giving the output in a human-readable form. This behaviour is consistent
with most of system tools.
- Add -m and -g options to give output in megabytes and gigabytes
respectively.
This particular implementation is designed to be fully backwards compatible
and to be MFC-able to 7.x (and 6.x)
Currently the only protocol that can make use of the multiple tables is IPv4
Similar functionality exists in OpenBSD and Linux.
From my notes:
-----
One thing where FreeBSD has been falling behind, and which by chance I
have some time to work on is "policy based routing", which allows
different
packet streams to be routed by more than just the destination address.
Constraints:
------------
I want to make some form of this available in the 6.x tree
(and by extension 7.x) , but FreeBSD in general needs it so I might as
well do it in -current and back port the portions I need.
One of the ways that this can be done is to have the ability to
instantiate multiple kernel routing tables (which I will now
refer to as "Forwarding Information Bases" or "FIBs" for political
correctness reasons). Which FIB a particular packet uses to make
the next hop decision can be decided by a number of mechanisms.
The policies these mechanisms implement are the "Policies" referred
to in "Policy based routing".
One of the constraints I have if I try to back port this work to
6.x is that it must be implemented as a EXTENSION to the existing
ABIs in 6.x so that third party applications do not need to be
recompiled in timespan of the branch.
This first version will not have some of the bells and whistles that
will come with later versions. It will, for example, be limited to 16
tables in the first commit.
Implementation method, Compatible version. (part 1)
-------------------------------
For this reason I have implemented a "sufficient subset" of a
multiple routing table solution in Perforce, and back-ported it
to 6.x. (also in Perforce though not always caught up with what I
have done in -current/P4). The subset allows a number of FIBs
to be defined at compile time (8 is sufficient for my purposes in 6.x)
and implements the changes needed to allow IPV4 to use them. I have not
done the changes for ipv6 simply because I do not need it, and I do not
have enough knowledge of ipv6 (e.g. neighbor discovery) needed to do it.
Other protocol families are left untouched and should there be
users with proprietary protocol families, they should continue to work
and be oblivious to the existence of the extra FIBs.
To understand how this is done, one must know that the current FIB
code starts everything off with a single dimensional array of
pointers to FIB head structures (One per protocol family), each of
which in turn points to the trie of routes available to that family.
The basic change in the ABI compatible version of the change is to
extent that array to be a 2 dimensional array, so that
instead of protocol family X looking at rt_tables[X] for the
table it needs, it looks at rt_tables[Y][X] when for all
protocol families except ipv4 Y is always 0.
Code that is unaware of the change always just sees the first row
of the table, which of course looks just like the one dimensional
array that existed before.
The entry points rtrequest(), rtalloc(), rtalloc1(), rtalloc_ign()
are all maintained, but refer only to the first row of the array,
so that existing callers in proprietary protocols can continue to
do the "right thing".
Some new entry points are added, for the exclusive use of ipv4 code
called in_rtrequest(), in_rtalloc(), in_rtalloc1() and in_rtalloc_ign(),
which have an extra argument which refers the code to the correct row.
In addition, there are some new entry points (currently called
rtalloc_fib() and friends) that check the Address family being
looked up and call either rtalloc() (and friends) if the protocol
is not IPv4 forcing the action to row 0 or to the appropriate row
if it IS IPv4 (and that info is available). These are for calling
from code that is not specific to any particular protocol. The way
these are implemented would change in the non ABI preserving code
to be added later.
One feature of the first version of the code is that for ipv4,
the interface routes show up automatically on all the FIBs, so
that no matter what FIB you select you always have the basic
direct attached hosts available to you. (rtinit() does this
automatically).
You CAN delete an interface route from one FIB should you want
to but by default it's there. ARP information is also available
in each FIB. It's assumed that the same machine would have the
same MAC address, regardless of which FIB you are using to get
to it.
This brings us as to how the correct FIB is selected for an outgoing
IPV4 packet.
Firstly, all packets have a FIB associated with them. if nothing
has been done to change it, it will be FIB 0. The FIB is changed
in the following ways.
Packets fall into one of a number of classes.
1/ locally generated packets, coming from a socket/PCB.
Such packets select a FIB from a number associated with the
socket/PCB. This in turn is inherited from the process,
but can be changed by a socket option. The process in turn
inherits it on fork. I have written a utility call setfib
that acts a bit like nice..
setfib -3 ping target.example.com # will use fib 3 for ping.
It is an obvious extension to make it a property of a jail
but I have not done so. It can be achieved by combining the setfib and
jail commands.
2/ packets received on an interface for forwarding.
By default these packets would use table 0,
(or possibly a number settable in a sysctl(not yet)).
but prior to routing the firewall can inspect them (see below).
(possibly in the future you may be able to associate a FIB
with packets received on an interface.. An ifconfig arg, but not yet.)
3/ packets inspected by a packet classifier, which can arbitrarily
associate a fib with it on a packet by packet basis.
A fib assigned to a packet by a packet classifier
(such as ipfw) would over-ride a fib associated by
a more default source. (such as cases 1 or 2).
4/ a tcp listen socket associated with a fib will generate
accept sockets that are associated with that same fib.
5/ Packets generated in response to some other packet (e.g. reset
or icmp packets). These should use the FIB associated with the
packet being reponded to.
6/ Packets generated during encapsulation.
gif, tun and other tunnel interfaces will encapsulate using the FIB
that was in effect withthe proces that set up the tunnel.
thus setfib 1 ifconfig gif0 [tunnel instructions]
will set the fib for the tunnel to use to be fib 1.
Routing messages would be associated with their
process, and thus select one FIB or another.
messages from the kernel would be associated with the fib they
refer to and would only be received by a routing socket associated
with that fib. (not yet implemented)
In addition Netstat has been edited to be able to cope with the
fact that the array is now 2 dimensional. (It looks in system
memory using libkvm (!)). Old versions of netstat see only the first FIB.
In addition two sysctls are added to give:
a) the number of FIBs compiled in (active)
b) the default FIB of the calling process.
Early testing experience:
-------------------------
Basically our (IronPort's) appliance does this functionality already
using ipfw fwd but that method has some drawbacks.
For example,
It can't fully simulate a routing table because it can't influence the
socket's choice of local address when a connect() is done.
Testing during the generating of these changes has been
remarkably smooth so far. Multiple tables have co-existed
with no notable side effects, and packets have been routes
accordingly.
ipfw has grown 2 new keywords:
setfib N ip from anay to any
count ip from any to any fib N
In pf there seems to be a requirement to be able to give symbolic names to the
fibs but I do not have that capacity. I am not sure if it is required.
SCTP has interestingly enough built in support for this, called VRFs
in Cisco parlance. it will be interesting to see how that handles it
when it suddenly actually does something.
Where to next:
--------------------
After committing the ABI compatible version and MFCing it, I'd
like to proceed in a forward direction in -current. this will
result in some roto-tilling in the routing code.
Firstly: the current code's idea of having a separate tree per
protocol family, all of the same format, and pointed to by the
1 dimensional array is a bit silly. Especially when one considers that
there is code that makes assumptions about every protocol having the
same internal structures there. Some protocols don't WANT that
sort of structure. (for example the whole idea of a netmask is foreign
to appletalk). This needs to be made opaque to the external code.
My suggested first change is to add routing method pointers to the
'domain' structure, along with information pointing the data.
instead of having an array of pointers to uniform structures,
there would be an array pointing to the 'domain' structures
for each protocol address domain (protocol family),
and the methods this reached would be called. The methods would have
an argument that gives FIB number, but the protocol would be free
to ignore it.
When the ABI can be changed it raises the possibilty of the
addition of a fib entry into the "struct route". Currently,
the structure contains the sockaddr of the desination, and the resulting
fib entry. To make this work fully, one could add a fib number
so that given an address and a fib, one can find the third element, the
fib entry.
Interaction with the ARP layer/ LL layer would need to be
revisited as well. Qing Li has been working on this already.
This work was sponsored by Ironport Systems/Cisco
Reviewed by: several including rwatson, bz and mlair (parts each)
Obtained from: Ironport systems/Cisco
header is now in two parts: bsdxml.h and bsdxml_external.h, representing
the expat.h and expat_external.h headers. Updated the info on the man
page as well. Also, fixed a type-error in a printf in
sbin/ifconfig/regdomain.c that would cause a compiler warning.
Approved by: sam, phk
alowing the DDB output capture buffer to be easily extracted from
user space. Both of these commands include -M/-N arguments, allowing
them to be used with kernel crash dumps (or /dev/mem).
This makes it easier to use DDB scripting and output capture with
minidumps or full dumps rather than with text dumps, allowing DDB
output (scripted or otherwise) to be easily extracted from a crash
dump.
MFC after: 1 week
Discussed with: brooks, jhb
Note this includes changes to all drivers and moves some device firmware
loading to use firmware(9) and a separate module (e.g. ral). Also there
no longer are separate wlan_scan* modules; this functionality is now
bundled into the wlan module.
Supported by: Hobnob and Marvell
Reviewed by: many
Obtained from: Atheros (some bits)
files containing directory and ownership data. If /tmp fills, the
console is blasted with zillions of "file system full" errors, and
restore continues on, even though directory and/or ownership data
has been lost. This is particularly likely to happen when running
from the live CD, which has little /tmp space.
PR: bin/93603, also probably bin/107213
Fix from: Ken Lalonde
catastrophic recovery. Currently, this mode only validates whether a
cylindergroup has good signature data, and prompts the user to decide
whether to clear it as a whole.
This mode is useful when there is data damage on a disk and you are
working on copy of the original disk, as fsck_ffs(8) tends to abnormally
exit in such case, as a last resort to recover data from the disk.
o mark cmds/parameters to indicate they are potential arguments to a clone
operation (e.g. vlantag)
o when handling a create/clone operation do the callback on seeing the first
non-clone cmd line argument so the new device is created and can be used;
and re-setup operating state to reflect the newly created device
Reviewed by: Eugene Grosbein
MFC after: 2 weeks
interface is one with the default route (or there isn't one). Use it to
decide if we should adjust the default route and /etc/resolv.conf.
Fix the delete of the default route. The if statement was totally bogus
and the delete only worked due to a typo. [1]
Reported by: Jordan Coleman <jordan at JordanColeman dot com> [1]
MFC after: 1 week
lease: track the current bssid and if it changes (as reported in an
assoc/reassoc) event only then kick the state machine. This gives us
immediate response when roaming but otherwise causes us to fallback on
the normal state machine.
Reviewed by: brooks, jhb
MFC after: 3 weeks
'get'. Since rtmsg() always gets called and returns 0 on success and -1
on failure, it's possible to exit with a suitable exit code by calling
exit(ret != 0) instead, as is done at the end of newroute().
PR: bin/112303
Submitted by: bruce@cran.org.uk
MFC after: 1 week
replace this with vinum.4, but that's the kernel interface manual, which
is not appropriate in my understanding. I think that gvinum is a suitable
replacement for this.
PR: docs/121938
Submitted by: "Federico" <federicogalvezdurand at yahoo dot com>
MFC after: 3 days
for a configurable number of seconds, spin the disk down. Spin it back
up on the next request.
Notice that the timeout is only armed by a request, so to spin down a
disk you may have to do:
atacontrol spindown ad10 5
dd if=/dev/ad10 of=/dev/null count=1
To disable spindown, set timeout to zero:
atacontrol spindown ad10 0
In order to debug any trouble caused, this code is somewhat noisy on the
console.
Enabling spindown on a disk containing / or /var/log/messages is not
going to do anything sensible.
Spinning a disk up and down all the time will wear it out, use sensibly.
Approved by: sos
doing the MNT_RELOAD, pass in "ro" and "update"
string mount options to nmount() instead of MNT_RDONLY and MNT_UPDATE flags.
Due to the complexity of the mount parsing code especially
with respect to the root file system, passing in MNT_RDONLY and MNT_UPDATE
flags would do weird things and would cause fsck to convert the root
file system from a read-only mount to read-write.
To test:
- boot into single user mode
- show mounted file systems with: mount
- root file system should be mounted read-only
- fsck /
- show mounted file systems with: mount
- root file system should still be mounted read-only
PR: 120319
MFC after: 1 month
Reported by: yar
the limit in bytes) hard coded into both the kernel and userland.
Make both these limits a sysctl, so it is easy to change the limit.
If the userland part of ipfw finds that the sysctls don't exist,
it will just fall back to the traditional limits.
(100 packets is quite a small limit these days. If you want to test
TCP at 100Mbps, 100 packets can only accommodate a DBP of 12ms.)
Note these sysctls in the man page and warn against increasing them
without thinking first.
MFC after: 3 weeks
number read from cylinder group. Chances that we read a smarshed
cylinder group, and we can not 100% trust information it has
supplied. fsck_ffs(8) will crash otherwise for some cases.
processing the information. chk1 is more prone to crash when insane
information is provided by the on-disk inode, and does not even work
if the inode is being smarshed badly.
whether fs_bsize is larger than MINBSIZE, which is larger than the
value that is used to compared with fs_bsize, the sizeof fs, so the
check followed, will be always true.
By inspecting the code and some old commit log, I believe that the
check must be that *fs_sbsize* is larger than sizeof fs. We round
up the size to nearest dev_bsize, as the smallest accepted fs_sbsize,
personally, I think this can be even changed to equal, because this
number is mostly an invariant in file systems.
With this check, fsck_ffs(8) will be more picky and has better
chance rejecting bad first superblock rather than referring to bad
value it supplied, thus gives better chance for it to check the
filesystem carefully.
