678 lines
14 KiB
Groff
678 lines
14 KiB
Groff
.\" $Id: mandoc.3,v 1.37 2016/07/07 19:19:01 schwarze Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
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.\" Copyright (c) 2010-2016 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
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.\"
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.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
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.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
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.\"
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
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.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
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.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
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.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
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.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
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.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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.\"
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.Dd $Mdocdate: July 7 2016 $
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.Dt MANDOC 3
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm mandoc ,
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.Nm deroff ,
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.Nm mandocmsg ,
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.Nm man_mparse ,
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.Nm man_validate ,
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.Nm mdoc_validate ,
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.Nm mparse_alloc ,
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.Nm mparse_free ,
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.Nm mparse_getkeep ,
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.Nm mparse_keep ,
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.Nm mparse_open ,
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.Nm mparse_readfd ,
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.Nm mparse_reset ,
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.Nm mparse_result ,
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.Nm mparse_strerror ,
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.Nm mparse_strlevel
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.Nd mandoc macro compiler library
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In sys/types.h
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.In mandoc.h
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.Pp
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.Fd "#define ASCII_NBRSP"
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.Fd "#define ASCII_HYPH"
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.Fd "#define ASCII_BREAK"
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.Ft struct mparse *
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.Fo mparse_alloc
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.Fa "int options"
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.Fa "enum mandoclevel wlevel"
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.Fa "mandocmsg mmsg"
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.Fa "char *defos"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo (*mandocmsg)
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.Fa "enum mandocerr errtype"
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.Fa "enum mandoclevel level"
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.Fa "const char *file"
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.Fa "int line"
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.Fa "int col"
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.Fa "const char *msg"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_free
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fc
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.Ft const char *
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.Fo mparse_getkeep
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.Fa "const struct mparse *parse"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_keep
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fc
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.Ft int
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.Fo mparse_open
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fa "const char *fname"
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.Fc
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.Ft "enum mandoclevel"
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.Fo mparse_readfd
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fa "int fd"
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.Fa "const char *fname"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_reset
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo mparse_result
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.Fa "struct mparse *parse"
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.Fa "struct roff_man **man"
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.Fa "char **sodest"
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.Fc
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.Ft "const char *"
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.Fo mparse_strerror
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.Fa "enum mandocerr"
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.Fc
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.Ft "const char *"
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.Fo mparse_strlevel
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.Fa "enum mandoclevel"
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.Fc
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.In roff.h
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.Ft void
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.Fo deroff
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.Fa "char **dest"
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.Fa "const struct roff_node *node"
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.Fc
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.In sys/types.h
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.In mandoc.h
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.In mdoc.h
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.Vt extern const char * const * mdoc_argnames;
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.Vt extern const char * const * mdoc_macronames;
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.Ft void
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.Fo mdoc_validate
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.Fa "struct roff_man *mdoc"
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.Fc
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.In sys/types.h
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.In mandoc.h
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.In man.h
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.Vt extern const char * const * man_macronames;
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.Ft "const struct mparse *"
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.Fo man_mparse
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.Fa "const struct roff_man *man"
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.Fc
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.Ft void
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.Fo man_validate
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.Fa "struct roff_man *man"
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.Fc
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm mandoc
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library parses a
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.Ux
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manual into an abstract syntax tree (AST).
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.Ux
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manuals are composed of
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.Xr mdoc 7
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or
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.Xr man 7 ,
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and may be mixed with
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.Xr roff 7 ,
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.Xr tbl 7 ,
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and
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.Xr eqn 7
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invocations.
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.Pp
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The following describes a general parse sequence:
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.Bl -enum
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.It
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initiate a parsing sequence with
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.Xr mchars_alloc 3
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and
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.Fn mparse_alloc ;
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.It
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open a file with
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.Xr open 2
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or
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.Fn mparse_open ;
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.It
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parse it with
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.Fn mparse_readfd ;
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.It
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close it with
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.Xr close 2 ;
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.It
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retrieve the syntax tree with
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.Fn mparse_result ;
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.It
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depending on whether the
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.Fa macroset
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member of the returned
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.Vt struct roff_man
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is
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.Dv MACROSET_MDOC
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or
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.Dv MACROSET_MAN ,
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validate it with
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.Fn mdoc_validate
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or
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.Fn man_validate ,
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respectively;
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.It
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iterate over parse nodes with starting from the
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.Fa first
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member of the returned
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.Vt struct roff_man ;
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.It
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free all allocated memory with
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.Fn mparse_free
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and
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.Xr mchars_free 3 ,
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or invoke
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.Fn mparse_reset
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and go back to step 2 to parse new files.
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.El
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.Sh REFERENCE
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This section documents the functions, types, and variables available
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via
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.In mandoc.h ,
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with the exception of those documented in
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.Xr mandoc_escape 3
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and
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.Xr mchars_alloc 3 .
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.Ss Types
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.Bl -ohang
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.It Vt "enum mandocerr"
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An error or warning message during parsing.
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.It Vt "enum mandoclevel"
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A classification of an
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.Vt "enum mandocerr"
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as regards system operation.
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See the DIAGNOSTICS section in
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.Xr mandoc 1
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regarding the meanings of the levels.
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.It Vt "struct mparse"
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An opaque pointer to a running parse sequence.
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Created with
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.Fn mparse_alloc
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and freed with
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.Fn mparse_free .
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This may be used across parsed input if
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.Fn mparse_reset
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is called between parses.
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.It Vt "mandocmsg"
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A prototype for a function to handle error and warning
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messages emitted by the parser.
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.El
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.Ss Functions
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.Bl -ohang
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.It Fn deroff
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Obtain a text-only representation of a
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.Vt struct roff_node ,
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including text contained in its child nodes.
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To be used on children of the
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.Fa first
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member of
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.Vt struct roff_man .
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When it is no longer needed, the pointer returned from
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.Fn deroff
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can be passed to
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.Xr free 3 .
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.It Fn man_mparse
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Get the parser used for the current output.
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Declared in
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.In man.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa man.c .
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.It Fn man_validate
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Validate the
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.Dv MACROSET_MAN
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parse tree obtained with
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.Fn mparse_result .
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Declared in
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.In man.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa man.c .
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.It Fn mdoc_validate
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Validate the
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.Dv MACROSET_MDOC
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parse tree obtained with
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.Fn mparse_result .
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Declared in
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.In mdoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa mdoc.c .
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.It Fn mparse_alloc
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Allocate a parser.
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The arguments have the following effect:
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.Bl -tag -offset 5n -width inttype
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.It Ar options
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When the
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.Dv MPARSE_MDOC
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or
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.Dv MPARSE_MAN
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bit is set, only that parser is used.
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Otherwise, the document type is automatically detected.
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.Pp
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When the
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.Dv MPARSE_SO
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bit is set,
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.Xr roff 7
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.Ic \&so
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file inclusion requests are always honoured.
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Otherwise, if the request is the only content in an input file,
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only the file name is remembered, to be returned in the
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.Fa sodest
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argument of
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.Fn mparse_result .
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.Pp
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When the
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.Dv MPARSE_QUICK
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bit is set, parsing is aborted after the NAME section.
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This is for example useful in
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.Xr makewhatis 8
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.Fl Q
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to quickly build minimal databases.
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.It Ar wlevel
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Can be set to
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.Dv MANDOCLEVEL_BADARG ,
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.Dv MANDOCLEVEL_ERROR ,
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or
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.Dv MANDOCLEVEL_WARNING .
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Messages below the selected level will be suppressed.
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.It Ar mmsg
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A callback function to handle errors and warnings.
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See
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.Pa main.c
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for an example.
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If printing of error messages is not desired,
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.Dv NULL
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may be passed.
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.It Ar defos
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A default string for the
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.Xr mdoc 7
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.Sq \&Os
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macro, overriding the
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.Dv OSNAME
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preprocessor definition and the results of
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.Xr uname 3 .
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Passing
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.Dv NULL
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sets no default.
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.El
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.Pp
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The same parser may be used for multiple files so long as
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.Fn mparse_reset
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is called between parses.
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.Fn mparse_free
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must be called to free the memory allocated by this function.
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.It Fn mparse_free
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Free all memory allocated by
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.Fn mparse_alloc .
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.It Fn mparse_getkeep
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Acquire the keep buffer.
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Must follow a call of
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.Fn mparse_keep .
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.It Fn mparse_keep
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Instruct the parser to retain a copy of its parsed input.
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This can be acquired with subsequent
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.Fn mparse_getkeep
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calls.
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.It Fn mparse_open
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Open the file for reading.
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If that fails and
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.Fa fname
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does not already end in
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.Ql .gz ,
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try again after appending
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.Ql .gz .
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Save the information whether the file is zipped or not.
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Return a file descriptor open for reading or -1 on failure.
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It can be passed to
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.Fn mparse_readfd
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or used directly.
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.It Fn mparse_readfd
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Parse a file descriptor opened with
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.Xr open 2
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or
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.Fn mparse_open .
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Pass the associated filename in
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.Va fname .
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This function may be called multiple times with different parameters; however,
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.Xr close 2
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and
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.Fn mparse_reset
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should be invoked between parses.
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.It Fn mparse_reset
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Reset a parser so that
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.Fn mparse_readfd
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may be used again.
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.It Fn mparse_result
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Obtain the result of a parse.
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One of the two pointers will be filled in.
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.It Fn mparse_strerror
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Return a statically-allocated string representation of an error code.
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.It Fn mparse_strlevel
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Return a statically-allocated string representation of a level code.
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Declared in
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.In mandoc.h ,
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implemented in
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.Pa read.c .
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.El
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.Ss Variables
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.Bl -ohang
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.It Va man_macronames
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The string representation of a
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.Xr man 7
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macro as indexed by
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.Vt "enum mant" .
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.It Va mdoc_argnames
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The string representation of an
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.Xr mdoc 7
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macro argument as indexed by
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.Vt "enum mdocargt" .
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.It Va mdoc_macronames
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The string representation of an
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.Xr mdoc 7
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macro as indexed by
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.Vt "enum mdoct" .
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.El
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.Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
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This section consists of structural documentation for
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.Xr mdoc 7
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and
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.Xr man 7
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syntax trees and strings.
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.Ss Man and Mdoc Strings
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Strings may be extracted from mdoc and man meta-data, or from text
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nodes (MDOC_TEXT and MAN_TEXT, respectively).
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These strings have special non-printing formatting cues embedded in the
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text itself, as well as
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.Xr roff 7
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escapes preserved from input.
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Implementing systems will need to handle both situations to produce
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human-readable text.
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In general, strings may be assumed to consist of 7-bit ASCII characters.
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.Pp
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The following non-printing characters may be embedded in text strings:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Dv ASCII_NBRSP
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A non-breaking space character.
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.It Dv ASCII_HYPH
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A soft hyphen.
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.It Dv ASCII_BREAK
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A breakable zero-width space.
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.El
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.Pp
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Escape characters are also passed verbatim into text strings.
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An escape character is a sequence of characters beginning with the
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backslash
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.Pq Sq \e .
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To construct human-readable text, these should be intercepted with
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.Xr mandoc_escape 3
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and converted with one the functions described in
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.Xr mchars_alloc 3 .
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.Ss Man Abstract Syntax Tree
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This AST is governed by the ontological rules dictated in
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.Xr man 7
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and derives its terminology accordingly.
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.Pp
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The AST is composed of
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.Vt struct roff_node
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nodes with element, root and text types as declared by the
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.Va type
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field.
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Each node also provides its parse point (the
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.Va line ,
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.Va pos ,
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and
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.Va sec
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fields), its position in the tree (the
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.Va parent ,
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.Va child ,
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.Va next
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and
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.Va prev
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fields) and some type-specific data.
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.Pp
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The tree itself is arranged according to the following normal form,
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where capitalised non-terminals represent nodes.
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "ELEMENTXX" -compact
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.It ROOT
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\(<- mnode+
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.It mnode
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\(<- ELEMENT | TEXT | BLOCK
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.It BLOCK
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\(<- HEAD BODY
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.It HEAD
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\(<- mnode*
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.It BODY
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\(<- mnode*
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.It ELEMENT
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\(<- ELEMENT | TEXT*
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.It TEXT
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\(<- [[:ascii:]]*
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.El
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.Pp
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The only elements capable of nesting other elements are those with
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next-line scope as documented in
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.Xr man 7 .
|
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.Ss Mdoc Abstract Syntax Tree
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|
This AST is governed by the ontological
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rules dictated in
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.Xr mdoc 7
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and derives its terminology accordingly.
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.Qq In-line
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|
elements described in
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.Xr mdoc 7
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are described simply as
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.Qq elements .
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.Pp
|
|
The AST is composed of
|
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.Vt struct roff_node
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nodes with block, head, body, element, root and text types as declared
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by the
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.Va type
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field.
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Each node also provides its parse point (the
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.Va line ,
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.Va pos ,
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and
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.Va sec
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fields), its position in the tree (the
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.Va parent ,
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.Va child ,
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.Va last ,
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.Va next
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and
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.Va prev
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fields) and some type-specific data, in particular, for nodes generated
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from macros, the generating macro in the
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.Va tok
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field.
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.Pp
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The tree itself is arranged according to the following normal form,
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where capitalised non-terminals represent nodes.
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "ELEMENTXX" -compact
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.It ROOT
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\(<- mnode+
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.It mnode
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\(<- BLOCK | ELEMENT | TEXT
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.It BLOCK
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\(<- HEAD [TEXT] (BODY [TEXT])+ [TAIL [TEXT]]
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.It ELEMENT
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\(<- TEXT*
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.It HEAD
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\(<- mnode*
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.It BODY
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\(<- mnode* [ENDBODY mnode*]
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.It TAIL
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\(<- mnode*
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.It TEXT
|
|
\(<- [[:ascii:]]*
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Of note are the TEXT nodes following the HEAD, BODY and TAIL nodes of
|
|
the BLOCK production: these refer to punctuation marks.
|
|
Furthermore, although a TEXT node will generally have a non-zero-length
|
|
string, in the specific case of
|
|
.Sq \&.Bd \-literal ,
|
|
an empty line will produce a zero-length string.
|
|
Multiple body parts are only found in invocations of
|
|
.Sq \&Bl \-column ,
|
|
where a new body introduces a new phrase.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr mdoc 7
|
|
syntax tree accommodates for broken block structures as well.
|
|
The ENDBODY node is available to end the formatting associated
|
|
with a given block before the physical end of that block.
|
|
It has a non-null
|
|
.Va end
|
|
field, is of the BODY
|
|
.Va type ,
|
|
has the same
|
|
.Va tok
|
|
as the BLOCK it is ending, and has a
|
|
.Va pending
|
|
field pointing to that BLOCK's BODY node.
|
|
It is an indirect child of that BODY node
|
|
and has no children of its own.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
An ENDBODY node is generated when a block ends while one of its child
|
|
blocks is still open, like in the following example:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
\&.Ao ao
|
|
\&.Bo bo ac
|
|
\&.Ac bc
|
|
\&.Bc end
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This example results in the following block structure:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
BLOCK Ao
|
|
HEAD Ao
|
|
BODY Ao
|
|
TEXT ao
|
|
BLOCK Bo, pending -> Ao
|
|
HEAD Bo
|
|
BODY Bo
|
|
TEXT bo
|
|
TEXT ac
|
|
ENDBODY Ao, pending -> Ao
|
|
TEXT bc
|
|
TEXT end
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Here, the formatting of the
|
|
.Sq \&Ao
|
|
block extends from TEXT ao to TEXT ac,
|
|
while the formatting of the
|
|
.Sq \&Bo
|
|
block extends from TEXT bo to TEXT bc.
|
|
It renders as follows in
|
|
.Fl T Ns Cm ascii
|
|
mode:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl <ao [bo ac> bc] end
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Support for badly-nested blocks is only provided for backward
|
|
compatibility with some older
|
|
.Xr mdoc 7
|
|
implementations.
|
|
Using badly-nested blocks is
|
|
.Em strongly discouraged ;
|
|
for example, the
|
|
.Fl T Ns Cm html
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl T Ns Cm xhtml
|
|
front-ends to
|
|
.Xr mandoc 1
|
|
are unable to render them in any meaningful way.
|
|
Furthermore, behaviour when encountering badly-nested blocks is not
|
|
consistent across troff implementations, especially when using multiple
|
|
levels of badly-nested blocks.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr mandoc 1 ,
|
|
.Xr man.cgi 3 ,
|
|
.Xr mandoc_escape 3 ,
|
|
.Xr mandoc_headers 3 ,
|
|
.Xr mandoc_malloc 3 ,
|
|
.Xr mansearch 3 ,
|
|
.Xr mchars_alloc 3 ,
|
|
.Xr tbl 3 ,
|
|
.Xr eqn 7 ,
|
|
.Xr man 7 ,
|
|
.Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
|
|
.Xr mdoc 7 ,
|
|
.Xr roff 7 ,
|
|
.Xr tbl 7
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
.An -nosplit
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
library was written by
|
|
.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
|
|
and is maintained by
|
|
.An Ingo Schwarze Aq Mt schwarze@openbsd.org .
|