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Update run - try and use the correct release numbers for everything.

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!DOCTYPE linuxdoc PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD linuxdoc//EN">
<!-- $Id: FAQ.sgml,v 1.40 1997/03/20 13:15:41 jkh Exp $ -->
<!-- $Id: FAQ.sgml,v 1.41 1997/03/21 18:40:08 wosch Exp $ -->
<article>
@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
<author>Maintainer: Peter da Silva <tt><htmlurl url='mailto:pds@FreeBSD.ORG'
name='&lt;pds@FreeBSD.ORG&gt;'></tt>
<date>$Date: 1997/03/20 13:15:41 $
Last updated: <date>$Date: 1997/03/15 23:29:02 $</date>
<abstract>
This is the FAQ for FreeBSD systems version 2.X All entries are
assumed to be relevant to FreeBSD 2.0.5+, unless otherwise noted.
@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ Any entries with a &lt;XXX&gt; are under construction.
<sect1>
<heading>What is FreeBSD?</heading>
<p>
Briefly, FreeBSD 2.X is a UN*X type operating system based on
Briefly, FreeBSD 2.X is a UN*X-like operating system based on
U.C. Berkeley's 4.4BSD-lite release for the i386 platform. It is
also based indirectly on William Jolitz's port of U.C. Berkeley's
Net/2 to the i386, known as 386BSD, though very little of the 386BSD
@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ Any entries with a &lt;XXX&gt; are under construction.
in their work, education and recreation. See some of them in the
<url url="http://www.freebsd.org/gallery.html" name="FreeBSD Gallery.">
For a more detailed description of FreeBSD, see the Introduction to
For more detailed information on FreeBSD, please see the
<url url="../handbook/handbook.html" name="FreeBSD Handbook.">
<sect1>
@ -102,18 +103,31 @@ Any entries with a &lt;XXX&gt; are under construction.
<sect1>
<heading>What is the latest version of FreeBSD?</heading>
<p>
Version 2.1.7 is the latest version; it was released in February, 1997.
Version <url url="ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/2.1.7.1-RELEASE" name="2.1.7">
is the latest <em>stable</em> version; it was released in February, 1997.
Version <url url="ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/2.2.1-RELEASE" name="2.2.1">
is the latest <em>release</em> version; it was released in March, 1997.
Briefly explained, <bf>-stable</bf> is aimed at the ISP or other
corporate user who wants stability and a low change count over
the wizzy new features of the latest release (which is <bf>2.2.1</bf>).
<p>This is not to say that 2.2.1 is unusable for business services,
and many people who need some 2.2 specific feature (newer
compiler technology, faster networking code, etc) have decided to take
a chance with it with very good results. We simply do not wish to
"certify" 2.2 as mission-worthy until it's run another release or two
down its branch and been better shaken-out.
<sect1>
<heading>What is FreeBSD-current?</heading>
<p>
<url url="../handbook/current.html" name="FreeBSD-current"> is the
development version of the operating system, which will in due
course become version 3.0. As such, it is really only of interest
course become 3.0-RELEASE. As such, it is really only of interest
to developers working on the system and die-hard hobbiests.
See the <url url="../handbook/current.html" name="relevant section">
in the <url url="../handbook/handbook.html" name="handbook"> for
details.
details on running -current.
<sect1>
<heading> What are ``snapshots''?<label id="snapshots"></heading>
@ -165,7 +179,7 @@ Any entries with a &lt;XXX&gt; are under construction.
|
|
2.2-ALPHA -> -BETA -> -GAMMA -> 2.2-RELEASE -> [2.2-stable]
| (Q1 1997)
| (Mar 1997)
|
3.0-SNAPs (Q1 1997)
|
@ -194,7 +208,8 @@ Any entries with a &lt;XXX&gt; are under construction.
Perhaps in the future we'll figure out another model which gives
everyone what they want, and we are working on such a model, but in
the meantime it's probably best to think of -stable coming to an end
with 2.1.7-RELEASE.
with <url url="ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/pub/2.1.7.1-RELEASE"
name="2.1.7.1-RELEASE"> (the final point release after 2.1.7).
<sect1>
<heading> When are FreeBSD releases made?</heading>
@ -265,11 +280,10 @@ make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release
<sect1>
<heading> Is FreeBSD only available for PCs?</heading>
<p>
At present, yes. If your machine has a different architecture, we
suggest you look at
<url url="http://www.netbsd.org/" name="NetBSD">
or
At present, yes, though a port to the DEC Alpha architecture
is planned. If your machine has a different architecture and
you need something right now, we suggest you look at
<url url="http://www.netbsd.org/" name="NetBSD"> or
<url url="http://www.openbsd.org/" name="OpenBSD">.
<sect1>
@ -277,9 +291,11 @@ make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release
<p>
The key decisions concerning the FreeBSD project, such as the
overall direction of the project and who is allowed to add code to
the source tree, are made by a ``core team'' consisting of 16
people. There is a much larger group of around 60 people who can
make changes to the source tree.
the source tree, are made by a <url url="../handbook/contrib:core.html"
name="core team"> of some 17 people. There is a much larger
team of around 70+ <url url="../handbook/contrib:committers.html"
name="committers"> who are authorized to make changes directly to the
FreeBSD source tree.
<p>
However, most non-trivial changes are discussed in advance in the
mailing lists, and there are no restrictions on who may take part
@ -288,13 +304,26 @@ make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release
<sect1>
<heading>Where can I get FreeBSD?<label id="where-get"></heading>
<p>
The distribution is available via anonymous ftp from:
<url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/"
name="the FreeBSD FTP site">
The distribution is available via anonymous ftp from:
<url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/" name="the FreeBSD FTP site">
For the current release, 2.1.7R, look in:
<url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.1.7-RELEASE/"
name="FreeBSD 2.1.7-RELEASE">
For the current stable release, 2.1.7.1R, look in:
<url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.1.7.1-RELEASE/"
name="FreeBSD 2.1.7.1-RELEASE">
For the current 2.2 branch release, 2.2.1R, look in:
<url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.2.1-RELEASE/"
name="FreeBSD 2.2.1-RELEASE">
<url url="ftp://releng22.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/" name="SNAPshot releases">
are also made once a day along the RELENG_2_2 branch (2.2.1 -> 2.2.x)
as it winds its way towards the next point release on the 2.2 branch
(2.2.3, possibly, or maybe 2.2.5 depending on the change delta). With
the occasional exception of accidental breakage, the RELENG_2_2
branch is being carefully maintained (no experimental changes, fixes only
after testing in -current) and these snapshots of it may be considered
"2.2.1+" for all intents and purposes and more desirable than 2.2.1 for new
installations.
FreeBSD is also available via CDROM, from the following place(s):
@ -414,6 +443,15 @@ make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release
<url url="http://gnn.com/gnn/bus/ora/category/bsd.html"
name="4.4BSD books description">
For a more in-depth look at the 4.4BSD kernel organization,
you can't go wrong with:
McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Keith Bostic, Michael J Karels,
and John Quarterman.<newline>
<em>The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating
System</em>. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996.<newline>
ISBN 0-201-54979-4<newline>
A good book on system administration is:
@ -445,22 +483,18 @@ make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release
<sect1>
<heading>Other sources of information.</heading>
<p>
One good source of additional information is the
``&lsqb;comp.unix.bsd&rsqb; NetBSD, FreeBSD, and 386BSD (0.1)
FAQ''. Much of the information is relevant to FreeBSD, and this
FAQ is posted around twice a month to the following newsgroups:
The following newsgroups contain pertinent discussion for FreeBSD
users:
<verb>
comp.unix.bsd.netbsd.announce
comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce
comp.answers
news.answers
</verb>
<itemize>
<item><url url="comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce" name="comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce">
<item><url url="comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc" name="comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc">
<item><url url="comp.unix.bsd.misc" name="comp.unix.bsd.misc">
</itemize>
If you have WWW access, the FreeBSD home page is at:
If you have WWW access, please visit <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/"
name="the FreeBSD home page">.
<url url="http://www.freebsd.org/" name="Main FreeBSD page">
The FreeBSD handbook has a pretty complete
<url url="../handbook/bibliography.html" name="Bibliography">
@ -475,84 +509,45 @@ make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release
<sect1>
<heading>Which file do I download to get FreeBSD?</heading>
<p>
I'll answer that in a minute, but first a few words of explanation
might be in order. FreeBSD is not an application that you can
run from inside an existing DOS/Windows setup, it is an operating
system in its own right (in the same way as Windows NT or OS/2).
You generally need just one floppy image, the <em>floppies/boot.flp</em>
file, which you image-copy onto a 1.44MB floppy and then boot it
in order to download the rest (and the installation will manage your TCP/IP
collection, deal with tapes, CDROMs, floppies, DOS partitions, whatever's
necessary to get the reset of the bits installed).
To install it involves making a ``primary partition'' for it on
the hard disk and arranging for it to be booted at system startup.
(FreeBSD gives you the option of installing a boot manager, so you
will be able to choose which operating system to use every time the
system starts up. Alternatively, you can use the boot managers
provided with oher operating systems, such as OS/2 or Linux).
Obviously, this is not as simple as using an operating system that
those nice people you bought your PC from pre-installed for you,
but it's not too difficult provided you read (and, if possible, print
out) all the instructions before starting. It may be a lot to
read, but it's very complete. You should also make full note of the
exhortations to back everything up first and the legal disclaimers.
These are not there for amusement value - we mean it! However,
most people find the installation goes fairly smoothly.
If you are able to be connected to the Internet for the duration
of the FreeBSD installation (lucky you!), the simplest way to
install FreeBSD is to download
<url
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.1.7-RELEASE/floppies/boot.flp"
name="the boot image,"> make a boot floppy, boot with it and watch it
pull down all the necessary files. Depending on connection speed and
how much of FreeBSD you wish to install, this could take several hours
(even the minimal installation requires downloading about 15MB of
compressed files).
For people who do not have good Internet connectivity, the best
way to install FreeBSD is to buy a CDROM (see <ref id="where-get"
name="Where to get FreeBSD"> for details). Unfortunately, this
is problematic for some people, as the support for IDE CDROMs in
FreeBSD is still in alpha (not because of some violent antipathy
towards IDE CDROMs, but simply due to a lack of people with the
necessary combination of skill, inclination and time).
Finally, if you already have a copy of the necessary files, FreeBSD
can be installed from floppy disks, a DOS hard disk partition or
tape or over a network via SLIP, PPP, NFS, PLIP and Ethernet.
For further information, please see
<url url="../handbook/install.html"
name="Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD.">
Full instructions on this procedure and a little bit more about installation
issues in general can be found in the <url url="../handbook/install.html"
name="Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD.">
<sect1>
<heading>Where are the instructions for installing FreeBSD?</heading>
<p>
Installation instructions can be found in the
<url url="../handbook/install.html"
name="Handbook install section.">
name="Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD.">
<sect1>
<heading>What do I need to run FreeBSD?</heading>
<heading>What do I need in order to run FreeBSD?</heading>
<p>
You'll need a 386 or better PC, with 4 MB or more of RAM and at
You'll need a 386 or better PC, with 5 MB or more of RAM and at
least 60 MB of hard disk space. It can run with a low end MDA
card but to run X11R6, a VGA or better video card is needed.
See the section on <ref id="hardware" name="Hardware compatibility">
See also the section on <ref id="hardware" name="Hardware compatibility">
<sect1>
<heading>I have only 4 MB of RAM. Can I install FreeBSD?</heading>
<p>
FreeBSD 2.1.7 is the last version of FreeBSD that will install on
FreeBSD 2.1.7 was the last version of FreeBSD that could be installed on
a 4MB system. Newer versions of FreeBSD, like 2.2, need at least
5MB to install on a new system.
All versions of FreeBSD, including 2.2, will RUN in 4MB of ram. You
can add extra memory for the install process, if you like, and then
after the system is up and running, go back to 4MB.
Use <url
url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.1.7-RELEASE/floppies/boot4.flp"
name="special boot floppy for 4MB computers from FreeBSD 2.1.7">
All versions of FreeBSD, including 2.2, will RUN in 4MB of ram, they
just can't run the installation program in 4MB. You can add
extra memory for the install process, if you like, and then
after the system is up and running, go back to 4MB. Or you could
always just swap your disk into a system which has >4MB, install onto
it and then swap it back.
There are also situations in which FreeBSD 2.1.7 will not install
in 4 MB. To be exact: it does not install with 640 kB base + 3 MB
@ -592,7 +587,34 @@ make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release
<p>
Install Windows 95 first, after that FreeBSD. FreeBSD's boot
manager will then manage to boot Win95 and FreeBSD.
manager will then manage to boot Win95 and FreeBSD. If you
install Windows 95 second, it will boorishly overwrite your
boot manager without even asking. If that happens, see
the next section.
<sect1>
<heading>Help, Windows 95 killed my boot manager! How do I get
it back?</heading>
<p>You can reinstall the boot manager FreeBSD comes with in one of
two ways:
<itemize>
<item>Running DOS, go into the tools/ directory of your FreeBSD
distribution and look for <bf>bootinst.exe</bf>. You run it like so:
<p><bf>bootinst.exe boot.bin</bf>
<p>And the boot manager will be reinstalled.
<item>Boot the FreeBSD boot floppy again and go to the Custom
installation menu item. Choose Partition. Select the drive which
used to contain your boot manager (likely the first one) and when you
come to the partition editor for it, as the very first thing (e.g.
do not make any changes) select (W)rite. This will ask for
confirmation, say yes, and when you get the Boot Manager selection
prompt, be sure to select "Boot Manager."
This will re-write the boot manager to disk. Now quit out of the
installation menu and reboot off the hard disk as normal.
</itemize>
<sect1>
<heading>How can I have more than one operating system on my PC?</heading>
@ -624,11 +646,6 @@ make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release
<item>Did you download the floppy image in binary (or image) mode?
(don't be embarrassed, even the best of us have made this
mistake at least once when FTP'ing things!)
<item>If you're using one of these new-fangled operating systems
like Windows95 or Windows NT, did you shut it down and restart
the system in plain, honest DOS? It seems these OS's can
interfere with programs that write directly to hardware, as
the disk creation program does; even running it inside a DOS
shell in the GUI can cause this problem.
</enum>
@ -787,25 +804,12 @@ make release BUILDNAME=3.0-MY-SNAP CHROOTDIR=/some/big/filesystem/release
<tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt> as root.
<p>
Alternatively, if you still have the install floppy, you can just
reboot from that.
<p>
Select the ``Express Install'' option, which will put you
straight into the partition editor, and create a single slice on the
disk with the (A)ll option (make sure you are editing the right
disk!). Say ``No'' when asked if you want to remain compatible with
other operating systems, and ``Yes'' when asked if you know what
you're doing. Then write it out with the (W)rite command and
press (Q)uit to transfer to the disklabel editor.
<p>
Divide up your FreeBSD slice according to taste and press `w' when
you are happy with the way it looks. Again, say ``Yes'' when asked
for confirmation, and press `q' to quit. If you're adding swap
space on the second drive, look at <ref id="swap" name="this note">
for a nasty little gotcha that can cause no end of trouble.
reboot from that and use the partition & label editors while
the system is totally quiescent.
<p>
<label id="2_1-disklabel-fix">
<bf>Using disklabel(8) manually</bf>
If the above does not work for you, or if you're a total masochist
who likes arcane interfaces, this is how to use disklabel(8) manually:
<p>
<em>WARNING: There is no substitute for reading carefully
&amp; understanding what you are doing! Things described here may
@ -1271,6 +1275,12 @@ options PSM_CHECKSYNC #checks the header byte for sync.
name="Handbook entry on configuring the kernel">
if you've no experience with building kernels.
If you're running FreeBSD 2.1.6 or later, the psm0 device
line is already there, but it's disabled. Remove the keyword
<tt/disable/ from the device line to enable it, or if you
don't want to compile a kernel just boot with the "-c" flag
and enable it from there.
Once you have a kernel detecting psm0 correctly at boot time,
make sure that an entry for psm0 exists in /dev. You can do this
by typing:
@ -3812,10 +3822,6 @@ domain foo.bar.edu
</code>
<descrip>
<tag/James Raynard/
Acting FAQ caretaker
<tag/Ollivier Robert/
FreeBSD FAQ maintenance man
<tag/Gary Clark II/
FreeBSD Doc Team
<tag/Jordan Hubbard/
@ -3828,6 +3834,8 @@ domain foo.bar.edu
Networking and formatting
<tag/Jim Lowe/
Multicast information
<tag/Peter da Silva/
FreeBSD FAQ typing machine slavey
<tag/The FreeBSD Team/
Kvetching, moaning, submitting data
</descrip>