3fddc40727
current license information and adapted to the FreeBSD build environment before they will build. Approved by: David Taylor <davidt@caldera.com>
191 lines
4.6 KiB
Plaintext
191 lines
4.6 KiB
Plaintext
.\" This module is believed to contain source code proprietary to AT&T.
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.\" Use and redistribution is subject to the Berkeley Software License
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.\" Agreement and your Software Agreement with AT&T (Western Electric).
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.\"
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.\" @(#)p3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.SH
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V. PROCESSES AND IMAGES
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.PP
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An
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.IT image
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is a computer execution environment.
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It includes a memory image,
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general register values,
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status of open files,
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current directory and the like.
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An image is the current state of a pseudo-computer.
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.PP
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A
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.IT process
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is the execution of an image.
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While the processor is executing on behalf of a process,
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the image must reside in main memory;
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during the execution of other processes it remains in main memory
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unless the appearance of an active, higher-priority
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process
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forces it to be swapped out to the disk.
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.PP
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The user-memory part of an image is divided into three logical segments.
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The program text segment begins at location 0 in the virtual address space.
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During execution, this segment is write-protected
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and a single copy of it is shared among
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all processes executing the same program.
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At the first hardware protection byte boundary above the program text segment in the
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virtual address space begins a non-shared, writable data segment,
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the size of which may be extended by a system call.
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Starting at the highest
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address in the virtual address space is a stack segment,
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which automatically grows downward
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as the stack pointer fluctuates.
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.SH
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5.1 Processes
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.PP
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Except while
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the system
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is bootstrapping itself into operation, a new
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process can come into existence only
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by use of the
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.UL fork
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system call:
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.P1
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processid = fork\|(\|\|)\|
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.P2
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When
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.UL fork
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is executed, the process
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splits into two independently executing processes.
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The two processes have independent
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copies of the original memory image,
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and share all open files.
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The new processes differ only in that one is considered
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the parent process:
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in the parent,
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the returned
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.UL processid
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actually identifies the child process
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and is never 0,
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while in the child,
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the returned value is always 0.
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.PP
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Because the values returned by
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.UL fork
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in the parent and child process are distinguishable,
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each process may determine whether
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it is the parent or child.
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.SH
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5.2 Pipes
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.PP
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Processes may communicate
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with related processes using the same system
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.UL read
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and
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.UL write
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calls that are used for file-system I/O.
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The call:
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.P1
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filep = pipe\|(\|\|)\|
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.P2
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returns a file descriptor
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.UL filep
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and
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creates an inter-process channel called a
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.IT pipe .
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This channel, like other open files, is passed from parent to child process in
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the image by the
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.UL fork
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call.
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A
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.UL read
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using a pipe file descriptor
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waits until another process writes using the
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file descriptor for the same pipe.
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At this point, data are passed between the images of the
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two processes.
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Neither process need know that a pipe,
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rather than an ordinary file,
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is involved.
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.PP
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Although
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inter-process communication
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via pipes is a quite valuable tool
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(see Section 6.2),
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it is not a completely general
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mechanism,
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because the pipe must be set up by a common ancestor
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of the processes involved.
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.SH
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5.3 Execution of programs
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.PP
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Another major system primitive
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is invoked by
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.P1
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execute\|(\|file, arg\*s\d1\u\*n, arg\*s\d2\u\*n, .\|.\|. , arg\*s\dn\u\*n\|)\|
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.P2
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which requests the system to read in and execute the program
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named by
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.UL file ,
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passing it string arguments
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.UL arg\v'.3'\*s1\*n\v'-.3'\| ,
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.UL arg\v'.3'\*s2\*n\v'-.3'\| ,
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.UL .\|.\|.\|\| ,
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.UL arg\v'.3'\*sn\*n\v'-.3' .
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All the code and data in the process invoking
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.UL execute
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is replaced from the
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.UL file ,
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but
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open files, current directory, and
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inter-process relationships are unaltered.
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Only if the call fails, for example
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because
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.UL file
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could not be found or because
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its execute-permission bit was not set, does a return
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take place from the
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.UL execute
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primitive;
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it resembles a ``jump'' machine instruction
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rather than a subroutine call.
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.SH
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5.4 Process synchronization
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.PP
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Another process control system call:
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.P1
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processid = wait\|(\|status\|)\|
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.P2
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causes its caller to suspend
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execution until one of its children has completed execution.
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Then
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.UL wait
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returns the
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.UL processid
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of the terminated process.
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An error return is taken if the calling process has no
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descendants.
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Certain status from the child process
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is also available.
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.SH
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5.5 Termination
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.PP
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Lastly:
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.P1
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exit\|(\|status\|)\|
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.P2
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terminates a process,
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destroys its image,
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closes its open files,
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and generally obliterates it.
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The parent is notified through
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the
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.UL wait
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primitive,
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and
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.UL status
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is made available
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to it.
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Processes may also terminate as a result of
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various illegal actions or user-generated signals
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(Section VII below).
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