Add arc4random_uniform() function (to avoid "modulo bias")

Obtained from:  OpenBSD

lib/libc/gen/Makefile.inc

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ MAN+=	alarm.3 arc4random.3 \
 	unvis.3 usleep.3 utime.3 valloc.3 vis.3 wordexp.3
 
 MLINKS+=arc4random.3 arc4random_addrandom.3 arc4random.3 arc4random_stir.3 \
-	arc4random.3 arc4random_buf.3
+	arc4random.3 arc4random_buf.3 arc4random.3 arc4random_uniform.3
 MLINKS+=ctermid.3 ctermid_r.3
 MLINKS+=devname.3 devname_r.3
 MLINKS+=directory.3 closedir.3 directory.3 dirfd.3 directory.3 opendir.3 \

lib/libc/gen/Symbol.map

@@ -330,6 +330,7 @@ FBSD_1.0 {
 
 FBSD_1.1 {
 	arc4random_buf;
+	arc4random_uniform;
 	fdopendir;
 	feature_present;
 	fts_open;

lib/libc/gen/arc4random.3

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm arc4random ,
 .Nm arc4random_buf ,
+.Nm arc4random_uniform ,
 .Nm arc4random_stir ,
 .Nm arc4random_addrandom
 .Nd arc4 random number generator
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@
 .Fn arc4random "void"
 .Ft void
 .Fn arc4random_buf "void *buf" "size_t nbytes"
+.Ft u_int32_t
+.Fn arc4random_uniform "u_int32_t upper_bound"
 .Ft void
 .Fn arc4random_stir "void"
 .Ft void
@@ -78,6 +81,14 @@ of length
 .Fa nbytes
 with ARC4-derived random data.
 .Pp
+.Fn arc4random_uniform
+will return a uniformly distributed random number less than
+.Fa upper_bound .
+.Fn arc4random_uniform
+is recommended over constructions like
+.Dq Li arc4random() % upper_bound
+as it avoids "modulo bias" when the upper bound is not a power of two.
+.Pp
 The
 .Fn arc4random_stir
 function reads data from

lib/libc/gen/arc4random.c

@@ -240,6 +240,51 @@ arc4random_buf(void *_buf, size_t n)
 	THREAD_UNLOCK();
 }
 
+/*
+ * Calculate a uniformly distributed random number less than upper_bound
+ * avoiding "modulo bias".
+ *
+ * Uniformity is achieved by generating new random numbers until the one
+ * returned is outside the range [0, 2**32 % upper_bound).  This
+ * guarantees the selected random number will be inside
+ * [2**32 % upper_bound, 2**32) which maps back to [0, upper_bound)
+ * after reduction modulo upper_bound.
+ */
+u_int32_t
+arc4random_uniform(u_int32_t upper_bound)
+{
+	u_int32_t r, min;
+
+	if (upper_bound < 2)
+		return 0;
+
+#if (ULONG_MAX > 0xffffffffUL)
+	min = 0x100000000UL % upper_bound;
+#else
+	/* Calculate (2**32 % upper_bound) avoiding 64-bit math */
+	if (upper_bound > 0x80000000)
+		min = 1 + ~upper_bound;		/* 2**32 - upper_bound */
+	else {
+		/* (2**32 - (x * 2)) % x == 2**32 % x when x <= 2**31 */
+		min = ((0xffffffff - (upper_bound * 2)) + 1) % upper_bound;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	 * This could theoretically loop forever but each retry has
+	 * p > 0.5 (worst case, usually far better) of selecting a
+	 * number inside the range we need, so it should rarely need
+	 * to re-roll.
+	 */
+	for (;;) {
+		r = arc4random();
+		if (r >= min)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	return (r % upper_bound);
+}
+
 #if 0
 /*-------- Test code for i386 --------*/
 #include <stdio.h>