|
|
|
|
|
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
|
|
|
|
|
|
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
|
|
|
|
|
|
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
|
|
|
|
|
|
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
|
|
|
|
|
|
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
|
|
|
|
|
|
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
|
|
|
|
|
|
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
|
|
|
|
|
|
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
|
|
|
|
|
|
that specified version or of any later version that has been
|
|
|
|
|
|
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
|
|
|
|
|
|
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
|
|
|
|
|
|
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
|
|
|
|
|
|
Free Software Foundation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
|
|
|
|
|
|
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
|
|
|
|
|
|
notices just after the title page:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
|
|
|
|
|
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
|
|
|
|
|
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
|
|
|
|
|
|
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
|
|
|
|
|
|
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
|
|
|
|
|
|
Free Documentation License''.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
|
|
|
|
|
|
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
|
|
|
|
|
|
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
|
|
|
|
|
|
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
|
|
|
|
|
|
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
|
|
|
|
|
|
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
|
|
|
|
|
|
permit their use in free software.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: groff, Node: Request Index, Next: Escape Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Request Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
*************
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Requests appear without the leading control character (normally
|
|
|
|
|
|
either `.' or `'').
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ab: Debugging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ad: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* af: Assigning Formats.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* aln: Setting Registers.
|
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|
|
* als: Strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* am: Writing Macros.
|
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|
|
* am1: Writing Macros.
|
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|
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|
|
* ami: Writing Macros.
|
|
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|
|
* as: Strings.
|
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|
|
* as1: Strings.
|
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|
|
* asciify: Diversions.
|
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|
|
* backtrace: Debugging.
|
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|
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|
|
* bd: Artificial Fonts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* blm: Blank Line Traps.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* box: Diversions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* boxa: Diversions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* bp: Page Control.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* br: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* break: while.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* brp: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* c2: Character Translations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* cc: Character Translations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ce: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* cf: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* cflags: Using Symbols.
|
|
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|
|
|
* ch: Page Location Traps.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* char: Using Symbols.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* chop: Strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* close: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* color: Colors.
|
2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* composite: Using Symbols.
|
2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* continue: while.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* cp: Implementation Differences.
|
|
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|
|
* cs: Artificial Fonts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* cu: Artificial Fonts.
|
|
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|
|
* da: Diversions.
|
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|
|
|
* de: Writing Macros.
|
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|
|
* de1: Writing Macros.
|
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|
|
* defcolor: Colors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* dei: Writing Macros.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* di: Diversions.
|
|
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|
|
* do: Implementation Differences.
|
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|
|
* ds: Strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ds1: Strings.
|
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|
|
* dt: Diversion Traps.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ec: Character Translations.
|
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|
|
|
|
* ecr: Character Translations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ecs: Character Translations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* el: if-else.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* em: End-of-input Traps.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* eo: Character Translations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ev: Environments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* evc: Environments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ex: Debugging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* fam: Font Families.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* fc: Fields.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* fchar: Using Symbols.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* fi: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* fl: Debugging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* fp: Font Positions.
|
2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* fschar: Using Symbols.
|
2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* fspecial: Special Fonts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ft <1>: Font Positions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ft: Changing Fonts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ftr: Changing Fonts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hcode: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hla: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hlm: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hpf: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hpfa: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hpfcode: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hw: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hy: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hym: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* hys: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ie: if-else.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* if: if-else.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ig: Comments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* in: Line Layout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* it: Input Line Traps.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* itc: Input Line Traps.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* kern: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* lc: Leaders.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* length: Strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* lf: Debugging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* lg: Ligatures and Kerning.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* linetabs: Tabs and Fields.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ll: Line Layout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ls: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* lt: Page Layout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* mc: Miscellaneous.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* mk: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* mso: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* na: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ne: Page Control.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* nf: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* nh: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* nm: Miscellaneous.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* nn: Miscellaneous.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* nop: if-else.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* nr <1>: Auto-increment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* nr: Setting Registers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* nroff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ns: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* nx: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* open: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* opena: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* os: Page Control.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* output: Diversions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* pc: Page Layout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* pi: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* pl: Page Layout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* pm: Debugging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* pn: Page Layout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* pnr: Debugging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* po: Line Layout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ps: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* psbb: Miscellaneous.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* pso: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ptr: Debugging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* pvs: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* rchar: Using Symbols.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* rd: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* return: Writing Macros.
|
2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* rfschar: Using Symbols.
|
2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* rj: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* rm: Strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* rn: Strings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* rnn: Setting Registers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* rr: Setting Registers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* rs: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* rt: Page Motions.
|
2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* schar: Using Symbols.
|
2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* shc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* shift: Parameters.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* sizes: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* so: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* sp: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* special: Special Fonts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* spreadwarn: Debugging.
|
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* ss: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
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* sty: Font Families.
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* substring: Strings.
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* sv: Page Control.
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* sy: I/O.
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* ta: Tabs and Fields.
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* tc: Tabs and Fields.
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* ti: Line Layout.
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* tkf: Ligatures and Kerning.
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* tl: Page Layout.
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* tm: Debugging.
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* tm1: Debugging.
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* tmc: Debugging.
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* tr: Character Translations.
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* trf: I/O.
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* trin: Character Translations.
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* trnt: Character Translations.
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* troff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
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* uf: Artificial Fonts.
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* ul: Artificial Fonts.
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* unformat: Diversions.
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* vpt: Page Location Traps.
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* vs: Changing Type Sizes.
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* warn: Debugging.
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* warnscale: Debugging.
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* wh: Page Location Traps.
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* while: while.
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* write: I/O.
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* writec: I/O.
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* writem: I/O.
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File: groff, Node: Escape Index, Next: Operator Index, Prev: Request Index, Up: Top
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Escape Index
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************
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Any escape sequence `\X' with X not in the list below emits a
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warning, printing glyph X.
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* Menu:
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* \: Using Symbols.
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* \!: Diversions.
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* \": Comments.
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* \#: Comments.
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* \$: Parameters.
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* \$*: Parameters.
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* \$0: Parameters.
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* \$@: Parameters.
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* \%: Manipulating Hyphenation.
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* \&: Ligatures and Kerning.
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* \': Using Symbols.
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* \): Ligatures and Kerning.
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* \*: Strings.
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* \,: Ligatures and Kerning.
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* \-: Using Symbols.
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* \.: Character Translations.
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* \/: Ligatures and Kerning.
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|
* \0: Page Motions.
|
2003-05-01 13:09:50 +00:00
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|
|
* \<colon>: Manipulating Hyphenation.
|
2002-10-11 08:52:17 +00:00
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|
* \<RET>: Line Control.
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|
* \<SP>: Page Motions.
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|
* \?: Diversions.
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* \\: Character Translations.
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* \^: Page Motions.
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|
* \`: Using Symbols.
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* \a: Leaders.
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* \A: Identifiers.
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* \b: Drawing Requests.
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* \B: Expressions.
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|
* \C: Using Symbols.
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* \c: Line Control.
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* \D: Drawing Requests.
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* \d: Page Motions.
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* \E: Character Translations.
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* \e: Character Translations.
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|
* \f: Font Positions.
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|
* \F: Font Families.
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|
* \f: Changing Fonts.
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|
* \g: Assigning Formats.
|
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|
|
* \h: Page Motions.
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|
|
* \H: Artificial Fonts.
|
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|
|
* \k: Page Motions.
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|
|
* \L: Drawing Requests.
|
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|
|
* \l: Drawing Requests.
|
|
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|
|
* \M: Colors.
|
|
|
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|
|
* \m: Colors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \N: Using Symbols.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \n <1>: Auto-increment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \n: Interpolating Registers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \O: Suppressing output.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \o: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \p: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \r: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \R: Setting Registers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \s: Changing Type Sizes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \S: Artificial Fonts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \t: Tabs and Fields.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \u: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \V: I/O.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \v: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \w: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \X: Postprocessor Access.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \x: Manipulating Spacing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \Y: Postprocessor Access.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \Z: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \z: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \{: if-else.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \|: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \}: if-else.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* \~: Page Motions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
File: groff, Node: Operator Index, Next: Register Index, Prev: Escape Index, Up: Top
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operator Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
**************
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Menu:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* !: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* %: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* &: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* (: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ): Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* *: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* +: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* -: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* /: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* <: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* <=: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* <?: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* <colon>: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* =: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* ==: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* >: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* >=: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* >?: Expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
