them unsigned I made the possible overflows hard to detect,
and it only saved 1 bit which isn't principal, even less now
that the underlying issue with the total of virtual memory has
been fixed. (For the record, it will overflow with >=2T of
VM total, with 32-bit ints used to keep counters in pages.)
- While here, fix printing of other "struct vmtotal" members
such as t_rq, t_dw, t_pw, and t_sw as they are also signed.
Reviewed by: bde
MFC after: 3 days
The policy is that the WARNS level should characterize the
quality of a piece of code irrespective of any conditions.
Otherwise the code doesn't deserve the WARNS level assigned.
Requested by: ru
for catching general regressions in future. Unfortunately,
it still displays some problems at WARNS=6 on architectures
with stricter alignment requirements, e.g., ia64.
we set and use xtp; if idx is 1, we set and use xip; the other cases
are impossible. However, GCC cannot see that xip and xtp are always
initialized before use because they are initialized and used in
different if/else blocks. So setting them to NULL at the very
beginning won't hurt.
ULLONG_MAX is not less than 2^64-1; and uintmax_t
cannot be more narrow than unsigned long long.
This allows for scale factors up to Exa inclusively.
Use plain int for the scale index to be consistent
with ifcmds.c and enum.
number to auto-scale is >= 1024 Gb. Could be triggered on arches
where ifdata counters had 64 bits.
Reported by: Miroslav Slavkov on -net
MFC after: 3 days
The repetition was harmless due to a usual #ifndef _FOO_H_ wrapper.
Fortunately, nobody started to hack the second copy,
so just remove it from the file.
MFC after: 3 days
- Fix overflow bugs in sysctl(8), systat(1), and vmstat(8)
when printing values of "struct vmmeter" in kilobytes as
they don't necessarily fit into 32 bits. (Fix sysctl(8)
reporting of a total virtual memory; it's in pages too.)
not in number of pages.
PR: docs/71690
Submitted by: Jan Srzednicki
(A patch is only partially merged, the rest was already fixed by bde@
in rev. 1.51.)
vmstat.c:
Move totfr to be under daefr and prcfr since it logically belongs there.
Move all the count fields (wire, act, inact, cache and free) to near
the bottom of the sub-display (after all the rate fields) to reduce
competition with adjoining sub-displays.
systat.1:
Move things as above.
Attempt to improve missing and poor wording in the description of the
fields. The long sentence was hard to parse and didn't say anything
about the different units.
Increment .Dd.
part that handled the 17th and 18th rows of the vmstat-proper subdisplay
was deleted in rev.1.10 when these rows stopped being used and was not
restored when the 17th row was used again. For such terminals, we now
lose the `buf' field instead of making a mess with it. Terminals with
fewer than 24 rows have never been supported.
The problem is not avoided by using curses since we use the last line
for data entry and don't use a separate subwindow for this line.
Some other things in the vmstat display could be handled better using
subwindows.
output too.
Fine tune all coordinates and most field widths in the vmstat (sub)display
for this and previous changes now that we have to change almost all of them
just to move the ex-extended fields:
- change VMSTATROW back to 7. It was 6 due to a hack in the extended vm
stats changes.
- reduce the maximum field width that we try for from 9 to 8. 4 or 5 is
enough for most fields but we try to use the same width for all fields.
8 is enough to display everything without changing units memory sizes
exceed 100GB.
Fix some unrelated coordinates and field widths in comments.
vm stats to the normal vm stats. Sort them into the normal stats
according to the man page only in the source code so that diffs are
almost readable. Reduce style bugs in printing the value of %ozfod.
new vnstat display to the right of the namei display.
Move the non-vmstat fields {des,num,fre}vn from the vmstat display to a
new vnstat display. Move the dtbuf field there too. The buf and dtbuf
fields are non-vmstat and non-vnstat, so there is no good place to
display them. I need to move at least 1 of them out of the vm stats
for further cleanups of the vm stats, and there is only space for 1
of them in the vn stats. (The best place for the current buf field
is actually /dev/null, since it has been completely broken for about
10 years and broken for longer. It gives an uninteresting virtual
memory count where an interesting real memory count is wanted.)
to handle changes to the set of disks selected, but it is unnecessary
for that since the whole screen is redrawn when this set is changed.
It was also buggy:
- MAXDRIVES*6 = 42 was hard-coded as only 30 spaces in a string literal,
the last 2 disk names were not cleared as intended
- when the extended vmstats are active, clearing of even 30 columns
overruns the ozfod value field by 3 columns. This was harmless because
the field is much wider than necessary.
value printed is actually the optimized (i.e., the non-slow, not-on-the-fly
zero fills percentage) except in overflow cases. Describe it as %ozfod
in the display. Move the field descriptor 1 to the left so that there
is space for 5 characters after the % sign (this leaves no space between
the number and the descriptor but the % character serves well as a
separator).
Fixed integer overflow at z.ozfod = UINT_MAX/100 in the calculation of
%ozfod. This value can be reached just a few hours or minutes after
booting, so %ozfod was usually garbage in boot mode. Now %ozfod is
correct in boot mode for a few days or hours.
Print a non-dummy %ozfod when the division for it isn't division by 0
instead of when the result will be less than 100%. A result of 100%
may be correct, though a result of more than 100% indicates overflow
of one or both counters.
not very usefully, in all other displays). This was the original point
of the PR.
Move the load average up by 2 so that it starts in row 0 for all windows
(2 lines above it were wasted for all other windows except vmstat).
Move everything below it up by 2 or 3 (3 for icmp and icmp6 which had
an extra blank line due from not compensating for the foot-shooting in
note (3); only ip and ip6 compensated). Reduce the magic numbers related
to this.
Notes by the submitter:
%%%
1. All the subwin() calls are identical using #define MAINWIN_ROW 3
(systat.h).
2. The load average is at the top of the window.
3. Each display starts on the fourth line. I made changes to those
displays that shifted the start line (i.e., icmp). This entailed a
lot of changes within the comments at the top of those displays.
4. For ip6, I shifted the "Input next-header histogram" column down one
row to separate it from "IPv6 Output". I raised "bad scope packets"
and "address selection failed" up one row to stay with "IPv6 Input"
(valid?). They were down one row to probably line up at the bottom,
but I think they should stick with their fellow items in a column.
5. I condensed ifstat a bit. It had a lot of empty rows.
%%%
Submitted by: Se=E1n Farley <sean-freebsd at farley dot org>
PR: bin/81874
only affect amd64 and i386. alpha uses "intr N" instead of "irqN" and
mostly has no device names. ia64 uses only device names.
- Edit interrupt names once after they are read from the kernel and not
every time they are displayed.
- Discard bogus trailing spaces so that the next step doesn't move things
to oblivion.
- If an interrupt name starts with "irqN:" (as it usually does in on
amd64 and i386), then move "irqN" to the end and strip ":", since we
have no space for the ":" and don't want to start descriptions with
"N" after stripping "irq" in the next step (since "N" would look like
a count). This step may need reworking for interrupt names containing
several device names -- then moving the irq number to the end would
lose it instead of losing some device names.
- Remove "irq" from an interrupt name if and only if the original name is
too long to display.
accidentally.
Read buffer overruns:
The size of the target array (TSOTTA == 10) is a wrong limit to use for
scanning the source string.
Write buffer overruns:
TSOTTA is also a wrong limit to use for copying to the target buffer,
since we want to add a NUL terminator afterwards. TSOTTA was also 1
too small for holding both the desired number of visible characters
and the NUL.
Worked accidentally:
There is error in the algorithm that tends to result in the space saved
by stripping "irq" not actually being used, but some cases worked
accidentally provided "irqN" is near the end of the source string and
"N" is only 1 digit.
Starting with 5.mumble-CURRENT, "irqN" is at the beginning of the
string on all (?) arches that have it and the accidents don't happen.
E.g. on i386's, the keyboard irq is now named
"irq1: atkbd0<bogus blank padding>" by the kernel, and this name was
converted to "1: atkb" -- not only the device number but part of the
device name has been lost --, while before 5.mumble the kernel name
was "atkbd0 irq1" and systat accidentally preserved the irq number to
give "atkbd0 1". The ":" in the string wastes precious space, and
stripping "irq" results in descriptions starting with numbers which
makes them look too much like counts. This commit just fixes the last
problem.
clobbered at runtime:
dirtybuf -> dtbuf
desiredvnodes -> desvn
numvnodes -> numvn
freevnodes -> frevn
The vmstats column has only 5 characters available for descriptors, but up
to 13 were used. The extras get clobbered at runtime by interrupt values
and/or descriptors on systems with more than 12 interrupt sources.
%slo-z -> %sloz
This one is in the "extended" vmstats area and doesn't get clobbered now.
Removed stale documentation of desvn.
Changed a descriptor:
tfree -> totfr
so that it is consistent with the abbreviations for other free counts
(daefr and prcfr) and thus almost decodeable.
Fixed missing documentation of tfree/totfr. This and everything else
in the extended vmstats area is misdocumented as being in a certain
place in the vmstats column.
w/ non-zero data, and it turns out we don't... This is really optimized
zero filled on demand, or pages that were already zero'd for us...
MFC after: 3 days
3 columns were wasted at the left, except these columns were used to
make the header line up. Now there is no space on the same line for
the "Proc:" part of the header. Try putting this on the line above
although it clutters that line (there is already similar clutter for
the "Interrupts" header). Leave 1 column between these fields. With
the above and a previous change there is enough of space for this.
Use 5 columns instead of 3 for the number of users since 3 is not quite
enough and there was space to spare. This also fixes an off-by-2 error
in a previous fix forthe column count in the comment on STATROW.
Move all the pager fields 1 to the right so that the "count" and "pages"
descriptors more clearly apply to the pager fields and not the memory
fields. There was space to space.
Waste some of the spare space at the right of the pager fields to expand
all the pager field widths to their old values (but now with a column
between the fields). There are fields more in need of expansion but most
of them are not in places near spare space.
made it unnecessary. (Rev.1.6 had to reduce the field width to 4, and
changed 100.0 and preposterous larger values down to 99.9 since 100.0
wouldn't have fitted. Rev.1.35 handles precentages > 99.9 well enough by
changing the format to %.0f when the string given by the initial format
is too wide.)
Even with this change, during short testing I've never seen a percentage
of 100 being displayed by systat -v, although top(1) displays percentages
of 100 user or 100 idle for similar loads.
Always use snprintf()'s return value, since discarding it is a style
bug at best and using it here gives slightly simpler code and better
error checking. Use snprintf() in putlongdouble() the same as in
putfloat(). (1.25 changed most sprintf()'s to snprintf()'s to fix
non-bugs without changing the logic to use the result of snprintf();
1.27 restored one of the sprintf()s by cloning a stale version of
putfloat().)
Don't print a too-long field in the unlikely case that the fallback
to M units in putint() leaves the field still too long. (The fallback
to printing stars was lost in rev.1.58 when the fallback to M units
was added.)
cannot run into other fields or field descriptors. If the value is
too large to fit in the field width, then the output format is adjusted
so that the value (usually) fits, but with fields running together
externally this adjustment usually didn't help. Mostly it doesn't
matter to lose 1 digit of precision, but switching the output format
is bad if it happens often or gives bogus units. The loss of width
is most serious for fields near "Csw" (which are also the ones which
must often ran together) since these have a high variance and large
values relative to the possible field widths so the switch occurs more
often now, and for the memory size fields where the switch gives the
bogus units kKB or MKB.
Now only the fields for r, p, d, s and w can run into each other.
These fields have width 3, and 3 cannot be reduced to 2 without losing
all precision when the value is between 100 and 999.
Trim "pdwake" to "pdwak" at think time now that it doesn't get clobbered
at runtime. The manpage doesn't need to be changed for this because
it documents the clobbered descriptor, unlike for 4 other too-long
descriptors which only get clobbered if there are lots of interrupt
sources.
Trim "% busy" to "%busy" since most other descriptors for percentages
are spelled without the space and this change makes changing the widths
of the %busy fields unnecessary.
around PUTRATE() because PUTRATE() only looked like a function -- it was
multiple statements. Use "do {...} while(0)" as usual in PUTRATE() so
that it is a single statement that can be used like a function.
large. In most cases it is still 1 too large, so fields tend to run
together, but in the following cases it was more than 1 too large, and
the starting column was too small too, so the field started inside the
previous field or descriptor and clobbered that:
- "wire": the number for this overwrote 2 characters of the number for
"Flt". Reduce the field width by 3 (2 to avoid the overwrite and 1
so that the fields don't run together). This was already done for
the preceding number for "cow".
- "inact": the number for this overwrote 1 character of the descriptor
"Idle". Reducing the field width by 2 is enough.
- "cache:" the number for this overwrote 3 characters of the scale
"...| |". The field width should be reduced by 4 to keep things
from running together, but that is a lot and not so necessary here
since the final "|" in the scale serves as a delimiter. Only reduce
it by 3.
- "free": the number for this overwrote 2 characters of the bar graph.
The character position under the final "|" in the scale is apparently
not used, so reducing the field width by 3 is enough.
When "zfod" is in the main vmstat display:
- use the normal field width of 9 (not 5) for it since there is no shortage
of space. Fix style bugs (excessive {}) in the statement that
conditionally writes it.
Write all reduced field widths for vmstat fields as "9 - <reduction>" as
a hint that we don't want to reduce them.
number in more cases by stealing 2 characters from the count field to
give more space in the descriptor field, but it did the column adjustments
for this strangely using an off-by-2 error in the base column and
compensating off-by-2 errors in 6 offsets from the base column (4 new
errors and 2 from not changing the offsets that actually changed).
Print the "Interrupts" header directly at its offset from the base column
instead of spacing it half using the offset and half by printing a space
character.
mbuma is an Mbuf & Cluster allocator built on top of a number of
extensions to the UMA framework, all included herein.
Extensions to UMA worth noting:
- Better layering between slab <-> zone caches; introduce
Keg structure which splits off slab cache away from the
zone structure and allows multiple zones to be stacked
on top of a single Keg (single type of slab cache);
perhaps we should look into defining a subset API on
top of the Keg for special use by malloc(9),
for example.
- UMA_ZONE_REFCNT zones can now be added, and reference
counters automagically allocated for them within the end
of the associated slab structures. uma_find_refcnt()
does a kextract to fetch the slab struct reference from
the underlying page, and lookup the corresponding refcnt.
mbuma things worth noting:
- integrates mbuf & cluster allocations with extended UMA
and provides caches for commonly-allocated items; defines
several zones (two primary, one secondary) and two kegs.
- change up certain code paths that always used to do:
m_get() + m_clget() to instead just use m_getcl() and
try to take advantage of the newly defined secondary
Packet zone.
- netstat(1) and systat(1) quickly hacked up to do basic
stat reporting but additional stats work needs to be
done once some other details within UMA have been taken
care of and it becomes clearer to how stats will work
within the modified framework.
From the user perspective, one implication is that the
NMBCLUSTERS compile-time option is no longer used. The
maximum number of clusters is still capped off according
to maxusers, but it can be made unlimited by setting
the kern.ipc.nmbclusters boot-time tunable to zero.
Work should be done to write an appropriate sysctl
handler allowing dynamic tuning of kern.ipc.nmbclusters
at runtime.
Additional things worth noting/known issues (READ):
- One report of 'ips' (ServeRAID) driver acting really
slow in conjunction with mbuma. Need more data.
Latest report is that ips is equally sucking with
and without mbuma.
- Giant leak in NFS code sometimes occurs, can't
reproduce but currently analyzing; brueffer is
able to reproduce but THIS IS NOT an mbuma-specific
problem and currently occurs even WITHOUT mbuma.
- Issues in network locking: there is at least one
code path in the rip code where one or more locks
are acquired and we end up in m_prepend() with
M_WAITOK, which causes WITNESS to whine from within
UMA. Current temporary solution: force all UMA
allocations to be M_NOWAIT from within UMA for now
to avoid deadlocks unless WITNESS is defined and we
can determine with certainty that we're not holding
any locks when we're M_WAITOK.
- I've seen at least one weird socketbuffer empty-but-
mbuf-still-attached panic. I don't believe this
to be related to mbuma but please keep your eyes
open, turn on debugging, and capture crash dumps.
This change removes more code than it adds.
A paper is available detailing the change and considering
various performance issues, it was presented at BSDCan2004:
http://www.unixdaemons.com/~bmilekic/netbuf_bmilekic.pdf
Please read the paper for Future Work and implementation
details, as well as credits.
Testing and Debugging:
rwatson,
brueffer,
Ketrien I. Saihr-Kesenchedra,
...
Reviewed by: Lots of people (for different parts)
<netinet/tcp_var.h>'s prerequisites. Prerequistes should not grow for
userland headers, and <netinet/tcp_var.h> is unfortunately still needed
in userland.
where MB/s and tps statistics would always be zero, presumably because
they were being averaged out over the time between now and when the
system booted instead of a few seconds.
PR: 58683
Kernel:
Change statistics to use the *uptime() timescale (ie: relative to
boottime) rather than the UTC aligned timescale. This makes the
device statistics code oblivious to clock steps.
Change timestamps to bintime format, they are cheaper.
Remove the "busy_count", and replace it with two counter fields:
"start_count" and "end_count", which are updated in the down and
up paths respectively. This removes the locking constraint on
devstat.
Add a timestamp argument to devstat_start_transaction(), this will
normally be a timestamp set by the *_bio() function in bp->bio_t0.
Use this field to calculate duration of I/O operations.
Add two timestamp arguments to devstat_end_transaction(), one is
the current time, a NULL pointer means "take timestamp yourself",
the other is the timestamp of when this transaction started (see
above).
Change calculation of busy_time to operate on "the salami principle":
Only when we are idle, which we can determine by the start+end
counts being identical, do we update the "busy_from" field in the
down path. In the up path we accumulate the timeslice in busy_time
and update busy_from.
Change the byte_* and num_* fields into two arrays: bytes[] and
operations[].
Userland:
Change the misleading "busy_time" name to be called "snap_time" and
make the time long double since that is what most users need anyway,
fill it using clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) to put it on the same
timescale as the kernel fields.
Change devstat_compute_etime() to operate on struct bintime.
Remove the version 2 legacy interface: the change to bintime makes
compatibility far too expensive.
Fix a bug in systat's "vm" page where boot relative busy times would
be bogus.
Bump __FreeBSD_version to 500107
Review & Collaboration by: ken
ifstat Display the network traffic going through active interfaces
on the system. Idle interfaces will not be displayed until
they receive some traffic.
For each interface being displayed, the current, peak and
total statistics are displayed for incoming and outgoing
traffic. By default, the ifstat display will automatically
scale the units being used so that they are in a human-read-
able format. The scaling units used for the current and peak
traffic columns can be altered by the scale command.
Submitted by: Trent Nelson <trent@arpa.com>
non-default but reasonable values of hz this member overflowed,
breaking NFS over UDP.
Also, as long as I'm plowing up struct sockbuf ... Change certain
members from u_long/long to u_int/int in order to reduce wasted
space on 64-bit machines. This change was requested by Andrew
Gallatin.
Netstat and systat need to be rebuilt. I am incrementing
__FreeBSD_version in case any ports need to change.
when I changed the allocator bits. This implements per-CPU mbtypes
stats by keeping net number of decrements/increments of a given mbtype
per-CPU and then summing all of the per-CPU mbtypes to produce the total
net number of allocated mbufs of the given mbtype.
Counters are carefully balanced to avoid/prevent underflows/overflows.
mbtypes stats are re-enabled with the idea that we may occasionally
(although very rarely) observe slight inconsistencies in the stat
reporting. Most of the time, we should be fine, though.
Also make appropriate modifications to netstat(1) and systat(1) to do
the necessary reporting.
Submitted by: Jiangyi Liu <jyliu@163.net>
were indices in a dense array. The cpuids are a sparse set and treat
them as such, setting up containers only for CPUs activated during
mb_init().
- Fix netstat(1) and systat(1) to treat the per-CPU stats area as a sparse
map, in accordance with the above.
This allows us to properly boot with certain CPUs disactivated. However, if
we later decide to re-activate said CPUs, we will barf until we decide to
implement CPU spinon/spinoff callback hooks to allow for said CPUs' per-CPU
containers to get configured on their activation.
Reported by: mjacob
Partially (sys/ diffs) Submitted by: mjacob
introduce a modified allocation mechanism for mbufs and mbuf clusters; one
which can scale under SMP and which offers the possibility of resource
reclamation to be implemented in the future. Notable advantages:
o Reduce contention for SMP by offering per-CPU pools and locks.
o Better use of data cache due to per-CPU pools.
o Much less code cache pollution due to excessively large allocation macros.
o Framework for `grouping' objects from same page together so as to be able
to possibly free wired-down pages back to the system if they are no longer
needed by the network stacks.
Additional things changed with this addition:
- Moved some mbuf specific declarations and initializations from
sys/conf/param.c into mbuf-specific code where they belong.
- m_getclr() has been renamed to m_get_clrd() because the old name is really
confusing. m_getclr() HAS been preserved though and is defined to the new
name. No tree sweep has been done "to change the interface," as the old
name will continue to be supported and is not depracated. The change was
merely done because m_getclr() sounds too much like "m_get a cluster."
- TEMPORARILY disabled mbtypes statistics displaying in netstat(1) and
systat(1) (see TODO below).
- Fixed systat(1) to display number of "free mbufs" based on new per-CPU
stat structures.
- Fixed netstat(1) to display new per-CPU stats based on sysctl-exported
per-CPU stat structures. All infos are fetched via sysctl.
TODO (in order of priority):
- Re-enable mbtypes statistics in both netstat(1) and systat(1) after
introducing an SMP friendly way to collect the mbtypes stats under the
already introduced per-CPU locks (i.e. hopefully don't use atomic() - it
seems too costly for a mere stat update, especially when other locks are
already present).
- Optionally have systat(1) display not only "total free mbufs" but also
"total free mbufs per CPU pool."
- Fix minor length-fetching issues in netstat(1) related to recently
re-enabled option to read mbuf stats from a core file.
- Move reference counters at least for mbuf clusters into an unused portion
of the cluster itself, to save space and need to allocate a counter.
- Look into introducing resource freeing possibly from a kproc.
Reviewed by (in parts): jlemon, jake, silby, terry
Tested by: jlemon (Intel & Alpha), mjacob (Intel & Alpha)
Preliminary performance measurements: jlemon (and me, obviously)
URL: http://people.freebsd.org/~bmilekic/mb_alloc/
and compiler warnings.
The data for network statistics are still obtained via the kvm interface
if systat was started with the needed privileges, otherwise sysctls are
used. The reason for this is that with really many open sockets, the
sysctl method is probably slower, but it systat -netstat is probably not
really usable in either mode under these conditions.
Approved by: rwatson
base system, but not in BruceBSD.
o Fix up style violations of various sorts.
o Remove redundant normalization of hertz variable, as the sysctl handler
does this work (unlike when kread was used).
Submitted by: bde
no longer contains kernel specific data structures, but rather
only scalar values and structures that are already part of the
kernel/user interface, specifically rusage and rtprio. It no
longer contains proc, session, pcred, ucred, procsig, vmspace,
pstats, mtx, sigiolst, klist, callout, pasleep, or mdproc. If
any of these changed in size, ps, w, fstat, gcore, systat, and
top would all stop working. The new structure has over 200 bytes
of unassigned space for future values to be added, yet is nearly
100 bytes smaller per entry than the structure that it replaced.
and numvnodes are longs in the kernel. They should remain longs in systat,
what really needs to change is that they should be using SYSCTL_LONG rather
than SYSCTL_INT. I also changed wantfreevnodes to SYSCTL_LONG because I
happened to notice it.
I wish there was a way to find all of these automatically..
Pointed out by: bde
maxvnodes, numvnodes, freevnodes, nchstats, and numdirtybuffers.
o Make the hw.ncpu error checking code a little more rigorous by
sanity checking the returned data size.
o Didn't fix machine-dependent non-sysctl-exported variables:
intrnames, eintrnames, intrcnt, eintrcnt, as these variables are
defined and exported from machine-dependent kernel code in
assembly. This should probably be fixed somehow.
structure member that doesn't exist anymore.
Use getsysctlbyname for kern.ipc.mbstat instead of sysctl.
Use netstat's method of displaying values from mtnames.
Submitted by: Ian Dowse <iedowse@maths.tcd.ie>
Missed by PR: 19809
