232 lines
7.1 KiB
Groff
232 lines
7.1 KiB
Groff
.TH SORT 1 \" -*- nroff -*-
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.SH NAME
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sort \- sort lines of text files
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B sort
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[\-cmus] [\-t separator] [\-o output-file] [\-T tempdir] [\-bdfiMnr]
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[+POS1 [\-POS2]] [\-k POS1[,POS2]] [file...]
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.br
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.B sort
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{\-\-help,\-\-version}
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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This manual page
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documents the GNU version of
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.BR sort .
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.B sort
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sorts, merges, or compares all the lines from the given files, or the standard
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input if no files are given. A file name of `-' means standard input.
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By default,
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.B sort
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writes the results to the standard output.
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.PP
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.B sort
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has three modes of operation: sort (the default), merge, and check for
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sortedness. The following options change the operation mode:
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.TP
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.I \-c
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Check whether the given files are already sorted: if they are not all
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sorted, print an error message and exit with a status of 1.
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.TP
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.I \-m
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Merge the given files by sorting them as a group. Each input file
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should already be individually sorted. It always works to sort
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instead of merge; merging is provided because it is faster, in the
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case where it works.
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.PP
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A pair of lines is compared as follows:
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if any key fields have been specified,
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.B sort
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compares each pair of fields, in the order specified on the command
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line, according to the associated ordering options, until a difference
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is found or no fields are left.
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.PP
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If any of the global options
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.I Mbdfinr
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are given but no key fields are
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specified,
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.B sort
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compares the entire lines according to the global options.
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.PP
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Finally, as a last resort when all keys compare equal
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(or if no ordering options were specified at all),
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.B sort
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compares the lines byte by byte in machine collating sequence.
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The last resort comparison honors the
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.I -r
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global option.
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The
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.I \-s
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(stable) option disables this last-resort comparison so that
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lines in which all fields compare equal are left in their original
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relative order. If no fields or global options are specified,
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.I \-s
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has no effect.
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.PP
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GNU
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.B sort
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has no limits on input line length or restrictions on bytes allowed
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within lines. In addition, if the final byte of an input file is not
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a newline, GNU
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.B sort
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silently supplies one.
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.PP
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If the environment variable
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.B TMPDIR
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is set,
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.B sort
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uses it as the directory in which to put temporary files instead of
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the default, /tmp. The
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.I "\-T tempdir"
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option is another way to select the directory for temporary files; it
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overrides the environment variable.
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.PP
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The following options affect the ordering of output lines. They may
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be specified globally or as part of a specific key field. If no key
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fields are specified, global options apply to comparison of entire
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lines; otherwise the global options are inherited by key fields that
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do not specify any special options of their own.
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.TP
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.I \-b
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Ignore leading blanks when finding sort keys in each line.
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.TP
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.I \-d
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Sort in `phone directory' order: ignore all characters except letters,
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digits and blanks when sorting.
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.TP
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.I \-f
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Fold lower case characters into the equivalent upper case characters
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when sorting so that, for example, `b' is sorted the same way `B' is.
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.TP
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.I \-i
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Ignore characters outside the ASCII range 040-0176 octal (inclusive)
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when sorting.
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.TP
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.I \-M
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An initial string, consisting of any amount of white space, followed
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by three letters abbreviating a month name, is folded to UPPER case
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and compared in the order `JAN' < `FEB' < ... < `DEC.' Invalid names
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compare low to valid names.
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.TP
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.I \-n
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Compare according to arithmetic value an initial numeric string
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consisting of optional white space, an optional \- sign, and zero or
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more digits, optionally followed by a decimal point and zero or more
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digits.
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.TP
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.I \-r
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Reverse the result of comparison, so that lines with greater key
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values appear earlier in the output instead of later.
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.PP
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Other options are:
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.TP
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.I "\-o output-file"
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Write output to
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.I output-file
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instead of to the standard output. If
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.I output-file
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is one of the input files,
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.B sort
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copies it to a temporary file before sorting and writing the output to
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.IR output-file .
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.TP
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.I "\-t separator"
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Use character
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.I separator
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as the field separator when finding the sort keys in each line. By
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default, fields are separated by the empty string between a
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non-whitespace character and a whitespace character. That is to say,
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given the input line ` foo bar',
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.B sort
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breaks it into fields ` foo' and ` bar'. The field separator is not
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considered to be part of either the field preceding or the field
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following it.
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.TP
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.I \-u
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For the default case or the
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.I \-m
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option, only output the first of a sequence of lines that compare
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equal. For the
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.I \-c
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option, check that no pair of consecutive lines compares equal.
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.TP
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.I "+POS1 [\-POS2]"
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Specify a field within each line to use as a sorting key. The field
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consists of the portion of the line starting at POS1 and up to (but
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not including) POS2 (or to the end of the line if POS2 is not given).
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The fields and character positions are numbered starting with 0.
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.TP
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.I "\-k POS1[,POS2]"
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An alternate syntax for specifying sorting keys.
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The fields and character positions are numbered starting with 1.
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.PP
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A position has the form \fIf\fP.\fIc\fP, where \fIf\fP is the number
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of the field to use and \fIc\fP is the number of the first character
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from the beginning of the field (for \fI+pos\fP) or from the end of
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the previous field (for \fI\-pos\fP). The .\fIc\fP part of a position
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may be omitted in which case it is taken to be the first character in
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the field. If the
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.I \-b
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option has been given, the .\fIc\fP part of a field specification is
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counted from the first nonblank character of the field (for
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\fI+pos\fP) or from the first nonblank character following the
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previous field (for \fI\-pos\fP).
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.PP
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A \fI+pos\fP or \fI-pos\fP argument may also have any of the option
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letters
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.I Mbdfinr
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appended to it, in which case the global ordering options are not used
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for that particular field. The
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.I \-b
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option may be independently attached to either or both of the
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\fI+pos\fP and \fI\-pos\fP parts of a field specification, and if it
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is inherited from the global options it will be attached to both.
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If a
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.I \-n
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or
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.I \-M
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option is used, thus implying a
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.I \-b
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option, the
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.I \-b
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option is taken to apply to both the \fI+pos\fP and the \fI\-pos\fP
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parts of a key specification. Keys may span multiple fields.
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.PP
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In addition, when GNU
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.B join
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is invoked with exactly one argument, the following options are recognized:
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.TP
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.I "\-\-help"
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Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
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.TP
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.I "\-\-version"
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Print version information on standard output then exit successfully.
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.SH COMPATIBILITY
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.PP
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Historical (BSD and System V) implementations of
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.B sort
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have differed in their interpretation of some options,
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particularly
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.IR \-b ,
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.IR \-f ,
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and
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.IR \-n .
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GNU sort follows the POSIX behavior, which is
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usually (but not always!) like the System V behavior.
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According to POSIX
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.I \-n
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no longer implies
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.IR \-b .
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For consistency,
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.I \-M
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has been changed in the same way.
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This may affect the meaning of character positions in field
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specifications in obscure cases.
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If this bites you the fix is to add an explicit
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.IR \-b .
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.SH BUGS
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The different meaning of field numbers depending
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on whether
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.I -k
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is used is confusing.
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It's all POSIX's fault!
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