360 lines
12 KiB
Groff
360 lines
12 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1995
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.\" Bill Paul <wpaul@ctr.columbia.edu>. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by Bill Paul.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the author nor the names of any co-contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY Bill Paul AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Bill Paul OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $Id: ypserv.8,v 1.7 1996/04/07 00:06:21 mpp Exp $
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.\"
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.Dd February 4, 1995
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.Dt YPSERV 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ypserv
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.Nd "NIS database server"
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm ypserv
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.Op Fl n
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.Op Fl d
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.Op Fl p Ar path
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm NIS
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is an RPC-based service designed to allow a number of UNIX-based
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machines to share a common set of configuration files. Rather than
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requiring a system administrator to update several copies of files
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such as
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.Pa /etc/hosts ,
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.Pa /etc/passwd
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and
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.Pa /etc/group ,
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which tend to require frequent changes in most environments, NIS
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allows groups of computers to share one set of data which can be
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updated from a single location.
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.Pp
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.Nm ypserv
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is the server that distributes NIS databases
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to client systems within an NIS
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.Nm domain.
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Each client in an NIS domain must have its domainname set to
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one of the domains served by
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.Nm ypserv
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using the
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.Xr domainname 1
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command. The clients must also run
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.Xr ypbind 8
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in order to attach to a particular server, since it is possible to
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have serveral servers within a single NIS domain.
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.Pp
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The databases distributed by
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.Nm ypserv
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are stored in
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.Pa /var/yp/[domainname]
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where
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.Pa domainname
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is the name of the domain being served. There can be several
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such directories with different domainnames, and you need only one
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.Nm ypserv
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daemon to handle them all.
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.Pp
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The databases, or
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.Pa maps
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as they are often called,
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are created by
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.Nm /var/yp/Makefile
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using several system files as source. The database files are in
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.Xr db 3
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format to help speed retrieval when there are many records involved.
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In FreeBSD, the
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maps are always readable and writable only by root for security
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reasons. Technically this is only necessary for the password
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maps, but since the data in the other maps can be found in
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other world-readable files anyway, it doesn't hurt and it's considered
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good general practice.
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.Pp
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.Nm ypserv
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is started by
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.Nm /etc/rc
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if it has been enabled in
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.Nm /etc/sysconfig.
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.Sh SPECIAL FEATURES
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There are some problems associated with distributing FreeBSD's password
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database via NIS: FreeBSD normally only stores encrypted passwords
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in
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.Pa /etc/master.passwd ,
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which is readable and writable only by root. By turning this file
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into an NIS map, this security feature would be completely defeated.
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.Pp
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To make up for this, the FreeBSD version of
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.Nm ypserv
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handles the
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.Pa master.passwd.byname
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and
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.Pa master.basswd.byuid
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maps in a special way. When the server receives a request to access
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either of these two maps, it will check the TCP port from which the
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request originated and return an error if the port number is greater
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than 1023. Since only the superuser is allowed to bind to TCP ports
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with values less than 1024, the server can use this test to determine
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whether or not the access request came from a privileged user.
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Any requests made by non-privileged users are therefore rejected.
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.Pp
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Furthermore, the
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.Xr getpwent 3
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routines in FreeBSD's standard C libarary will only attempt to retrieve
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data from the
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.Pa master.passwd.byname
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and
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.Pa master.passwd.byuid
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maps for the superuser: if a normal user calls any of these functions,
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the standard
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.Pa passwd.byname
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and
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.Pa passwd.byuid
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maps will be accessed instead. The latter two maps are constructed by
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.Nm /var/yp/Makefile
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by parsing the
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.Pa master.passwd
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file and stripping out the password fields, and are therefore
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safe to pass on to unprivileged users. In this way, the shadow password
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aspect of the protected
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.Pa master.passwd
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database is maintained through NIS.
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.Pp
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.Sh NOTES
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.Ss Limitations
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There are two problems inherent with password shadowing in NIS
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that users should
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be aware of:
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.Bl -enum -offset indent
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.It
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The 'TCP port less than 1024' test is trivial to defeat for users with
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unrestricted access to machines on your network (even those machines
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which do not run UNIX-based operating systems).
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.It
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If you plan to use a FreeBSD system to serve non-FreeBSD clients that
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have no support for password shadowing (which is most of them), you
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will have to disable the password shadowing entirely by uncommenting the
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.Nm UNSECURE=True
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entry in
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.Nm /var/yp/Makefile .
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This will cause the standard
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.Pa passwd.byname
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and
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.Pa passwd.byuid
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maps to be generated with valid encrypted password fields, which is
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neccesary in order for non-FreeBSD clients to perform user
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authentication through NIS.
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.El
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.Pp
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.Ss Security
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In general, any remote user can issue an RPC to
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.Nm ypserv
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and retrieve the contents of your NIS maps, provided the remote user
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knows your domain name. To prevent such unauthorized transactions,
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.Nm ypserv
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supports a feature called
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.Pa securenets
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which can be used to restrict access to a given set of hosts.
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At startup,
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.Nm ypserv
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will attempt to load the securenets information from a file
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called
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.Nm /var/yp/securenets .
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(Note that this path varies depending on the path specified with
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the
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.Fl p
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option, which is explained below.) This file contains entries
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that consist of a network specification and a network mask separated
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by white space.
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Lines starting with ``#'' are considered to be comments. A
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sample securenets file might look like this:
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.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
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# allow connections from local host -- mandatory
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127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255
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# allow connections from any host
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# on the 129.168.128.0 network
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192.168.128.0 255.255.255.0
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# allow connections from any host
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# between 10.0.0.0 to 10.0.15.255
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10.0.0.0 255.255.240.0
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If
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.Nm ypserv
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receives a request from an address that matches one of these rules,
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it will process the request normally. If the address fails to match
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a rule, the request will be ignored and a warning message will be
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logged. If the
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.Pa /var/yp/securenets
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file does not exist,
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.Nm ypserv
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will allow connections from any host.
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.Pp
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.Nm Ypserv
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also has support for Wietse Venema's
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.Pa tcpwrapper
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package, though it is not compiled in by default since
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the
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.Pa tcpwrapper
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package is not distributed with FreeBSD. However, if you have
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.Nm libwrap.a
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and
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.Nm tcpd.h ,
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you can easily recompile
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.Nm ypserv
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with them. This allows the administrator to use the tcpwrapper
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configuration files (
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.Pa /etc/hosts.allow
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and
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.Pa /etc/hosts.deny )
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for access control instead of
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.Pa /var/yp/securenets .
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.Pp
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Note: while both of these access control mechanisms provide some
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security, they, like the privileged port test, are both vulnerable
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to ``IP spoofing'' attacks.
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.Pp
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.Ss NIS v1 compatibility
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This version of
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.Nm ypserv
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has some support for serving NIS v1 clients. FreeBSD's NIS
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implementation only uses the NIS v2 protocol, however other implementations
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include support for the v1 protocol for backwards compatibility
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with older systems. The
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.Xr ypbind 8
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daemons supplied with these systems will try to establish a binding
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to an NIS v1
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server even though they may never actually need it (and they may
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persist in broadcasting in search of one even after they receive a
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response from a v2 server). Note that while
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support for normal client calls is provided, this version of
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.Nm ypserv
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does not handle v1 map transfer requests; consequently, it can not
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be used as a master or slave in conjunction with older NIS servers that
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only support the v1 protocol. Fortunately, there probably aren't any
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such servers still in use today.
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.Ss NIS servers that are also NIS clients
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Care must be taken when running
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.Nm ypserv
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in a multi-server domain where the server machines are also
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NIS clients. It is generally a good idea to force the servers to
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bind to themselves rather than allowing them to broadcast bind
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requests and possibly become bound to each other: strange failure
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modes can result if one server goes down and
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others are dependent upon on it. (Eventually all the clients will
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time out and attempt to bind to other servers, but the delay
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involved can be considerable and the failure mode is still present
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since the servers might bind to each other all over again).
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.Pp
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Refer to the
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.Xr ypbind 8
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man page for details on how to force it to bind to a particular
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server.
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.Sh OPTIONS
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The following options are supported by
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.Nm ypserv :
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.Bl -tag -width flag
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.It Fl n
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This option affects the way
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.Nm ypserv
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handles yp_match requests for the
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.Pa hosts.byname
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and
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.Pa hosts.byaddress
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maps. By default, if
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.Nm ypserv
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can't find an entry for a given host in its hosts maps, it will
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return an error and perform no further processing. With the
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.Fl n
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flag,
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.Nm ypserv
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will go one step further: rather than giving up immediately, it
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will try to resolve the hostname or address using a DNS nameserver
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query. If the query is successful,
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.Nm ypserv
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will construct a fake database record and return it to the client,
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thereby making it seem as though the client's yp_match request
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succeeded.
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.Pp
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This feature is provided for compatiblity with SunOS 4.1.x,
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which has brain-damaged resolver functions in its standard C
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library that depend on NIS for hostname and address resolution.
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FreeBSD's resolver can be configured to do DNS
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queries directly, therefore it is not necessary to enable this
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option when serving only FreeBSD NIS clients.
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.It Fl d
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Causes the server to run in debugging mode. Normally,
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.Nm ypserv
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reports only unusual errors (access violations, file access failures)
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using the
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.Xr syslog 3
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facility. In debug mode, the server does not background
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itself and prints extra status messages to stderr for each
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request that it revceives. Also, while running in debug mode,
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.Nm ypserv
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will not spawn any additional subprocesses as it normally does
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when handling yp_all requests or doing DNS lookups. (These actions
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often take a fair amount of time to complete and are therefore handled
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in subprocesses, allowing the parent server process to go on handling
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other requests.) This makes it easier to trace the server with
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a debugging tool.
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.It Fl p Ar path
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Normally,
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.Nm ypserv
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assumes that all NIS maps are stored under
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.Pa /var/yp .
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The
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.Fl p
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flag may be used to specify an alternate NIS root path, allowing
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the system administrator to move the map files to a different place
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within the filesystem.
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.El
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width Pa -compact
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.It Pa /var/yp/[domainname]/[maps]
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The NIS maps.
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.It Pa /etc/host.conf
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Resolver configuration file.
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.It Pa /var/yp/securenets
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Host access control file
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr ypcat 1 ,
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.Xr db 3 ,
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.Xr yp 4 ,
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.Xr ypbind 8 ,
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.Xr yppasswdd 8 ,
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.Xr yppush 8 ,
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.Xr ypxfr 8
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.Sh AUTHOR
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Bill Paul <wpaul@ctr.columbia.edu>
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.Sh HISTORY
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This version of
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.Nm ypserv
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first appeared in
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.Fx 2.2 .
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