.\" Hey, Emacs, edit this file in -*- nroff-fill -*- mode .\"- .\" Copyright (c) 1997, 1998, 2003 .\" Nan Yang Computer Services Limited. All rights reserved. .\" .\" This software is distributed under the so-called ``Berkeley .\" License'': .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed by Nan Yang Computer .\" Services Limited. .\" 4. Neither the name of the Company nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" This software is provided ``as is'', and any express or implied .\" warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of .\" merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. .\" In no event shall the company or contributors be liable for any .\" direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential .\" damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute .\" goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business .\" interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether .\" in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or .\" otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if .\" advised of the possibility of such damage. .\" .\" $FreeBSD$ .\" .Dd May 16, 2002 .Dt VINUM 4 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm vinum .Nd Logical Volume Manager .Sh SYNOPSIS .Cd "device vinum" .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a logical volume manager inspired by, but not derived from, the Veritas Volume Manager. It provides the following features: .Bl -bullet .It It provides device-independent logical disks, called .Em volumes . Volumes are not restricted to the size of any disk on the system. .It The volumes consist of one or more .Em plexes , each of which contain the entire address space of a volume. This represents an implementation of RAID-1 (mirroring). Multiple plexes can also be used for: .\" XXX What about sparse plexes? Do we want them? .Bl -bullet .It Increased read throughput. .Nm will read data from the least active disk, so if a volume has plexes on multiple disks, more data can be read in parallel. .Nm reads data from only one plex, but it writes data to all plexes. .It Increased reliability. By storing plexes on different disks, data will remain available even if one of the plexes becomes unavailable. In comparison with a RAID-5 plex (see below), using multiple plexes requires more storage space, but gives better performance, particularly in the case of a drive failure. .It Additional plexes can be used for on-line data reorganization. By attaching an additional plex and subsequently detaching one of the older plexes, data can be moved on-line without compromising access. .It An additional plex can be used to obtain a consistent dump of a file system. By attaching an additional plex and detaching at a specific time, the detached plex becomes an accurate snapshot of the file system at the time of detachment. .\" Make sure to flush! .El .It Each plex consists of one or more logical disk slices, called .Em subdisks . Subdisks are defined as a contiguous block of physical disk storage. A plex may consist of any reasonable number of subdisks (in other words, the real limit is not the number, but other factors, such as memory and performance, associated with maintaining a large number of subdisks). .It A number of mappings between subdisks and plexes are available: .Bl -bullet .It .Em "Concatenated plexes" consist of one or more subdisks, each of which is mapped to a contiguous part of the plex address space. .It .Em "Striped plexes" consist of two or more subdisks of equal size. The file address space is mapped in .Em stripes , integral fractions of the subdisk size. Consecutive plex address space is mapped to stripes in each subdisk in turn. .if t \{\ .ig .\" FIXME .br .ne 1.5i .PS move right 2i down SD0: box SD1: box SD2: box "plex 0" at SD0.n+(0,.2) "subdisk 0" rjust at SD0.w-(.2,0) "subdisk 1" rjust at SD1.w-(.2,0) "subdisk 2" rjust at SD2.w-(.2,0) .PE .. .\} The subdisks of a striped plex must all be the same size. .It .Em "RAID-5 plexes" require at least three equal-sized subdisks. They resemble striped plexes, except that in each stripe, one subdisk stores parity information. This subdisk changes in each stripe: in the first stripe, it is the first subdisk, in the second it is the second subdisk, etc. In the event of a single disk failure, .Nm will recover the data based on the information stored on the remaining subdisks. This mapping is particularly suited to read-intensive access. The subdisks of a RAID-5 plex must all be the same size. .\" Make sure to flush! .El .It .Em Drives are the lowest level of the storage hierarchy. They represent disk special devices. .It .Nm offers automatic startup. Unlike .Ux file systems, .Nm volumes contain all the configuration information needed to ensure that they are started correctly when the subsystem is enabled. This is also a significant advantage over the Veritas\(tm File System. This feature regards the presence of the volumes. It does not mean that the volumes will be mounted automatically, since the standard startup procedures with .Pa /etc/fstab perform this function. .El .Sh KERNEL CONFIGURATION .Nm is currently supplied as a KLD module, and does not require configuration. As with other KLDs, it is absolutely necessary to match the KLD to the version of the operating system. Failure to do so will cause .Nm to issue an error message and terminate. .Pp It is possible to configure .Nm in the kernel, but this is not recommended. To do so, add this line to the kernel configuration file: .Pp .D1 Cd "device vinum" .Ss Debug Options The current version of .Nm , both the kernel module and the user program .Xr vinum 8 , include significant debugging support. It is not recommended to remove this support at the moment, but if you do you must remove it from both the kernel and the user components. To do this, edit the files .Pa /usr/src/sbin/vinum/Makefile and .Pa /usr/src/sys/modules/vinum/Makefile and edit the .Va CFLAGS variable to remove the .Li -DVINUMDEBUG option. If you have configured .Nm into the kernel, either specify the line .Pp .D1 Cd "options VINUMDEBUG" .Pp in the kernel configuration file or remove the .Li -DVINUMDEBUG option from .Pa /usr/src/sbin/vinum/Makefile as described above. .Pp If the .Va VINUMDEBUG variables do not match, .Xr vinum 8 will fail with a message explaining the problem and what to do to correct it. .Ss Other Options .Cd "options VINUM_AUTOSTART" .Pp Make .Nm automatically scan all available disks at attach time. This is a deprecated way that is primarily intended for environments that do not want to rely on kernel environment variables set by .Xr loader 8 . .Pp .Nm was previously available in two versions: a freely available version which did not contain RAID-5 functionality, and a full version including RAID-5 functionality, which was available only from Cybernet Systems Inc. The present version of .Nm includes the RAID-5 functionality. .Sh RUNNING VINUM .Nm is part of the base .Fx system. It does not require installation. To start it, start the .Xr vinum 8 program, which will load the KLD if it is not already present. Before using .Nm , it must be configured. See .Xr vinum 8 for information on how to create a .Nm configuration. .Pp Normally, you start a configured version of .Nm at boot time. Set the variable .Va start_vinum in .Pa /etc/rc.conf to .Dq Li YES to start .Nm at boot time. (See .Xr rc.conf 5 for more details.) .Pp If .Nm is loaded as a KLD (the recommended way), the .Nm vinum Cm stop command will unload it (see .Xr vinum 8 ) . You can also do this with the .Xr kldunload 8 command. .Pp The KLD can only be unloaded when idle, in other words when no volumes are mounted and no other instances of the .Xr vinum 8 program are active. Unloading the KLD does not harm the data in the volumes. .Ss Configuring and Starting Objects Use the .Xr vinum 8 utility to configure and start .Nm objects. .Sh AUTOMATIC STARTUP The .Nm subsystem can be automatically started at attach time. There are two kernel environment variables that can be set in .Xr loader.conf 5 to accomplish this. .Bl -tag -width ".Va vinum.autostart" -offset indent .It Va vinum.autostart If this variable is set (to any value), the attach function will attempt to scan all available disks for valid .Nm configuration records. This is the preferred way if automatic startup is desired. .Pp Example: .Dl vinum.autostart="YES" .It Va vinum.drives Alternatively, this variable can enumerate a list of disk devices to scan for configuration records. Note that only the .Dq bare device names need to be given, since .Nm will automatically scan all possible slices and partitions. .Pp Example: .Dl vinum.drives="da0 da1" .El .Pp If automatic startup is used, it is not necessary to set the .Va start_vinum variable of .Xr rc.conf 5 . Note that if .Nm is to supply to the volume for the root file system, it is necessary to start the subsystem early. This can be achieved by specifying .Pp .Dl vinum_load="YES" .Pp in .Xr loader.conf 5 . .Sh IOCTL CALLS .Xr ioctl 2 calls are intended for the use of the .Xr vinum 8 configuration program only. They are described in the header file .Pa /sys/dev/vinum/vinumio.h . .Ss Disk Labels Conventional disk special devices have a .Em "disk label" in the second sector of the device. See .Xr disklabel 5 for more details. This disk label describes the layout of the partitions within the device. .Nm does not subdivide volumes, so volumes do not contain a physical disk label. For convenience, .Nm implements the ioctl calls .Dv DIOCGDINFO (get disk label), .Dv DIOCGPART (get partition information), .Dv DIOCWDINFO (write partition information) and .Dv DIOCSDINFO (set partition information). .Dv DIOCGDINFO and .Dv DIOCGPART refer to an internal representation of the disk label which is not present on the volume. As a result, the .Fl r option of .Xr disklabel 8 , which reads the .Dq "raw disk" , will fail. .Pp In general, .Xr disklabel 8 serves no useful purpose on a .Nm volume. If you run it, it will show you three partitions, .Ql a , .Ql b and .Ql c , all the same except for the .Va fstype , for example: .Bd -literal 3 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg] a: 2048 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 0) b: 2048 0 swap # (Cyl. 0 - 0) c: 2048 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 0) .Ed .Pp .Nm ignores the .Dv DIOCWDINFO and .Dv DIOCSDINFO ioctls, since there is nothing to change. As a result, any attempt to modify the disk label will be silently ignored. .Sh MAKING FILE SYSTEMS Since .Nm volumes do not contain partitions, the names do not need to conform to the standard rules for naming disk partitions. For a physical disk partition, the last letter of the device name specifies the partition identifier (a to h). .Nm volumes need not conform to this convention, but if they do not, .Xr newfs 8 will complain that it cannot determine the partition. To solve this problem, use the .Fl v flag to .Xr newfs 8 . For example, if you have a volume .Pa concat , use the following command to create a UFS file system on it: .Pp .Dl "newfs -v /dev/vinum/concat" .Sh OBJECT NAMING .Nm assigns default names to plexes and subdisks, although they may be overridden. We do not recommend overriding the default names. Experience with the Veritas\(tm volume manager, which allows arbitrary naming of objects, has shown that this flexibility does not bring a significant advantage, and it can cause confusion. .Pp Names may contain any non-blank character, but it is recommended to restrict them to letters, digits and the underscore characters. The names of volumes, plexes and subdisks may be up to 64 characters long, and the names of drives may up to 32 characters long. When choosing volume and plex names, bear in mind that automatically generated plex and subdisk names are longer than the name from which they are derived. .Bl -bullet .It When .Nm creates or deletes objects, it creates a directory .Pa /dev/vinum , in which it makes device entries for each volume it finds. It also creates subdirectories, .Pa /dev/vinum/plex and .Pa /dev/vinum/sd , in which it stores device entries for plexes and subdisks. In addition, it creates two more directories, .Pa /dev/vinum/vol and .Pa /dev/vinum/drive , in which it stores hierarchical information for volumes and drives. .It In addition, .Nm creates three super-devices, .Pa /dev/vinum/control , .Pa /dev/vinum/Control and .Pa /dev/vinum/controld . .Pa /dev/vinum/control is used by .Xr vinum 8 when it has been compiled without the .Dv VINUMDEBUG option, .Pa /dev/vinum/Control is used by .Xr vinum 8 when it has been compiled with the .Dv VINUMDEBUG option, and .Pa /dev/vinum/controld is used by the .Nm daemon. The two control devices for .Xr vinum 8 are used to synchronize the debug status of kernel and user modules. .It Unlike .Ux drives, .Nm volumes are not subdivided into partitions, and thus do not contain a disk label. Unfortunately, this confuses a number of utilities, notably .Xr newfs 8 , which normally tries to interpret the last letter of a .Nm volume name as a partition identifier. If you use a volume name which does not end in the letters .Ql a to .Ql c , you must use the .Fl v flag to .Xr newfs 8 in order to tell it to ignore this convention. .\" .It Plexes do not need to be assigned explicit names. By default, a plex name is the name of the volume followed by the letters .Pa .p and the number of the plex. For example, the plexes of volume .Pa vol3 are called .Pa vol3.p0 , vol3.p1 and so on. These names can be overridden, but it is not recommended. .It Like plexes, subdisks are assigned names automatically, and explicit naming is discouraged. A subdisk name is the name of the plex followed by the letters .Pa .s and a number identifying the subdisk. For example, the subdisks of plex .Pa vol3.p0 are called .Pa vol3.p0.s0 , vol3.p0.s1 and so on. .It By contrast, .Em drives must be named. This makes it possible to move a drive to a different location and still recognize it automatically. Drive names may be up to 32 characters long. .El .Ss Example Assume the .Nm objects described in the section .Sx "CONFIGURATION FILE" in .Xr vinum 8 . The directory .Pa /dev/vinum looks like: .Bd -literal -offset indent # ls -lR /dev/vinum total 5 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 2 Mar 30 16:08 concat brwx------ 1 root wheel 25, 0x40000000 Mar 30 16:08 control brwx------ 1 root wheel 25, 0x40000001 Mar 30 16:08 controld drwxrwxrwx 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 drive drwxrwxrwx 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 plex drwxrwxrwx 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 rvol drwxrwxrwx 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 sd brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 3 Mar 30 16:08 strcon brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 1 Mar 30 16:08 stripe brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol drwxrwxrwx 7 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 vol brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 4 Mar 30 16:08 vol5 /dev/vinum/drive: total 0 brw-r----- 1 root operator 4, 15 Oct 21 16:51 drive2 brw-r----- 1 root operator 4, 31 Oct 21 16:51 drive4 /dev/vinum/plex: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10010002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10010003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000001 Mar 30 16:08 stripe.p0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000000 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol.p0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10010004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p1 /dev/vinum/sd: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p0.s1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20010002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p1.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p0.s1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20010003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p1.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20110003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p1.s1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000001 Mar 30 16:08 stripe.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100001 Mar 30 16:08 stripe.p0.s1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000000 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100000 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol.p0.s1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p0.s1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20010004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p1.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20110004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p1.s1 /dev/vinum/vol: total 5 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 2 Mar 30 16:08 concat drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 concat.plex brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 3 Mar 30 16:08 strcon drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.plex brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 1 Mar 30 16:08 stripe drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 stripe.plex brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol.plex brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 4 Mar 30 16:08 vol5 drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.plex /dev/vinum/vol/concat.plex: total 2 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p0.sd brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10010002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p1 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p1.sd /dev/vinum/vol/concat.plex/concat.p0.sd: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p0.s1 /dev/vinum/vol/concat.plex/concat.p1.sd: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20010002 Mar 30 16:08 concat.p1.s0 /dev/vinum/vol/strcon.plex: total 2 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p0.sd brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10010003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p1 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p1.sd /dev/vinum/vol/strcon.plex/strcon.p0.sd: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p0.s1 /dev/vinum/vol/strcon.plex/strcon.p1.sd: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20010003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p1.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20110003 Mar 30 16:08 strcon.p1.s1 /dev/vinum/vol/stripe.plex: total 1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000001 Mar 30 16:08 stripe.p0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 stripe.p0.sd /dev/vinum/vol/stripe.plex/stripe.p0.sd: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000001 Mar 30 16:08 stripe.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100001 Mar 30 16:08 stripe.p0.s1 /dev/vinum/vol/tinyvol.plex: total 1 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000000 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol.p0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol.p0.sd /dev/vinum/vol/tinyvol.plex/tinyvol.p0.sd: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000000 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100000 Mar 30 16:08 tinyvol.p0.s1 /dev/vinum/vol/vol5.plex: total 2 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10000004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p0.sd brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x10010004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p1 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p1.sd /dev/vinum/vol/vol5.plex/vol5.p0.sd: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20000004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p0.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20100004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p0.s1 /dev/vinum/vol/vol5.plex/vol5.p1.sd: total 0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20010004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p1.s0 brwxr-xr-- 1 root wheel 25, 0x20110004 Mar 30 16:08 vol5.p1.s1 .Ed .Pp In the case of unattached plexes and subdisks, the naming is reversed. Subdisks are named after the disk on which they are located, and plexes are named after the subdisk. .\" XXX .Bf -symbolic This mapping is still to be determined. .Ef .Ss Object States Each .Nm object has a .Em state associated with it. .Nm uses this state to determine the handling of the object. .Ss Volume States Volumes may have the following states: .Bl -hang -width 14n .It Em down The volume is completely inaccessible. .It Em up The volume is up and at least partially functional. Not all plexes may be available. .El .Ss "Plex States" Plexes may have the following states: .Bl -hang -width 14n .It Em referenced A plex entry which has been referenced as part of a volume, but which is currently not known. .It Em faulty A plex which has gone completely down because of I/O errors. .It Em down A plex which has been taken down by the administrator. .It Em initializing A plex which is being initialized. .El .Pp The remaining states represent plexes which are at least partially up. .Bl -hang -width 14n .It Em corrupt A plex entry which is at least partially up. Not all subdisks are available, and an inconsistency has occurred. If no other plex is uncorrupted, the volume is no longer consistent. .It Em degraded A RAID-5 plex entry which is accessible, but one subdisk is down, requiring recovery for many I/O requests. .It Em flaky A plex which is really up, but which has a reborn subdisk which we do not completely trust, and which we do not want to read if we can avoid it. .It Em up A plex entry which is completely up. All subdisks are up. .El .Ss "Subdisk States" Subdisks can have the following states: .Bl -hang -width 14n .It Em empty A subdisk entry which has been created completely. All fields are correct, and the disk has been updated, but the on the disk is not valid. .It Em referenced A subdisk entry which has been referenced as part of a plex, but which is currently not known. .It Em initializing A subdisk entry which has been created completely and which is currently being initialized. .El .Pp The following states represent invalid data. .Bl -hang -width 14n .It Em obsolete A subdisk entry which has been created completely. All fields are correct, the config on disk has been updated, and the data was valid, but since then the drive has been taken down, and as a result updates have been missed. .It Em stale A subdisk entry which has been created completely. All fields are correct, the disk has been updated, and the data was valid, but since then the drive has been crashed and updates have been lost. .El .Pp The following states represent valid, inaccessible data. .Bl -hang -width 14n .It Em crashed A subdisk entry which has been created completely. All fields are correct, the disk has been updated, and the data was valid, but since then the drive has gone down. No attempt has been made to write to the subdisk since the crash, so the data is valid. .It Em down A subdisk entry which was up, which contained valid data, and which was taken down by the administrator. The data is valid. .It Em reviving The subdisk is currently in the process of being revived. We can write but not read. .El .Pp The following states represent accessible subdisks with valid data. .Bl -hang -width 14n .It Em reborn A subdisk entry which has been created completely. All fields are correct, the disk has been updated, and the data was valid, but since then the drive has gone down and up again. No updates were lost, but it is possible that the subdisk has been damaged. We will not read from this subdisk if we have a choice. If this is the only subdisk which covers this address space in the plex, we set its state to up under these circumstances, so this status implies that there is another subdisk to fulfill the request. .It Em up A subdisk entry which has been created completely. All fields are correct, the disk has been updated, and the data is valid. .El .Ss "Drive States" Drives can have the following states: .Bl -hang -width 14n .It Em referenced At least one subdisk refers to the drive, but it is not currently accessible to the system. No device name is known. .It Em down The drive is not accessible. .It Em up The drive is up and running. .El .Sh BUGS .Nm is a new product. Bugs can be expected. The configuration mechanism is not yet fully functional. If you have difficulties, please look at the section .Sx "DEBUGGING PROBLEMS WITH VINUM" before reporting problems. .Pp Kernels with the .Nm device appear to work, but are not supported. If you have trouble with this configuration, please first replace the kernel with a .No non- Ns Nm kernel and test with the KLD module. .Pp Detection of differences between the version of the kernel and the KLD is not yet implemented. .Pp The RAID-5 functionality is new in .Fx 3.3 . Some problems have been reported with .Nm in combination with soft updates, but these are not reproducible on all systems. If you are planning to use .Nm in a production environment, please test carefully. .Sh DEBUGGING PROBLEMS WITH VINUM Solving problems with .Nm can be a difficult affair. This section suggests some approaches. .Ss Configuration problems It is relatively easy (too easy) to run into problems with the .Nm configuration. If you do, the first thing you should do is stop configuration updates: .Pp .Dl "vinum setdaemon 4" .Pp This will stop updates and any further corruption of the on-disk configuration. .Pp Next, look at the on-disk configuration, using a Bourne-style shell: .Bd -literal rm -f log for i in /dev/da0s1h /dev/da1s1h /dev/da2s1h /dev/da3s1h; do (dd if=$i skip=8 count=6|tr -d '\e000-\e011\e200-\e377'; echo) >> log done .Ed .Pp The names of the devices are the names of all .Nm slices. The file .Pa log should then contain something like this: .Bd -literal .if t .ps -3 .if t .vs -3 IN VINOpanic.lemis.comdrive1}6E7~^K6T^Yfoovolume obj state up volume src state up volume raid state down volume r state down volume foo state up plex name obj.p0 state corrupt org concat vol obj plex name obj.p1 state corrupt org striped 128b vol obj plex name src.p0 state corrupt org striped 128b vol src plex name src.p1 state up org concat vol src plex name raid.p0 state faulty org disorg vol raid plex name r.p0 state faulty org disorg vol r plex name foo.p0 state up org concat vol foo plex name foo.p1 state faulty org concat vol foo sd name obj.p0.s0 drive drive2 plex obj.p0 state reborn len 409600b driveoffset 265b plexoffset 0b sd name obj.p0.s1 drive drive4 plex obj.p0 state up len 409600b driveoffset 265b plexoffset 409600b sd name obj.p1.s0 drive drive1 plex obj.p1 state up len 204800b driveoffset 265b plexoffset 0b sd name obj.p1.s1 drive drive2 plex obj.p1 state reborn len 204800b driveoffset 409865b plexoffset 128b sd name obj.p1.s2 drive drive3 plex obj.p1 state up len 204800b driveoffset 265b plexoffset 256b sd name obj.p1.s3 drive drive4 plex obj.p1 state up len 204800b driveoffset 409865b plexoffset 384b .if t .vs .if t .ps .Ed .Pp The first line contains the .Nm label and must start with the text .Dq Li "IN VINO" . It also contains the name of the system. The exact definition is contained in .Pa /usr/src/sys/dev/vinum/vinumvar.h . The saved configuration starts in the middle of the line with the text .Dq Li "volume obj state up" and starts in sector 9 of the disk. The rest of the output shows the remainder of the on-disk configuration. It may be necessary to increase the .Cm count argument of .Xr dd 1 in order to see the complete configuration. .Pp The configuration on all disks should be the same. If this is not the case, please report the problem with the exact contents of the file .Pa log . There is probably little that can be done to recover the on-disk configuration, but if you keep a copy of the files used to create the objects, you should be able to re-create them. The .Ic create command does not change the subdisk data, so this will not cause data corruption. You may need to use the .Ic resetconfig command if you have this kind of trouble. .Ss Kernel Panics In order to analyse a panic which you suspect comes from .Nm you will need to build a debug kernel. See the online handbook at .Pa /usr/share/doc/en/books/developers-handbook/kerneldebug.html (if installed) or .Pa http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-\%handbook/kerneldebug.html for more details of how to do this. .Pp Perform the following steps to analyse a .Nm problem: .Bl -enum .It Copy the following files to the directory in which you will be performing the analysis, typically .Pa /var/crash : .Pp .Bl -bullet -compact .It .Pa /usr/src/sys/modules/vinum/.gdbinit.crash , .It .Pa /usr/src/sys/modules/vinum/.gdbinit.kernel , .It .Pa /usr/src/sys/modules/vinum/.gdbinit.serial , .It .Pa /usr/src/sys/modules/vinum/.gdbinit.vinum and .It .Pa /usr/src/sys/modules/vinum/.gdbinit.vinum.paths .El .It Make sure that you build the .Nm module with debugging information. The standard .Pa Makefile builds a module with debugging symbols by default. If the version of .Nm in .Pa /boot/kernel does not contain symbols, you will not get an error message, but the stack trace will not show the symbols. Check the module before starting .Xr gdb 1 : .Bd -literal $ file /boot/kernel/vinum.ko /boot/kernel/vinum.ko: ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, Intel 80386, version 1 (FreeBSD), not stripped .Ed .Pp If the output shows that .Pa /boot/kernel/vinum.ko is stripped, you will have to find a version which is not. Usually this will be either in .Pa /usr/obj/sys/modules/vinum/vinum.ko (if you have built .Nm with a .Dq Li "make world" ) or .Pa /usr/src/sys/modules/vinum/vinum.ko (if you have built .Nm in this directory). Modify the file .Pa .gdbinit.vinum.paths accordingly. .It Either take a dump or use remote serial .Xr gdb 1 to analyse the problem. To analyse a dump, say .Pa /var/crash/vmcore.5 , link .Pa /var/crash/.gdbinit.crash to .Pa /var/crash/.gdbinit and enter: .Bd -literal -offset indent cd /var/crash gdb -k kernel.debug vmcore.5 .Ed .Pp This example assumes that you have installed the correct debug kernel at .Pa /var/crash/kernel.debug . If not, substitute the correct name of the debug kernel. .Pp To perform remote serial debugging, link .Pa /var/crash/.gdbinit.serial to .Pa /var/crash/.gdbinit and enter .Bd -literal -offset indent cd /var/crash gdb -k kernel.debug .Ed .Pp In this case, the .Pa .gdbinit file performs the functions necessary to establish connection. The remote machine must already be in debug mode: enter the kernel debugger and select .Ic gdb (see .Xr ddb 4 for more details). The serial .Pa .gdbinit file expects the serial connection to run at 38400 bits per second; if you run at a different speed, edit the file accordingly (look for the .Va remotebaud specification). .Pp The following example shows a remote debugging session using the .Ic debug command of .Xr vinum 8 : .Bd -literal .if t .ps -3 .if t .vs -3 GDB 4.16 (i386-unknown-freebsd), Copyright 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Debugger (msg=0xf1093174 "vinum debug") at ../../i386/i386/db_interface.c:318 318 in_Debugger = 0; #1 0xf108d9bc in vinumioctl (dev=0x40001900, cmd=0xc008464b, data=0xf6dedee0 "", flag=0x3, p=0xf68b7940) at /usr/src/sys/modules/Vinum/../../dev/Vinum/vinumioctl.c:102 102 Debugger ("vinum debug"); (kgdb) bt #0 Debugger (msg=0xf0f661ac "vinum debug") at ../../i386/i386/db_interface.c:318 #1 0xf0f60a7c in vinumioctl (dev=0x40001900, cmd=0xc008464b, data=0xf6923ed0 "", flag=0x3, p=0xf688e6c0) at /usr/src/sys/modules/vinum/../../dev/vinum/vinumioctl.c:109 #2 0xf01833b7 in spec_ioctl (ap=0xf6923e0c) at ../../miscfs/specfs/spec_vnops.c:424 #3 0xf0182cc9 in spec_vnoperate (ap=0xf6923e0c) at ../../miscfs/specfs/spec_vnops.c:129 #4 0xf01eb3c1 in ufs_vnoperatespec (ap=0xf6923e0c) at ../../ufs/ufs/ufs_vnops.c:2312 #5 0xf017dbb1 in vn_ioctl (fp=0xf1007ec0, com=0xc008464b, data=0xf6923ed0 "", p=0xf688e6c0) at vnode_if.h:395 #6 0xf015dce0 in ioctl (p=0xf688e6c0, uap=0xf6923f84) at ../../kern/sys_generic.c:473 #7 0xf0214c0b in syscall (frame={tf_es = 0x27, tf_ds = 0x27, tf_edi = 0xefbfcff8, tf_esi = 0x1, tf_ebp = 0xefbfcf90, tf_isp = 0xf6923fd4, tf_ebx = 0x2, tf_edx = 0x804b614, tf_ecx = 0x8085d10, tf_eax = 0x36, tf_trapno = 0x7, tf_err = 0x2, tf_eip = 0x8060a34, tf_cs = 0x1f, tf_eflags = 0x286, tf_esp = 0xefbfcf78, tf_ss = 0x27}) at ../../i386/i386/trap.c:1100 #8 0xf020a1fc in Xint0x80_syscall () #9 0x804832d in ?? () #10 0x80482ad in ?? () #11 0x80480e9 in ?? () .if t .vs .if t .ps .Ed .Pp When entering from the debugger, it is important that the source of frame 1 (listed by the .Pa .gdbinit file at the top of the example) contains the text .Dq Li "Debugger (\*[q]vinum debug\*[q]);" . .Pp This is an indication that the address specifications are correct. If you get some other output, your symbols and the kernel module are out of sync, and the trace will be meaningless. .El .Pp For an initial investigation, the most important information is the output of the .Ic bt (backtrace) command above. .Ss Reporting Problems with Vinum If you find any bugs in .Nm , please report them to .An Greg Lehey Aq grog@lemis.com . Supply the following information: .Bl -bullet .It The output of the .Nm vinum Cm list command (see .Xr vinum 8 ) . .It Any messages printed in .Pa /var/log/messages . All such messages will be identified by the text .Dq Li vinum at the beginning. .It If you have a panic, a stack trace as described above. .El .Sh AUTHORS .An Greg Lehey Aq grog@lemis.com . .Sh HISTORY .Nm first appeared in .Fx 3.0 . The RAID-5 component of .Nm was developed by Cybernet Inc.\& .Pq Pa http://www.cybernet.com/ , for its NetMAX product. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr disklabel 5 , .Xr loader.conf 5 , .Xr disklabel 8 , .Xr loader 8 , .Xr newfs 8 , .Xr vinum 8