were paged in under low swap space conditions to both loose their
backing store and their dirty bits. This would cause pages to
be demand zeroed under certain conditions in low VM space conditions
and consequential sig-11's or sig-10's. This situation was made
worse lately when the level for swap space reclaim threshold was
increased.
on in the FreeBSD development, I had made a global lock around the
rlist code. This was bogus, and now the lock is maintained on a
per resource list basis. This now allows the rlist code to be used for
almost any non-interrupt level application.
Speed up for vfs_bio -- addition of a routine bqrelse to greatly diminish
overhead for merged cache.
Efficiency improvement for vfs_cluster. It used to do alot of redundant
calls to cluster_rbuild.
Correct the ordering for vrele of .text and release of credentials.
Use the selective tlb update for 486/586/P6.
Numerous fixes to the size of objects allocated for files. Additionally,
fixes in the various pagers.
Fixes for proper positioning of vnode_pager_setsize in msdosfs and ext2fs.
Fixes in the swap pager for exhausted resources. The pageout code
will not as readily thrash.
Change the page queue flags (PG_ACTIVE, PG_INACTIVE, PG_FREE, PG_CACHE) into
page queue indices (PQ_ACTIVE, PQ_INACTIVE, PQ_FREE, PQ_CACHE),
thereby improving efficiency of several routines.
Eliminate even more unnecessary vm_page_protect operations.
Significantly speed up process forks.
Make vm_object_page_clean more efficient, thereby eliminating the pause
that happens every 30seconds.
Make sequential clustered writes B_ASYNC instead of B_DELWRI even in the
case of filesystems mounted async.
Fix a panic with busy pages when write clustering is done for non-VMIO
buffers.
Staticized some functions.
__purified some functions. Some functions were bogusly declared as
returning `const'. This hasn't done anything since gcc-2.5. For
later versions of gcc, the equivalent is __attribute__((const)) at
the end of function declarations.
proc or any VM system structure will have to be rebuilt!!!
Much needed overhaul of the VM system. Included in this first round of
changes:
1) Improved pager interfaces: init, alloc, dealloc, getpages, putpages,
haspage, and sync operations are supported. The haspage interface now
provides information about clusterability. All pager routines now take
struct vm_object's instead of "pagers".
2) Improved data structures. In the previous paradigm, there is constant
confusion caused by pagers being both a data structure ("allocate a
pager") and a collection of routines. The idea of a pager structure has
escentially been eliminated. Objects now have types, and this type is
used to index the appropriate pager. In most cases, items in the pager
structure were duplicated in the object data structure and thus were
unnecessary. In the few cases that remained, a un_pager structure union
was created in the object to contain these items.
3) Because of the cleanup of #1 & #2, a lot of unnecessary layering can now
be removed. For instance, vm_object_enter(), vm_object_lookup(),
vm_object_remove(), and the associated object hash list were some of the
things that were removed.
4) simple_lock's removed. Discussion with several people reveals that the
SMP locking primitives used in the VM system aren't likely the mechanism
that we'll be adopting. Even if it were, the locking that was in the code
was very inadequate and would have to be mostly re-done anyway. The
locking in a uni-processor kernel was a no-op but went a long way toward
making the code difficult to read and debug.
5) Places that attempted to kludge-up the fact that we don't have kernel
thread support have been fixed to reflect the reality that we are really
dealing with processes, not threads. The VM system didn't have complete
thread support, so the comments and mis-named routines were just wrong.
We now use tsleep and wakeup directly in the lock routines, for instance.
6) Where appropriate, the pagers have been improved, especially in the
pager_alloc routines. Most of the pager_allocs have been rewritten and
are now faster and easier to maintain.
7) The pagedaemon pageout clustering algorithm has been rewritten and
now tries harder to output an even number of pages before and after
the requested page. This is sort of the reverse of the ideal pagein
algorithm and should provide better overall performance.
8) Unnecessary (incorrect) casts to caddr_t in calls to tsleep & wakeup
have been removed. Some other unnecessary casts have also been removed.
9) Some almost useless debugging code removed.
10) Terminology of shadow objects vs. backing objects straightened out.
The fact that the vm_object data structure escentially had this
backwards really confused things. The use of "shadow" and "backing
object" throughout the code is now internally consistent and correct
in the Mach terminology.
11) Several minor bug fixes, including one in the vm daemon that caused
0 RSS objects to not get purged as intended.
12) A "default pager" has now been created which cleans up the transition
of objects to the "swap" type. The previous checks throughout the code
for swp->pg_data != NULL were really ugly. This change also provides
the rudiments for future backing of "anonymous" memory by something
other than the swap pager (via the vnode pager, for example), and it
allows the decision about which of these pagers to use to be made
dynamically (although will need some additional decision code to do
this, of course).
13) (dyson) MAP_COPY has been deprecated and the corresponding "copy
object" code has been removed. MAP_COPY was undocumented and non-
standard. It was furthermore broken in several ways which caused its
behavior to degrade to MAP_PRIVATE. Binaries that use MAP_COPY will
continue to work correctly, but via the slightly different semantics
of MAP_PRIVATE.
14) (dyson) Sharing maps have been removed. It's marginal usefulness in a
threads design can be worked around in other ways. Both #12 and #13
were done to simplify the code and improve readability and maintain-
ability. (As were most all of these changes)
TODO:
1) Rewrite most of the vnode pager to use VOP_GETPAGES/PUTPAGES. Doing
this will reduce the vnode pager to a mere fraction of its current size.
2) Rewrite vm_fault and the swap/vnode pagers to use the clustering
information provided by the new haspage pager interface. This will
substantially reduce the overhead by eliminating a large number of
VOP_BMAP() calls. The VOP_BMAP() filesystem interface should be
improved to provide both a "behind" and "ahead" indication of
contiguousness.
3) Implement the extended features of pager_haspage in swap_pager_haspage().
It currently just says 0 pages ahead/behind.
4) Re-implement the swap device (swstrategy) in a more elegant way, perhaps
via a much more general mechanism that could also be used for disk
striping of regular filesystems.
5) Do something to improve the architecture of vm_object_collapse(). The
fact that it makes calls into the swap pager and knows too much about
how the swap pager operates really bothers me. It also doesn't allow
for collapsing of non-swap pager objects ("unnamed" objects backed by
other pagers).
inconsistencies in the VM system that eventually lead to a panic. These
changes fix the behavior to conform to the behavior in SunOS, which is
to deny faults to pages beyond the EOF (returning SIGBUS). Internally,
this is implemented by requiring faults to be within the object size
boundaries. These changes exposed another bug, namely that passing in
an offset to mmap when trying to map an unnamed anonymous region also
results in internal inconsistencies. In this case, the offset is forced
to zero.
Reviewed by: John Dyson and others
require specific partitions be mentioned in the kernel config
file ("swap on foo" is now obsolete).
From Poul-Henning:
The visible effect is this:
As default, unless
options "NSWAPDEV=23"
is in your config, you will have four swap-devices.
You can swapon(2) any block device you feel like, it doesn't have
to be in the kernel config.
There is a performance/resource win available by getting the NSWAPDEV right
(but only if you have just one swap-device ??), but using that as default
would be too restrictive.
The invisible effect is that:
Swap-handling disappears from the $arch part of the kernel.
It gets a lot simpler (-145 lines) and cleaner.
Reviewed by: John Dyson, David Greenman
Submitted by: Poul-Henning Kamp, with minor changes by me.
to emit spurious page outside of object type messages. It is not
a fatal condition anyway, so the message will be omitted for
release. Also, the code that "clips" the allocation size, associated
with the above problem, was fixed.
New functions create - vm_object_pip_wakeup and pagedaemon_wakeup that
are used to reduce the actual number of wakeups.
New function vm_page_protect which is used in conjuction with some new
page flags to reduce the number of calls to pmap_page_protect.
Minor changes to reduce unnecessary spl nesting.
Rewrote vm_page_alloc() to improve readability.
Various other mostly cosmetic changes.
pager(). Almost completely rewrote vm_mmap(); when John gets done with
the bottom half, it will be a complete rewrite. Deprecated most use of
vm_object_setpager(). Removed side effect of setting object persist
in vm_object_enter and moved this into the pager(s). A few other
cosmetic changes.
Fixed long standing bug in freeing swap space during object collapses.
Fixed 'out of space' messages from printing out too often.
Modified to use new kmem_malloc() calling convention.
Implemented an additional stat in the swap pager struct to count the
amount of space allocated to that pager. This may be removed at some
point in the future.
Minimized unnecessary wakeups.
vm_fault.c:
Don't try to collect fault stats on 'swapped' processes - there aren't
any upages to store the stats in.
Changed read-ahead policy (again!).
vm_glue.c:
Be sure to gain a reference to the process's map before swapping.
Be sure to lose it when done.
kern_malloc.c:
Added the ability to specify if allocations are at interrupt time or
are 'safe'; this affects what types of pages can be allocated.
vm_map.c:
Fixed a variety of map lock problems; there's still a lurking bug that
will eventually bite.
vm_object.c:
Explicitly initialize the object fields rather than bzeroing the struct.
Eliminated the 'rcollapse' code and folded it's functionality into the
"real" collapse routine.
Moved an object_unlock() so that the backing_object is protected in
the qcollapse routine.
Make sure nobody fools with the backing_object when we're destroying it.
Added some diagnostic code which can be called from the debugger that
looks through all the internal objects and makes certain that they
all belong to someone.
vm_page.c:
Fixed a rather serious logic bug that would result in random system
crashes. Changed pagedaemon wakeup policy (again!).
vm_pageout.c:
Removed unnecessary page rotations on the inactive queue.
Changed the number of pages to explicitly free to just free_reserved
level.
Submitted by: John Dyson
Added hook for pmap_prefault() and use symbolic constant for new third
argument to vm_page_alloc() (vm_fault.c, various)
Changed the way that upages and page tables are held. (vm_glue.c)
Fixed architectural flaw in allocating pages at interrupt time that was
introduced with the merged cache changes. (vm_page.c, various)
Adjusted some algorithms to acheive better paging performance and to
accomodate the fix for the architectural flaw mentioned above. (vm_pageout.c)
Fixed pbuf handling problem, changed policy on handling read-behind page.
(vnode_pager.c)
Submitted by: John Dyson
much higher filesystem I/O performance, and much better paging performance. It
represents the culmination of over 6 months of R&D.
The majority of the merged VM/cache work is by John Dyson.
The following highlights the most significant changes. Additionally, there are
(mostly minor) changes to the various filesystem modules (nfs, msdosfs, etc) to
support the new VM/buffer scheme.
vfs_bio.c:
Significant rewrite of most of vfs_bio to support the merged VM buffer cache
scheme. The scheme is almost fully compatible with the old filesystem
interface. Significant improvement in the number of opportunities for write
clustering.
vfs_cluster.c, vfs_subr.c
Upgrade and performance enhancements in vfs layer code to support merged
VM/buffer cache. Fixup of vfs_cluster to eliminate the bogus pagemove stuff.
vm_object.c:
Yet more improvements in the collapse code. Elimination of some windows that
can cause list corruption.
vm_pageout.c:
Fixed it, it really works better now. Somehow in 2.0, some "enhancements"
broke the code. This code has been reworked from the ground-up.
vm_fault.c, vm_page.c, pmap.c, vm_object.c
Support for small-block filesystems with merged VM/buffer cache scheme.
pmap.c vm_map.c
Dynamic kernel VM size, now we dont have to pre-allocate excessive numbers of
kernel PTs.
vm_glue.c
Much simpler and more effective swapping code. No more gratuitous swapping.
proc.h
Fixed the problem that the p_lock flag was not being cleared on a fork.
swap_pager.c, vnode_pager.c
Removal of old vfs_bio cruft to support the past pseudo-coherency. Now the
code doesn't need it anymore.
machdep.c
Changes to better support the parameter values for the merged VM/buffer cache
scheme.
machdep.c, kern_exec.c, vm_glue.c
Implemented a seperate submap for temporary exec string space and another one
to contain process upages. This eliminates all map fragmentation problems
that previously existed.
ffs_inode.c, ufs_inode.c, ufs_readwrite.c
Changes for merged VM/buffer cache. Add "bypass" support for sneaking in on
busy buffers.
Submitted by: John Dyson and David Greenman
