544 lines
19 KiB
Groff
544 lines
19 KiB
Groff
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.\" ========================================================================
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.\"
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.IX Title "ENC 1"
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.TH ENC 1 "2021-03-25" "1.1.1k" "OpenSSL"
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.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
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.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
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.if n .ad l
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.nh
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.SH "NAME"
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openssl\-enc, enc \- symmetric cipher routines
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
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\&\fBopenssl enc \-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR
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[\fB\-help\fR]
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[\fB\-list\fR]
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[\fB\-ciphers\fR]
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[\fB\-in filename\fR]
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[\fB\-out filename\fR]
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[\fB\-pass arg\fR]
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[\fB\-e\fR]
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[\fB\-d\fR]
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[\fB\-a\fR]
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[\fB\-base64\fR]
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[\fB\-A\fR]
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[\fB\-k password\fR]
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[\fB\-kfile filename\fR]
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[\fB\-K key\fR]
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[\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR]
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[\fB\-S salt\fR]
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[\fB\-salt\fR]
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[\fB\-nosalt\fR]
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[\fB\-z\fR]
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[\fB\-md digest\fR]
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[\fB\-iter count\fR]
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[\fB\-pbkdf2\fR]
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[\fB\-p\fR]
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[\fB\-P\fR]
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[\fB\-bufsize number\fR]
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[\fB\-nopad\fR]
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[\fB\-debug\fR]
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[\fB\-none\fR]
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[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
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[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
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[\fB\-engine id\fR]
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.PP
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\&\fBopenssl\fR \fI[cipher]\fR [\fB...\fR]
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
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The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted
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using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords
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or explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed
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either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption.
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.SH "OPTIONS"
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.IX Header "OPTIONS"
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.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-help"
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Print out a usage message.
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.IP "\fB\-list\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-list"
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List all supported ciphers.
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.IP "\fB\-ciphers\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-ciphers"
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Alias of \-list to display all supported ciphers.
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.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-in filename"
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The input filename, standard input by default.
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.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-out filename"
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The output filename, standard output by default.
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.IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-pass arg"
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The password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
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see \*(L"Pass Phrase Options\*(R" in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
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.IP "\fB\-e\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-e"
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Encrypt the input data: this is the default.
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.IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-d"
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Decrypt the input data.
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.IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-a"
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Base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking place
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the data is base64 encoded after encryption. If decryption is set then
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the input data is base64 decoded before being decrypted.
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.IP "\fB\-base64\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-base64"
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Same as \fB\-a\fR
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.IP "\fB\-A\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-A"
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If the \fB\-a\fR option is set then base64 process the data on one line.
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.IP "\fB\-k password\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-k password"
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The password to derive the key from. This is for compatibility with previous
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versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the \fB\-pass\fR argument.
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.IP "\fB\-kfile filename\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-kfile filename"
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Read the password to derive the key from the first line of \fBfilename\fR.
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This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by
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the \fB\-pass\fR argument.
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.IP "\fB\-md digest\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-md digest"
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Use the specified digest to create the key from the passphrase.
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The default algorithm is sha\-256.
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.IP "\fB\-iter count\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-iter count"
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Use a given number of iterations on the password in deriving the encryption key.
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High values increase the time required to brute-force the resulting file.
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This option enables the use of \s-1PBKDF2\s0 algorithm to derive the key.
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.IP "\fB\-pbkdf2\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-pbkdf2"
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Use \s-1PBKDF2\s0 algorithm with default iteration count unless otherwise specified.
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.IP "\fB\-nosalt\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-nosalt"
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Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option \fB\s-1SHOULD NOT\s0\fR be
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used except for test purposes or compatibility with ancient versions of
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OpenSSL.
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.IP "\fB\-salt\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-salt"
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Use salt (randomly generated or provide with \fB\-S\fR option) when
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encrypting, this is the default.
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.IP "\fB\-S salt\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-S salt"
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The actual salt to use: this must be represented as a string of hex digits.
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.IP "\fB\-K key\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-K key"
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The actual key to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
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of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the \s-1IV\s0 must additionally specified
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using the \fB\-iv\fR option. When both a key and a password are specified, the
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key given with the \fB\-K\fR option will be used and the \s-1IV\s0 generated from the
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password will be taken. It does not make much sense to specify both key
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and password.
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.IP "\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-iv IV"
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The actual \s-1IV\s0 to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
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of hex digits. When only the key is specified using the \fB\-K\fR option, the
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\&\s-1IV\s0 must explicitly be defined. When a password is being specified using
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one of the other options, the \s-1IV\s0 is generated from this password.
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.IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-p"
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Print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used.
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.IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-P"
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Print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used then immediately exit: don't do any encryption
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or decryption.
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.IP "\fB\-bufsize number\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-bufsize number"
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Set the buffer size for I/O.
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.IP "\fB\-nopad\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-nopad"
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Disable standard block padding.
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.IP "\fB\-debug\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-debug"
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Debug the BIOs used for I/O.
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.IP "\fB\-z\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-z"
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Compress or decompress clear text using zlib before encryption or after
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decryption. This option exists only if OpenSSL with compiled with zlib
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or zlib-dynamic option.
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.IP "\fB\-none\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-none"
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Use \s-1NULL\s0 cipher (no encryption or decryption of input).
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.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
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.IX Item "-rand file..."
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A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
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generator.
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Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
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The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
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all others.
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.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
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.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
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Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
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This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
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.SH "NOTES"
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.IX Header "NOTES"
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The program can be called either as \fBopenssl cipher\fR or
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\&\fBopenssl enc \-cipher\fR. The first form doesn't work with
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engine-provided ciphers, because this form is processed before the
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configuration file is read and any ENGINEs loaded.
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Use the \fBlist\fR command to get a list of supported ciphers.
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.PP
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Engines which provide entirely new encryption algorithms (such as the ccgost
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engine which provides gost89 algorithm) should be configured in the
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configuration file. Engines specified on the command line using \-engine
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options can only be used for hardware-assisted implementations of
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ciphers which are supported by the OpenSSL core or another engine specified
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in the configuration file.
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.PP
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When the enc command lists supported ciphers, ciphers provided by engines,
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specified in the configuration files are listed too.
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.PP
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A password will be prompted for to derive the key and \s-1IV\s0 if necessary.
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.PP
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The \fB\-salt\fR option should \fB\s-1ALWAYS\s0\fR be used if the key is being derived
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from a password unless you want compatibility with previous versions of
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OpenSSL.
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.PP
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Without the \fB\-salt\fR option it is possible to perform efficient dictionary
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attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. The reason
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for this is that without the salt the same password always generates the same
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encryption key. When the salt is being used the first eight bytes of the
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encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it is generated at random when
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encrypting a file and read from the encrypted file when it is decrypted.
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.PP
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Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security
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implications if not used correctly. A beginner is advised to just use
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a strong block cipher, such as \s-1AES,\s0 in \s-1CBC\s0 mode.
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.PP
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All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding, also known as standard
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block padding. This allows a rudimentary integrity or password check to
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be performed. However, since the chance of random data passing the test
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is better than 1 in 256 it isn't a very good test.
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.PP
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If padding is disabled then the input data must be a multiple of the cipher
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block length.
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.PP
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All \s-1RC2\s0 ciphers have the same key and effective key length.
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.PP
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Blowfish and \s-1RC5\s0 algorithms use a 128 bit key.
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.SH "SUPPORTED CIPHERS"
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.IX Header "SUPPORTED CIPHERS"
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Note that some of these ciphers can be disabled at compile time
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and some are available only if an appropriate engine is configured
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in the configuration file. The output of the \fBenc\fR command run with
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the \fB\-ciphers\fR option (that is \fBopenssl enc \-ciphers\fR) produces a
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list of ciphers, supported by your version of OpenSSL, including
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ones provided by configured engines.
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.PP
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The \fBenc\fR program does not support authenticated encryption modes
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like \s-1CCM\s0 and \s-1GCM,\s0 and will not support such modes in the future.
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The \fBenc\fR interface by necessity must begin streaming output (e.g.,
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to standard output when \fB\-out\fR is not used) before the authentication
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tag could be validated, leading to the usage of \fBenc\fR in pipelines
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that begin processing untrusted data and are not capable of rolling
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back upon authentication failure. The \s-1AEAD\s0 modes currently in common
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use also suffer from catastrophic failure of confidentiality and/or
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integrity upon reuse of key/iv/nonce, and since \fBenc\fR places the
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entire burden of key/iv/nonce management upon the user, the risk of
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exposing \s-1AEAD\s0 modes is too great to allow. These key/iv/nonce
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management issues also affect other modes currently exposed in \fBenc\fR,
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but the failure modes are less extreme in these cases, and the
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functionality cannot be removed with a stable release branch.
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For bulk encryption of data, whether using authenticated encryption
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modes or other modes, \fBcms\fR\|(1) is recommended, as it provides a
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standard data format and performs the needed key/iv/nonce management.
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.PP
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.Vb 1
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\& base64 Base 64
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\&
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\& bf\-cbc Blowfish in CBC mode
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\& bf Alias for bf\-cbc
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\& blowfish Alias for bf\-cbc
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\& bf\-cfb Blowfish in CFB mode
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\& bf\-ecb Blowfish in ECB mode
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\& bf\-ofb Blowfish in OFB mode
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\&
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\& cast\-cbc CAST in CBC mode
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\& cast Alias for cast\-cbc
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\& cast5\-cbc CAST5 in CBC mode
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\& cast5\-cfb CAST5 in CFB mode
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\& cast5\-ecb CAST5 in ECB mode
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\& cast5\-ofb CAST5 in OFB mode
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\&
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\& chacha20 ChaCha20 algorithm
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\&
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\& des\-cbc DES in CBC mode
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\& des Alias for des\-cbc
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\& des\-cfb DES in CFB mode
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\& des\-ofb DES in OFB mode
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\& des\-ecb DES in ECB mode
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\&
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\& des\-ede\-cbc Two key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
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\& des\-ede Two key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
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\& des\-ede\-cfb Two key triple DES EDE in CFB mode
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\& des\-ede\-ofb Two key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
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\&
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\& des\-ede3\-cbc Three key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
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\& des\-ede3 Three key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
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\& des3 Alias for des\-ede3\-cbc
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\& des\-ede3\-cfb Three key triple DES EDE CFB mode
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\& des\-ede3\-ofb Three key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
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\&
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\& desx DESX algorithm.
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|
\&
|
|
\& gost89 GOST 28147\-89 in CFB mode (provided by ccgost engine)
|
|
\& gost89\-cnt \`GOST 28147\-89 in CNT mode (provided by ccgost engine)
|
|
\&
|
|
\& idea\-cbc IDEA algorithm in CBC mode
|
|
\& idea same as idea\-cbc
|
|
\& idea\-cfb IDEA in CFB mode
|
|
\& idea\-ecb IDEA in ECB mode
|
|
\& idea\-ofb IDEA in OFB mode
|
|
\&
|
|
\& rc2\-cbc 128 bit RC2 in CBC mode
|
|
\& rc2 Alias for rc2\-cbc
|
|
\& rc2\-cfb 128 bit RC2 in CFB mode
|
|
\& rc2\-ecb 128 bit RC2 in ECB mode
|
|
\& rc2\-ofb 128 bit RC2 in OFB mode
|
|
\& rc2\-64\-cbc 64 bit RC2 in CBC mode
|
|
\& rc2\-40\-cbc 40 bit RC2 in CBC mode
|
|
\&
|
|
\& rc4 128 bit RC4
|
|
\& rc4\-64 64 bit RC4
|
|
\& rc4\-40 40 bit RC4
|
|
\&
|
|
\& rc5\-cbc RC5 cipher in CBC mode
|
|
\& rc5 Alias for rc5\-cbc
|
|
\& rc5\-cfb RC5 cipher in CFB mode
|
|
\& rc5\-ecb RC5 cipher in ECB mode
|
|
\& rc5\-ofb RC5 cipher in OFB mode
|
|
\&
|
|
\& seed\-cbc SEED cipher in CBC mode
|
|
\& seed Alias for seed\-cbc
|
|
\& seed\-cfb SEED cipher in CFB mode
|
|
\& seed\-ecb SEED cipher in ECB mode
|
|
\& seed\-ofb SEED cipher in OFB mode
|
|
\&
|
|
\& sm4\-cbc SM4 cipher in CBC mode
|
|
\& sm4 Alias for sm4\-cbc
|
|
\& sm4\-cfb SM4 cipher in CFB mode
|
|
\& sm4\-ctr SM4 cipher in CTR mode
|
|
\& sm4\-ecb SM4 cipher in ECB mode
|
|
\& sm4\-ofb SM4 cipher in OFB mode
|
|
\&
|
|
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit AES in CBC mode
|
|
\& aes[128|192|256] Alias for aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
|
|
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit AES in 128 bit CFB mode
|
|
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit AES in 1 bit CFB mode
|
|
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit AES in 8 bit CFB mode
|
|
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit AES in CTR mode
|
|
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit AES in ECB mode
|
|
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit AES in OFB mode
|
|
\&
|
|
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit ARIA in CBC mode
|
|
\& aria[128|192|256] Alias for aria\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
|
|
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 128 bit CFB mode
|
|
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 1 bit CFB mode
|
|
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 8 bit CFB mode
|
|
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit ARIA in CTR mode
|
|
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in ECB mode
|
|
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in OFB mode
|
|
\&
|
|
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit Camellia in CBC mode
|
|
\& camellia[128|192|256] Alias for camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
|
|
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 128 bit CFB mode
|
|
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 1 bit CFB mode
|
|
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 8 bit CFB mode
|
|
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit Camellia in CTR mode
|
|
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in ECB mode
|
|
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in OFB mode
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SH "EXAMPLES"
|
|
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
|
|
Just base64 encode a binary file:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& openssl base64 \-in file.bin \-out file.b64
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Decode the same file
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& openssl base64 \-d \-in file.b64 \-out file.bin
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Encrypt a file using \s-1AES\-128\s0 using a prompted password
|
|
and \s-1PBKDF2\s0 key derivation:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& openssl enc \-aes128 \-pbkdf2 \-in file.txt \-out file.aes128
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Decrypt a file using a supplied password:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 2
|
|
\& openssl enc \-aes128 \-pbkdf2 \-d \-in file.aes128 \-out file.txt \e
|
|
\& \-pass pass:<password>
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Encrypt a file then base64 encode it (so it can be sent via mail for example)
|
|
using \s-1AES\-256\s0 in \s-1CTR\s0 mode and \s-1PBKDF2\s0 key derivation:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 1
|
|
\& openssl enc \-aes\-256\-ctr \-pbkdf2 \-a \-in file.txt \-out file.aes256
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.PP
|
|
Base64 decode a file then decrypt it using a password supplied in a file:
|
|
.PP
|
|
.Vb 2
|
|
\& openssl enc \-aes\-256\-ctr \-pbkdf2 \-d \-a \-in file.aes256 \-out file.txt \e
|
|
\& \-pass file:<passfile>
|
|
.Ve
|
|
.SH "BUGS"
|
|
.IX Header "BUGS"
|
|
The \fB\-A\fR option when used with large files doesn't work properly.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fBenc\fR program only supports a fixed number of algorithms with
|
|
certain parameters. So if, for example, you want to use \s-1RC2\s0 with a
|
|
76 bit key or \s-1RC4\s0 with an 84 bit key you can't use this program.
|
|
.SH "HISTORY"
|
|
.IX Header "HISTORY"
|
|
The default digest was changed from \s-1MD5\s0 to \s-1SHA256\s0 in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The \fB\-list\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1e.
|
|
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
|
|
Copyright 2000\-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
|
|
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
|
|
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
|
|
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.
|