units(1): Refactor the manual page and update usage information
Changes to units.1: - Change the description to a more descriptive "conversion calculator". - Sort options. - Split the description into sections to make it easier to navigate the manual page. - Improve the description of various options. - Document the default value of the output format. - Use more mdoc macros for better readability. - Document the behavior of the PATH environmental variable. - Improve examples. - Add sections: EXIT STATUS, DIAGNOSTICS, and HISTORY. - Document that units(1) cannot convert negative values and it handles long unit lists poorly. - Update the documentation of the -V flag to match the implementation. units(1) prints its version and the units data file instead of its version and usage information. Changes to units.c: - Update usage information. - Sort longopts elements. This commit does not attempts to change the current behavior of units(1). What's left to do is probably defining a better versioning (at the moment units(1) always reports "FreeBSD units" as its version) and changing the behavior of the -V flag to only print version. Reviewed by: allanjude (earlier version), bcr Approved by: bcr (mentor) Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18977
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@ -1,115 +1,126 @@
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.Dd August 12, 2017
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.Dd February 3, 2020
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.Dt UNITS 1
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.Dt UNITS 1
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.Os
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm units
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.Nm units
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.Nd conversion program
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.Nd conversion calculator
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Nm
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.Op Fl f Ar filename
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.Op Fl ehqtUVv
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.Op Fl H Ar filename
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.Op Fl f Ar unitsfile
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.Op Fl qvUV
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.Op Fl o Ar format
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.Op Ar from-unit to-unit
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.Op Ar from to
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.Sh OPTIONS
|
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The following options are available:
|
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl h \&No , Fl -help
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Show an overview of options
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.It Fl f Ar filename \&No , Fl -file Ar filename
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Specify the name of the units data file to load.
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.It Fl H Ar filename \&No , Fl -history Ar filename
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Ignored, for compatibility with GNU units.
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.It Fl e , Fl -exponential
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Behave as if -o '%6e' was typed.
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.It Fl q \&No , Fl -quiet
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Suppress prompting of the user for units and the display of statistics
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about the number of units loaded.
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.It Fl U \&No , Fl -unitsfile
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If the default unit file exists prints its location.
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If not, print
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.Qo
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Units data file not found
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.Qc
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.It Fl t \&No , Fl -terse
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Only print the result. This is used when calling
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.Nm
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from other programs for easy to parse results.
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.It Fl v \&No , Fl -verbose
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Print the units in the conversion output.
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Be more verbose in general.
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.It Fl o Ar format \&No , Fl -output-format Ar format
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Select the output format string by which numbers are printed.
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.It Fl V \&No , Fl -version
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Print the version number, usage, and then exit.
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.It Ar from-unit to-unit
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Allow a single unit conversion to be done directly from the command
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line.
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The program will not print prompts.
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It will print out the
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result of the single specified conversion.
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.El
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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The
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.Nm
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.Nm
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program converts quantities expressed in various scales to
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program converts quantities expressed in various scales to
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their equivalents in other scales.
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their equivalents in other scales.
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The
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It can only
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.Nm
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program can only
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handle multiplicative or affine scale changes.
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handle multiplicative or affine scale changes.
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It works interactively by prompting
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the user for input:
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.Bd -literal
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You have: meters
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You want: feet
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* 3.2808399
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/ 0.3048
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You have: cm^3
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You want: gallons
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* 0.00026417205
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/ 3785.4118
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You have: meters/s
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You want: furlongs/fortnight
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* 6012.8848
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/ 0.00016630952
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You have: 1|2 inch
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You want: cm
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* 1.27
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/ 0.78740157
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You have: 85 degF
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You want: degC
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29.444444
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Pp
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Powers of units can be specified using the '^' character as shown in
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.Nm
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the example, or by simple concatenation: 'cm3' is equivalent to 'cm^3'.
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can work interactively by prompting
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Multiplication of units can be specified by using spaces, a dash or
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the user for input
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an asterisk.
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.Pq see Sx EXAMPLES
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Division of units is indicated by the slash ('/').
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or non-interactively, providing a conversion for given arguments
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Note that multiplication has a higher precedence than division,
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.Ar from
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so 'm/s/s' is the same as 'm/s^2' or 'm/s s'.
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and
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.Ar to .
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.Pp
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The following options are available:
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.Bl -tag -width "from to"
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.It Fl e , Fl -exponential
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Same as
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.Fl o
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.Cm %6e
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(see the description of the
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.Fl o
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flag).
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.It Fl f Ar unitsfile , Fl -file Ar unitsfile
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Specify the name of the units data file to load.
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This option may be specified multiple times.
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.It Fl H Ar historyfile , Fl -history Ar historyfile
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Ignored, for compatibility with GNU units.
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.It Fl h , Fl -help
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Show an overview of options.
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.It Fl o Ar format , Fl -output-format Ar format
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Select the output format string by which numbers are printed.
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Defaults to
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.Dq Li %.8g .
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.It Fl q , Fl -quiet
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Suppress prompting of the user for units and the display of statistics
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about the number of units loaded.
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.It Fl t , Fl -terse
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Only print the result.
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This is used when calling
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.Nm
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|
from other programs for easy to parse results.
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.It Fl U , Fl -unitsfile
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Print the location of the default unit file if it exists.
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Otherwise, print
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.Dq Units data file not found .
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.It Fl V , Fl -version
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Print the version number
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.Pq which is fixed at Dq Fx units ,
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the path to the units data file and exit.
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.It Fl v , Fl -verbose
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Print the units in the conversion output.
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Be more verbose in general.
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.It Ar from to
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Allow a single unit conversion to be done directly from the command
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line.
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The program will not print prompts.
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It will print out the result of the single specified conversion.
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Both arguments, i.e.,
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.Ar from
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and
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.Ar to ,
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can be just a unit
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.Pq e.g., Dq Cm cm ,
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a quantity
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.Pq e.g., Dq Cm 42 ,
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or a quantity with a unit
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.Pq e.g., Dq Cm 42 cm
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.El
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.Ss Mathematical operators
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.Bl -dash -compact
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.It
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Powers of units can be specified using the
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.Dq Ic ^
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character as shown in the example, or by simple concatenation:
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.Dq Ic cm3
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is
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equivalent to
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.Dq Ic cm^3 .
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See the
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.Sx BUGS
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section
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for details on the limitations of exponent values.
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.It
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Multiplication of units can be specified by using spaces
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.Pq Dq " " ,
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a dash
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.Pq Dq -
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or an asterisk
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.Pq Dq * .
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.It
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Division of units is indicated by the slash
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.Pq Dq Ic / .
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.It
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Division of numbers
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Division of numbers
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must be indicated using the vertical bar ('|').
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must be indicated using the vertical bar
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To convert half a
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.Pq Dq Ic \&| Ns .
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meter, you would write '1|2 meter'.
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.El
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If you write '1/2 meter' then the
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units program would interpret that as equivalent to '0.5/meter'.
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If you enter incompatible unit types, the units program will
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print a message indicating that the units are not conformable and
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it will display the reduced form for each unit:
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.Bd -literal
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You have: ergs/hour
|
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You want: fathoms kg^2 / day
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conformability error
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2.7777778e-11 kg m^2 / sec^3
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2.1166667e-05 kg^2 m / sec
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Pp
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||||||
|
Note that multiplication has a higher precedence than division,
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so
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.Dq Ic m/s/s
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is the same as
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.Dq Ic m/s^2
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or
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.Dq Ic m/s s .
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.Ss Units
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The conversion information is read from a units data file.
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The conversion information is read from a units data file.
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The default
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The default
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file includes definitions for most familiar units, abbreviations and
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file includes definitions for most familiar units, abbreviations and
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@ -128,48 +139,165 @@ Some constants of nature included are:
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.It "au astronomical unit"
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.It "au astronomical unit"
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.El
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.El
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.Pp
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.Pp
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The unit 'pound' is a unit of mass.
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The unit
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.Dq Ic pound
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is a unit of mass.
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Compound names are run together
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Compound names are run together
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so 'pound force' is a unit of force.
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so
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The unit 'ounce' is also a unit
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.Dq Ic pound force
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of mass.
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is a unit of force.
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The fluid ounce is 'floz'.
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The unit
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.Dq Ic ounce
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is also a unit of mass.
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The fluid ounce is
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.Dq Ic floz .
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British units that differ from
|
British units that differ from
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their US counterparts are prefixed with 'br', and currency is prefixed
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their US counterparts are prefixed with
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with its country name: 'belgiumfranc', 'britainpound'.
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.Dq br ,
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and currency is prefixed with its country name:
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.Dq Ic belgiumfranc ,
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.Dq Ic britainpound .
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When searching
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When searching
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for a unit, if the specified string does not appear exactly as a unit
|
for a unit, if the specified string does not appear exactly as a unit
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name, then
|
name, then
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.Nm
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.Nm
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will try to remove a trailing 's' or a
|
will try to remove a trailing
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trailing 'es' and check again for a match.
|
.Dq s
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.Pp
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or a trailing
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.Dq es
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and check again for a match.
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.Ss Units file format
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To find out what units are available read the standard units file.
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To find out what units are available read the standard units file.
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If you want to add your own units you can supply your own file.
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If you want to add your own units you can supply your own file.
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A unit is specified on a single line by
|
A unit is specified on a single line by
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giving its name and an equivalence.
|
giving its name and an equivalence.
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Be careful to define
|
Be careful to define
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new units in terms of old ones so that a reduction leads to the
|
new units in terms of old ones so that a reduction leads to the
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primitive units which are marked with '!' characters.
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primitive units which are marked with
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.Dq \&!
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|
characters.
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The
|
The
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.Nm
|
.Nm
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program will not detect infinite loops that could be caused
|
program will not detect infinite loops that could be caused
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by careless unit definitions.
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by careless unit definitions.
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Comments in the unit definition file
|
Comments in the unit definition file
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begin with a '#' or '/' character at the beginning of a line.
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begin with a
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.Dq #
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or
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.Dq /
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character at the beginning of a line.
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.Pp
|
.Pp
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Prefixes are defined in the same way as standard units, but with
|
Prefixes are defined in the same way as standard units, but with
|
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a trailing dash at the end of the prefix name.
|
a trailing dash
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.Pq Dq -
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|
at the end of the prefix name.
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If a unit is not found
|
If a unit is not found
|
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even after removing trailing 's' or 'es', then it will be checked
|
even after removing trailing
|
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against the list of prefixes.
|
.Dq s
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|
or
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|
.Dq es ,
|
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|
then it will be checked against the list of prefixes.
|
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Prefixes will be removed until a legal
|
Prefixes will be removed until a legal
|
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base unit is identified.
|
base unit is identified.
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.Sh ENVIRONMENT
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.Bl -tag -width PATH
|
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|
.It Ev PATH
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|
The colon-separated list of root directories at which
|
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|
.Nm
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|
tries to find
|
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|
.Pa /usr/share/misc/definitions.units .
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.Pp
|
.Pp
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|
For example if
|
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|
.Ev PATH
|
||||||
|
is set to
|
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.Dq Li /tmp:/:/usr/local ,
|
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|
no
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.Fl f
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|
flags are provided, and
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.Pa /usr/share/misc/definitions.units
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|
is missing then
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.Nm
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|
tries to open the following files as the default units file:
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|
.Pa /tmp/usr/share/misc/definitions.units ,
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.Pa /usr/share/misc/definitions.units ,
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and
|
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.Pa /usr/local/usr/share/misc/definitions.units .
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.El
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|
.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/definitions.units -compact
|
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|
.It Pa /usr/share/misc/definitions.units
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|
The standard units file.
|
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.El
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|
.Sh EXIT STATUS
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|
.Ex -std
|
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.Sh EXAMPLES
|
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|
.Bl -tag -width 0n
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|
.It Sy Example 1 : No Interactive usage
|
||||||
|
.Pp
|
||||||
|
Here is an example of an interactive session where the user is prompted for
|
||||||
|
units:
|
||||||
|
.Bd -literal -offset 2n
|
||||||
|
.Li You have : Ic meters
|
||||||
|
.Li You want : Ic feet
|
||||||
|
* 3.2808399
|
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|
/ 0.3048
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.Li You have : Ic cm^3
|
||||||
|
.Li You want : Ic gallons
|
||||||
|
* 0.00026417205
|
||||||
|
/ 3785.4118
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.Li You have : Ic meters/s
|
||||||
|
.Li You want : Ic furlongs/fortnight
|
||||||
|
* 6012.8848
|
||||||
|
/ 0.00016630952
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.Li You have : Ic 1|2 inch
|
||||||
|
.Li You want : Ic cm
|
||||||
|
* 1.27
|
||||||
|
/ 0.78740157
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.Li You have : Ic 85 degF
|
||||||
|
.Li You want : Ic degC
|
||||||
|
29.444444
|
||||||
|
.Ed
|
||||||
|
.It Sy Example 2 : No Difference between Do Ic \&| Dc No and Do Ic / Dc No division
|
||||||
|
.Pp
|
||||||
|
The following command shows how to convert half a meter to centimeters.
|
||||||
|
.Bd -literal -offset 2n
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic units '1|2 meter' cm
|
||||||
|
* 50
|
||||||
|
/ 0.02
|
||||||
|
.Ed
|
||||||
|
.Pp
|
||||||
|
.Nm
|
||||||
|
prints the expected result because the division operator for numbers
|
||||||
|
.Pq Dq Li \&|
|
||||||
|
was used.
|
||||||
|
.Pp
|
||||||
|
Using the division operator for units
|
||||||
|
.Pq Dq Li /
|
||||||
|
would result in an error:
|
||||||
|
.Bd -literal -offset 2n
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic units '1/2 meter' cm
|
||||||
|
conformability error
|
||||||
|
0.5 / m
|
||||||
|
0.01 m
|
||||||
|
.Ed
|
||||||
|
.Pp
|
||||||
|
It is because
|
||||||
|
.Nm
|
||||||
|
interprets
|
||||||
|
.Dq Ic 1/2 meter
|
||||||
|
as
|
||||||
|
.Dq Ic 0.5/meter ,
|
||||||
|
which is not conformable to
|
||||||
|
.Dq Ic cm .
|
||||||
|
.It Sy Example 3 : No Simple units file
|
||||||
Here is an example of a short units file that defines some basic
|
Here is an example of a short units file that defines some basic
|
||||||
units.
|
units:
|
||||||
.Pp
|
.Pp
|
||||||
.Bl -column -offset indent -compact "minute"
|
.Bl -column -offset 2n -compact "minute"
|
||||||
.It "m !a!"
|
.It "m !a!"
|
||||||
.It "sec !b!"
|
.It "sec !b!"
|
||||||
.It "micro- 1e-6"
|
.It "micro- 1e-6"
|
||||||
@ -179,21 +307,122 @@ units.
|
|||||||
.It "ft 12 inches"
|
.It "ft 12 inches"
|
||||||
.It "mile 5280 ft"
|
.It "mile 5280 ft"
|
||||||
.El
|
.El
|
||||||
.Sh FILES
|
.It Sy Example 4 : No Viewing units and conversions of the default units file
|
||||||
.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/definitions.units -compact
|
The following shell one-liner allows the user to view the contents of the
|
||||||
.It Pa /usr/share/misc/definitions.units
|
default units file:
|
||||||
the standard units library
|
.Bd -literal -offset 2n
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic less \&"$(units -U)"
|
||||||
|
.Ed
|
||||||
.El
|
.El
|
||||||
|
.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
|
||||||
|
.Bl -diag
|
||||||
|
.It can't find units file '%s'
|
||||||
|
The default units file is not in its default location
|
||||||
|
.Pq see Sx FILES
|
||||||
|
and it is not present in any file tree starting with their roots at directories from
|
||||||
|
.Ev PATH
|
||||||
|
.Pq see Sx ENVIRONMENT .
|
||||||
|
.It cap_rights_limit\&() failed
|
||||||
|
See
|
||||||
|
.Xr capsicum 4 .
|
||||||
|
.It conformability error
|
||||||
|
It is not possible to reduce the given units to one common unit:
|
||||||
|
they are not conformable.
|
||||||
|
Instead of a conversion,
|
||||||
|
.Nm
|
||||||
|
will display the reduced form for each provided unit:
|
||||||
|
.Bd -literal -offset 2n
|
||||||
|
.Li You have : Ic ergs/hour
|
||||||
|
.Li You want : Ic fathoms kg^2 / day
|
||||||
|
conformability error
|
||||||
|
2.7777778e-11 kg m^2 / sec^3
|
||||||
|
2.1166667e-05 kg^2 m / sec
|
||||||
|
.Ed
|
||||||
|
.It Could not initialize history
|
||||||
|
See
|
||||||
|
.Xr editline 3 .
|
||||||
|
.It dupstr
|
||||||
|
.Xr strdup 3
|
||||||
|
failed.
|
||||||
|
.It memory for prefixes exceeded in line %d
|
||||||
|
Over 100 prefixes were defined.
|
||||||
|
.It memory for units exceeded in line %d
|
||||||
|
Over 1000 prefixes were defined.
|
||||||
|
.It memory overflow in unit reduction
|
||||||
|
The requested conversion involves too many units
|
||||||
|
.Pq see Sx BUGS .
|
||||||
|
.It redefinition of prefix '%s' on line %d ignored
|
||||||
|
.No ""
|
||||||
|
.It redefinition of unit '%s' on line %d ignored
|
||||||
|
.No ""
|
||||||
|
.It unexpected end of prefix on line %d
|
||||||
|
.No ""
|
||||||
|
.It unexpected end of unit on line %d
|
||||||
|
.No ""
|
||||||
|
.It Units data file not found
|
||||||
|
The default units file is missing.
|
||||||
|
.It unable to enter capability mode
|
||||||
|
See
|
||||||
|
.Xr capsicum 4 .
|
||||||
|
.It unable to open units file '%s'
|
||||||
|
One of the user-specified units files cannot be opened.
|
||||||
|
.It unit reduces to zero
|
||||||
|
.No ""
|
||||||
|
.It unknown unit '%s'
|
||||||
|
The provided unit cannot be found in the units file.
|
||||||
|
.It WARNING: conversion of non-proportional quantities.
|
||||||
|
.Nm
|
||||||
|
may fail to convert
|
||||||
|
.Ar from
|
||||||
|
to
|
||||||
|
.Ar to
|
||||||
|
because the units are not proportional.
|
||||||
|
The warning is printed when a quantity is a part of the
|
||||||
|
.Ar to
|
||||||
|
argument.
|
||||||
|
It can be illustrated on an example of conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius:
|
||||||
|
.Bd -literal -offset 2n
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic units \&"degF" \&"degC"
|
||||||
|
(-> x*0.55555556g -17.777778g)
|
||||||
|
(<- y*1.8g 32g)
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic units \&"degF" \&"1 degC"
|
||||||
|
WARNING: conversion of non-proportional quantities.
|
||||||
|
(-> x*0.55555556g -17.777778g)
|
||||||
|
(<- y*1.8g 32g)
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic units \&"1 degF" \&"1 degC"
|
||||||
|
WARNING: conversion of non-proportional quantities.
|
||||||
|
-17.222222
|
||||||
|
.Ed
|
||||||
|
.El
|
||||||
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
||||||
|
.Xr bc 1
|
||||||
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
||||||
|
The
|
||||||
|
.Nm
|
||||||
|
first appeared in
|
||||||
|
.Nx
|
||||||
|
and was ported to
|
||||||
|
.Fx 2.2.0 .
|
||||||
|
.Pp
|
||||||
|
The manual page was significantly rewritten in
|
||||||
|
.Fx 13.0
|
||||||
|
by
|
||||||
|
.An Mateusz Piotrowski Aq Mt 0mp@FreeBSD.org .
|
||||||
.Sh AUTHORS
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
||||||
.An Adrian Mariano Aq Mt adrian@cam.cornell.edu
|
.An Adrian Mariano Aq Mt adrian@cam.cornell.edu
|
||||||
.Sh BUGS
|
.Sh BUGS
|
||||||
The effect of including a '/' in a prefix is surprising.
|
The effect of including a
|
||||||
|
.Dq /
|
||||||
|
in a prefix is surprising.
|
||||||
.Pp
|
.Pp
|
||||||
Exponents entered by the user can be only one digit.
|
Exponents entered by the user can be only one digit.
|
||||||
You can work around this by multiplying several terms.
|
You can work around this by multiplying several terms.
|
||||||
.Pp
|
.Pp
|
||||||
The user must use | to indicate division of numbers and / to
|
The user must use
|
||||||
indicate division of symbols.
|
.Dq Ic \&|
|
||||||
|
to indicate division of numbers and
|
||||||
|
.Dq Ic /
|
||||||
|
to indicate division of symbols.
|
||||||
This distinction should not
|
This distinction should not
|
||||||
be necessary.
|
be necessary.
|
||||||
.Pp
|
.Pp
|
||||||
@ -203,3 +432,30 @@ of the units converted and on the length of the data file.
|
|||||||
The program should use a hash table to store units so that
|
The program should use a hash table to store units so that
|
||||||
it does not take so long to load the units list and check
|
it does not take so long to load the units list and check
|
||||||
for duplication.
|
for duplication.
|
||||||
|
.Pp
|
||||||
|
It is not possible to convert a negative value.
|
||||||
|
.Pp
|
||||||
|
The
|
||||||
|
.Nm
|
||||||
|
program
|
||||||
|
does not handle reductions of long lists of units very well:
|
||||||
|
.Bd -literal -offset 2n
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic units \&"$(yes m | head -n 154)" \&"$(yes cm | head -n 154)"
|
||||||
|
* 1e+308
|
||||||
|
/ 1e-308
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic units \&"$(yes m | head -n 333)" \&"$(yes cm | head -n 333)"
|
||||||
|
* inf
|
||||||
|
/ 0
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic units \&"$(yes m | head -n 500)" \&"$(yes cm | head -n 500)"
|
||||||
|
units: memory overflow in unit reduction
|
||||||
|
conformability error
|
||||||
|
1 m^500
|
||||||
|
1 centi cm^499
|
||||||
|
.Li $ Ic units \&"$(yes m | head -n 501)" \&"$(yes cm | head -n 501)"
|
||||||
|
units: memory overflow in unit reduction
|
||||||
|
units: memory overflow in unit reduction
|
||||||
|
units: memory overflow in unit reduction
|
||||||
|
conformability error
|
||||||
|
1 m^500
|
||||||
|
1 centi cm^499
|
||||||
|
.Ed
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -731,21 +731,21 @@ static void __dead2
|
|||||||
usage(void)
|
usage(void)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
fprintf(stderr,
|
fprintf(stderr,
|
||||||
"usage: units [-f unitsfile] [-H historyfile] [-UVq] [from-unit to-unit]\n");
|
"usage: units [-ehqtUVv] [-f unitsfile] [-o format] [from to]\n");
|
||||||
exit(3);
|
exit(3);
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
static struct option longopts[] = {
|
static struct option longopts[] = {
|
||||||
{"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
|
|
||||||
{"exponential", no_argument, NULL, 'e'},
|
{"exponential", no_argument, NULL, 'e'},
|
||||||
{"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},
|
{"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},
|
||||||
{"history", required_argument, NULL, 'H'},
|
{"history", required_argument, NULL, 'H'},
|
||||||
|
{"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
|
||||||
{"output-format", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},
|
{"output-format", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},
|
||||||
{"quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'q'},
|
{"quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'q'},
|
||||||
{"terse", no_argument, NULL, 't'},
|
{"terse", no_argument, NULL, 't'},
|
||||||
{"unitsfile", no_argument, NULL, 'U'},
|
{"unitsfile", no_argument, NULL, 'U'},
|
||||||
{"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
|
|
||||||
{"version", no_argument, NULL, 'V'},
|
{"version", no_argument, NULL, 'V'},
|
||||||
|
{"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
|
||||||
{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }
|
{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }
|
||||||
};
|
};
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user