575 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
575 lines
25 KiB
Plaintext
QUICK INSTALLATION GUIDE FOR FREEBSD 2.2
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This manual documents the process of installing FreeBSD on your
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machine. Please also see the Hardware Guide (HARDWARE.TXT, or
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the "Hardware" selection in the Documentation submenu of the boot
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floppy) for hardware-specific installation instructions if you're
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not sure how to configure your hardware or don't know what sorts
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of things one should watch out for with PC UNIXes in general or
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FreeBSD in particular.
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Table of Contents:
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==================
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1.0 DOS User's Q&A section.
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1.1 How do I make space for FreeBSD?
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1.2 Can I use compressed DOS filesystems from FreeBSD?
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1.3 Can I use DOS extended partitions?
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1.4 Can I run DOS executables under FreeBSD?
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2.0 Preparing for the installation.
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2.1 Before installing from CDROM
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2.2 Before installing from Floppy
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2.3 Before installing from a DOS partition
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2.4 Before installing from QIC/SCSI tape
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2.5 Before installing over a network
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2.5.1 Preparing for NFS Installation
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2.5.2 Preparing for FTP Installation
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3.0 Installing FreeBSD.
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3.1 Repairing an existing FreeBSD installation.
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3.2 Upgrading from FreeBSD 2.1
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1.0 DOS user's Question and Answer section
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=== ======================================
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1.1 Help! I have no space! Do I need to delete everything first?
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If your machine is already running DOS and has little or no free space
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available for FreeBSD's installation, all is not lost! You may find
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the "FIPS" utility, provided in the tools/ subdirectory on the FreeBSD
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CDROM or on the various FreeBSD ftp sites, to be quite useful.
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FIPS allows you to split an existing DOS partition into two pieces,
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preserving the original partition and allowing you to install onto the
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second free piece. You first "defrag" your DOS partition, using the
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DOS 6.xx "DEFRAG" utility or the Norton Disk tools, then run FIPS. It
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will prompt you for the rest of the information it needs. Afterwards,
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you can reboot and install FreeBSD on the new partition. Also note
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that FIPS will create the second partition as a "clone" of the first,
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so you'll actually see that you now have two DOS Primary partitions
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where you formerly had one. Don't be alarmed! You can simply delete
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the extra DOS Primary parititon (making sure it's the right one by
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examining its size! :)
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See the Distributions menu for an estimation of how much free space
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you'll need for the kind of installation you want.
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1.2 Can I use compressed DOS filesystems from FreeBSD?
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No. If you are using a utility such as Stacker(tm) or DoubleSpace(tm),
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FreeBSD will only be able to use whatever portion of the filesystem
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you leave uncompressed. The rest of the filesystem will show up as
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one large file (the stacked/dblspaced file!). DO NOT REMOVE THAT
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FILE as you will probably regret it greatly!
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It is probably better to create another uncompressed DOS primary
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partition and use this for communications between DOS and FreeBSD if
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such is your desire.
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1.3 Can I mount my DOS extended partitions?
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Yes. DOS extended partitions are mapped in at the end of the other
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``slices'' in FreeBSD, e.g. your D: drive might be /dev/sd0s5,
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your E: drive /dev/sd0s6, and so on. This example assumes, of
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course, that your extended partition is on SCSI drive 0. For IDE drives,
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substitute ``wd'' for ``sd'' appropriately. You otherwise mount extended
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partitions exactly like you would mount any other DOS drive, e.g.:
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mount -t msdos /dev/sd0s5 /dos_d
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1.4 Can I run DOS binaries under FreeBSD?
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Not yet! We'd like to add support for this someday, but are still
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lacking anyone to actually do the work. Ongoing work with Linux's
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DOSEMU utility may bring this much closer to being a reality sometime
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soon. Send mail to hackers@freebsd.org if you're interested in
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joining this effort!
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There is, however, a neat utility called "pcemu" in the ports
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collection which emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS services to run DOS
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text mode applications. It requires the X Window System (provided as
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XFree86 3.1.2) to operate.
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2.0 Preparing for the installation
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=== ==============================
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2.1 Before installing from CDROM:
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If your CDROM is of an unsupported type, then please skip to section
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2.3 which describes how to install from a DOS partition.
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There is not a lot of preparatory work that needs to be done to
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successfully install from one of Walnut Creek's FreeBSD CDROMs (other
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CDROM distributions may work as well, though we cannot say for certain
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as we have no hand or say in how they're created). You can either
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boot into the CD installation directly from DOS using Walnut Creek's
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supplied ``install.bat'' batch file or you can make a boot floppy with
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the ``makeflp.bat'' command.
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For the easiest interface of all (from DOS), type "view". This will
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bring up a DOS menu utility that leads you through all the available
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options.
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If you're creating the boot floppy from a UNIX machine, you may find
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that ``dd if=floppies/boot.flp of=/dev/rfd0'' or
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``dd if=floppies/boot.flp of=/dev/floppy'' works well, depending on
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your hardware and operating system environment.
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Once you've booted from DOS or floppy, you should then be able to
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select CDROM as the media type in the Media menu and load the entire
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distribution from CDROM (note: If you have only one CDROM drive, and
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the appropriate FreeBSD CDROM is detected in it, it will be selected
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automatically as your media).
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After your system is fully installed and you have rebooted from the
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hard disk, you can mount the cdrom at any time by typing: ``mount /cdrom''
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Before removing the CD again, also note that it's necessary to first
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type ``umount /cdrom''. Don't just remove it from the drive!
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SPECIAL NOTE: Before invoking the installation, be sure that the CDROM
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is in the drive so that the "probe" can find it! This is also true if
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you wish the CDROM to be added to the default system configuration
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automatically during the install (whether or not you actually use it
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as the installation media).
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Finally, if you would like people to be able to FTP install FreeBSD
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directly from the CDROM in your machine, you'll find it quite easy.
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After the machine is fully installed, you simply need to add the
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following line to the password file (using the vipw command):
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ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent
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Anyone else at your site will now be able to chose a Media type of FTP
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and type in: ftp://<your machine> after picking "Other" in the ftp
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sites menu to install from the CD in your machine!
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2.2 Before installing from Floppy:
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If you must install from floppy disks, either due to unsupported
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hardware or just because you enjoy doing things the hard way, you must
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first prepare some floppies for the install.
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You will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB or 1.2MB floppies as it
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takes to hold all files in the bin (binary distribution) directory.
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If you're preparing these floppies under DOS, then THESE floppies
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*must* be formatted using the MS-DOS FORMAT command. If you're using
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Windows, use the Windows File Manager format command.
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Don't trust Factory Preformatted floppies! Format them again
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yourself, just to make sure! Many problems reported by our users in
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the past have resulted from the use of improperly formatted media,
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which is why I'm taking such special care to mention it here!
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If you're creating the floppies from another FreeBSD machine, a format
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is still not a bad idea though you don't need to put a DOS filesystem
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on each floppy. You can use the `disklabel' and `newfs' commands to
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put a UFS filesystem on a floppy, as the following sequence of commands
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(for a 3.5" 1.44MB floppy disk) illustrates:
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fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440
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disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3
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newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/rfd0
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(Use "fd0.1200" and "floppy5" for 5.25" 1.2MB disks).
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After you've formatted the floppies for DOS or UFS, you'll need to
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copy the files onto them. The distribution files are split into
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chunks conveniently sized so that 5 of them will fit on a conventional
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1.44MB floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as many files as
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will fit on each one, until you've got all the distributions you want
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packed up in this fashion. Each distribution should go into its own
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subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.: a:\bin\bin.aa, a:\bin\bin.ab, ...
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Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select "Floppy" and
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you'll be prompted for the rest.
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2.3 Before installing from a DOS partition:
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To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition you should simply
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copy the files from the distribution into a directory called
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"FREEBSD". For example, to do a minimal installation of FreeBSD from
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DOS using files copied from the CDROM, you might do something like
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this:
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C> MD C:\FREEBSD
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C> XCOPY /S E:\DISTS\BIN C:\FREEBSD\BIN
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Asssuming that `C:' was where you had free space and `E:' was where
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your CD was mounted.
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For as many `DISTS' as you wish to install from DOS (and you have free
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space for), install each one in a directory under `C:\FREEBSD' - the
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BIN dist is only the minimal requirement.
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2.4 Before installing from QIC/SCSI Tape:
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Installing from tape is probably the easiest method, short of an
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on-line install using FTP or a CDROM. The installation program
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expects the files to be simply tar'ed onto the tape, so after getting
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all of the files for the distributions you're interested in, simply
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tar them onto the tape with a command like:
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cd /where/you/have/your/dists
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tar cvf /dev/rwt0 (or /dev/rst0) dist1 .. dist2
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When you go to do the installation, you should also make sure that you
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leave enough room in some temporary directory (which you'll be allowed
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to choose) to accommodate the FULL contents of the tape you've
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created. Due to the non-random access nature of tapes, this method of
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installation requires quite a bit of temporary storage! You should
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expect to require as much temporary storage as you have stuff written
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on tape.
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SPECIAL NOTE: When going to do the installation, the tape must be in
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the drive *before* booting from the boot floppy. The installation
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"probe" may otherwise fail to find it.
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2.5 Before installing over a network:
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You can do network installations over 3 types of connections:
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Serial port: SLIP / PPP
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Parallel port: PLIP (using ``laplink'' style cable)
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Ethernet: A standard ethernet controller (includes some PCMCIA).
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SLIP support is rather primitive, and is limited primarily to
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hard-wired links, such as a serial cable running between two
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computers. The link must be hard-wired because the SLIP installation
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doesn't currently offer a dialing capability. If you need to dial out
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with a modem or otherwise dialog with the link before connecting to
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it, then I recommend that the PPP utility be used instead.
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If you're using PPP, make sure that you have your Internet Service
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Provider's IP address and DNS information handy as you'll need to know
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it fairly early in the installation process. You may also need to
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know your own IP address, though PPP supports dynamic address
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negotiation and may be able to pick up this information directly from
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your ISP if they support it.
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You will also need to know how to use the various "AT commands" for
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dialing out with your particular brand of modem as the PPP dialer
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provides only a very simple terminal emulator.
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If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD (2.0R or later) machine
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is available, you might also consider installing over a "laplink"
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style parallel port cable. The data rate over the parallel port is
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much higher than what is typically possible over a serial line (up to
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50k/sec), thus resulting in a quicker installation.
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Finally, for the fastest possible network installation, an ethernet
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adaptor is always a good choice! FreeBSD supports most common PC
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ethernet cards, a table of supported cards (and their required
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settings) being provided as part of the FreeBSD Hardware Guide (see
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the Documentation menu on the boot floppy or the top level directory
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of the CDROM). If you are using one of the supported PCMCIA ethernet
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cards, also be sure that it's plugged in _before_ the laptop is
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powered on! FreeBSD does not, unfortunately, currently support "hot
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insertion" of PCMCIA cards.
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You will also need to know your IP address on the network, the
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"netmask" value for your address class and the name of your machine.
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Your system administrator can tell you which values are appropriate to
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your particular network setup. If you will be referring to other
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hosts by name rather than IP address, you'll also need a name server
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and possibly the address of a gateway (if you're using PPP, it's your
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provider's IP address) to use in talking to it.
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If you do not know the answers to these questions then you should
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really probably talk to your system administrator _first_ before
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trying this type of installation! Using a randomly chosen IP address
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or netmask on a live network will almost certainly get you shot.
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Once you have a network connection of some sort working, the
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installation can continue over NFS or FTP.
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2.5.1 Preparing for NFS installation:
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NFS installation is fairly straight-forward: Simply copy the
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FreeBSD distribution files you want onto a server somewhere
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and then point the NFS media selection at it.
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If this server supports only "privileged port" access (as is
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generally the default for Sun and Linux workstations), you
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will need to set this option in the Options menu before
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installation can proceed.
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If you have a poor quality ethernet card which suffers from very
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slow transfer rates, you may also wish to toggle the appropriate
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Options flag.
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In order for NFS installation to work, the server must also support
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"subdir mounts", e.g. if your FreeBSD 2.1 distribution directory
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lives on: ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD
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Then ziggy will have to allow the direct mounting of
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/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, not just /usr or /usr/archive/stuff.
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In FreeBSD's /etc/exports file this is controlled by the
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``-alldirs'' option. Other NFS servers may have different
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conventions. If you are getting `Permission Denied' messages
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from the server then it's likely that you don't have this
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properly enabled!
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2.5.2 Preparing for FTP Installation
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FTP installation may be done from any mirror site containing a
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reasonably up-to-date version of FreeBSD 2.1. A full menu of
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reasonable choices for almost any location in the world is
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provided in the FTP site menu.
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If you are installing from some other FTP site not listed in
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this menu, or you are having troubles getting your name server
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configured properly, you can also specify your own URL by
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selecting the ``Other'' choice in that menu. A URL can
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contain a hostname or an IP address, so the following would
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work in the absence of a name server:
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ftp://192.216.191.11/pub/FreeBSD/2.1.0-RELEASE
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There are two FTP installation modes you can use:
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o FTP:
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For all FTP transfers, use the standard "Active" mode for
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transfers. This will not work through most firewalls but
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will often work best with older ftp servers that do not
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support passive mode. If your connection hangs with
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passive mode, try this one!
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o FTP Passive:
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For all FTP transfers, use "Passive" mode. This allows
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the user to pass through firewalls that do not allow
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incoming connections on random port addresses.
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NOTE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MODES ARE NOT THE SAME AS A `PROXY'
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CONNECTIONS, WHERE A PROXY FTP SERVER IS LISTENING ON A
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DIFFERENT PORT!
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In such instances, you should specify the URL as something like:
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ftp://foo.bar.com:1234/pub/FreeBSD
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Where "1234" is the port number of the proxy ftp server.
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3.0 Installing FreeBSD
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--- ------------------
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Once you've taken note of the appropriate preinstallation steps, you
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should be able to install FreeBSD without any further trouble.
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Should the installation fail at some stage, then you may wish to go
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back and re-read the relevant preparation section (section 2.x) for
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the installation media type you're trying to use. Perhaps there's a
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helpful hint there that you missed the first time? If you're having
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hardware trouble or FreeBSD refuses to boot at all, then read the
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Hardware Guide again for a list of possible solutions.
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The FreeBSD boot floppy contains all the on-line documentation you
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should need to be able to navigate through an installation, and if it
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doesn't then I'd like to know what you found most confusing so that I
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can fix it in future releases! It is the objective of the FreeBSD
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installation program (sysinstall) to be self-documenting enough that
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painful "step-by-step" guides are no longer necessary.
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You may also find the following "typical installation sequence" to be
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useful reading:
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o Boot the boot floppy. After a boot sequence which can take
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anywhere from from 30 seconds to 3 minutes, depending on the
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speed of your hardware, you should be presented with a menu of
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initial choices. If the floppy doesn't boot at all, or the boot
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hangs at some stage, go read the Q&A section of the Hardware
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Guide for some possible causes.
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o Press F1. You should see some basic usage instructions on
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the menu system and general navigation within it. If you haven't
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used this installation system before then PLEASE read this
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thoroughly!
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o Select the Novice installation and follow the instructions. Even
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if you're moderately familiar with UNIX, chose the Novice install!
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"Novice" in this context means new to the FreeBSD installer, not
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computers in general! The other installation types (Custom and
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Express) assume that you've installed FreeBSD using *this* version
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of the installation utility and know *exactly* what you are doing!
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Novice users and 25 year veterans of UNIX alike can benefit from the
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tips provided by the Novice install, so don't be proud - be a novice! :)
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Installation type overview:
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o Custom installation:
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You can do anything you like in this menu without altering your system
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_except_ for "Commit", which will perform any pending actions you may
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have selected. Some of the menu options will also have direct `Write'
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commands available for commiting an operation immediately, but they
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should only be used if you're *absolutely sure* it's necessary. It's
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generally safer to stack up your changes and then commit them all at
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once so that you're left with the option of changing your mind up to
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the very last moment. In particular, the (W)rite options in the fdisk
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and label screens WILL NOT WORK for a new installation! They're meant
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for tweaking *existing* installations, not doing new ones. Use the
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final commit option as there is no advantage whatsoever to be gained
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in writing the information out stage by stage in a new installation.
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If you're confused at any point, the F1 key will pull up what is
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hopefully some helpful information for the screen you're in.
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o Express installation:
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This installation will invoke all the appropriate steps in order as if
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you'd selected them one by one from the custom installation menu. It
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assumes that you *know what you are doing* and have run the
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installation at least once before. If this is not the case, the
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Novice installation method is recommended.
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o Novice installation:
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As previously mentioned, the Novice installation leads you through the
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required stages in the proper order and presents you with various
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helpful prompts in between. Once the system is installed, it will
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also present you with the opportunity to perform a variety of "post
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install" actions.
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A quick synopsis of the stages involved in a novice installation
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follows:
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o The first step is the `Partition Editor', which allows
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you to chose how your drives will be used for FreeBSD.
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If you're dedicating an entire drive to FreeBSD, the
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`A' command is probably all you need to type here, otherwise
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move to a partition marked `Unused' (or delete an existing one)
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and use the `C' command to create a FreeBSD partition in its
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place.
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o Next, with the `Label Editor', you can specify how the space
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in any FreeBSD partitions should be used by FreeBSD. You
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can also mount any non-FreeBSD partitions (such as DOS) in this
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screen. If you want the standard layout, simply type `A' for
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the defaults.
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o Next, the `Distributions' menu allows you to specify how much
|
|
of FreeBSD you'd like to load. A good choice is the "User"
|
|
distribution for a small system or the "Developer" distribution
|
|
for someone wanting a more programmer-oriented configuration.
|
|
If none of the existing collections seem applicable, select
|
|
Custom to choose the component distributions yourself.
|
|
|
|
o Next, the `Media' menu allows you to specify what kind of
|
|
media you wish to install from. If a given media type requires
|
|
extra information, such as networking information for an FTP
|
|
or NFS install, it will also be asked for at this point.
|
|
|
|
o Finally, you'll be prompted to commit all of these actions at
|
|
once (nothing has been written to your disk so far, nor will
|
|
it until you give the final confirmation).
|
|
|
|
All new or changed partition information will be written
|
|
out, file systems will be created and/or non-destructively
|
|
labelled (depending on how you set their newfs flags in the
|
|
Label Editor) and all selected distributions will be
|
|
extracted.
|
|
|
|
o After the system is fully installed, you'll then have the
|
|
option to configure the system in various ways, install a
|
|
WEB server, etc.
|
|
|
|
At this point, you're generally done with the sysinstall utility and
|
|
can reboot the system. If you elected to install the boot manager,
|
|
you should now see a small boot menu with an `F?' prompt. Press the
|
|
function key corresponding to the BSD partition and you should boot up
|
|
into FreeBSD off the hard disk.
|
|
|
|
If this fails to happen for some reason, see the Q & A section of the
|
|
Hardware Guide for possible clues! The most likely problem is a
|
|
mis-matched disk geometry, which will have to be corrected with a
|
|
second pass through the install, using the (G) command in the fdisk
|
|
menu to properly set the geometry the next time.
|
|
|
|
Should you wish to re-enter this installation later, you will find it
|
|
under /stand/sysinstall on the installed system.
|
|
|
|
Good luck! If you really get stuck, you may send mail to our support
|
|
mailing list - questions@FreeBSD.org. We'll do our best to help you!
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1 Repairing an existing FreeBSD installation.
|
|
--- -------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
FreeBSD 2.1 now features a "Fixit" option in the top menu of the boot
|
|
floppy. To use it, you will also need a fixit.flp image floppy,
|
|
generated in the same fashion as the boot floppy.
|
|
|
|
To invoke fixit, simply boot the boot floppy, chose the "Fixit"
|
|
item and insert the fixit floppy when asked. You will then be placed
|
|
into a shell with a wide variety of commands available (in the /stand
|
|
and /mnt2/stand directories) for checking, repairing and examining file
|
|
systems and their contents. Some UNIX administration experience *is*
|
|
required to use the fixit option!
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.2 Upgrading from FreeBSD 2.1
|
|
--- ----------------------------
|
|
|
|
It must first be said that this upgrade DOES NOT take a particularly
|
|
sophisticated approach to the upgrade problem, it being more a question
|
|
of providing what seemed "good enough" at the time. A truly polished
|
|
upgrade that deals properly with the broad spectrum of installed 2.1
|
|
systems would be nice to have, but until that gets written what you get is
|
|
this - the brute-force approach!
|
|
|
|
What this upgrade will attempt to do is best summarized thusly:
|
|
|
|
1. fsck and mount all file systems chosen in the label editor.
|
|
2. Ask for a location to preserve your /etc directory into and do so.
|
|
3. Extract all selected distributions on top of your existing system.
|
|
4. Copy certain obvious files back from the preserved /etc, leaving the
|
|
rest of the /etc file merge up to the user.
|
|
5. Drop user in a shell so that they may perform that merge before
|
|
rebooting into the new system.
|
|
|
|
And that's it! This "upgrade" is not going to hold your hand in all
|
|
major respects, it's simply provided to make one PART of the upgrade
|
|
easier.
|
|
|
|
IMPORTANT NOTE: What this upgrade procedure may also do, in fact, is
|
|
completely destroy your system (though much more quickly than you
|
|
would have been able to destroy it yourself). It is simply impossible
|
|
to guarantee that this procedure's crude form of upgrade automation
|
|
will work in all cases and if you do this upgrade without proper
|
|
BACKUPS for any important data then you really must like living life
|
|
close to the edge, that's all we can say!
|
|
|
|
NOTE to 2.0 users: We're sorry, but the "slice" changes that were
|
|
added in FreeBSD 2.0.5 made automated upgrades pretty difficult due to
|
|
the fact that a complete reinstall is pretty much called for. Things
|
|
may still *work* after a 2.2 upgrade, but you will also no doubt
|
|
receive many warnings at boot time about non-aligned slices and such;
|
|
we really do recommend a fresh installation for 2.0 systems! (But
|
|
back up your user data first :-).
|
|
|
|
Jordan
|
|
|
|
---- End of Installation Guide ---
|