501 lines
11 KiB
Groff
501 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" Symmetric Computer Systems.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)disklabel.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd March 5, 2011
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.Dt BSDLABEL 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm bsdlabel
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.Nd read and write BSD label
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl A
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.Ar disk | Fl f Ar file
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.Nm
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.Fl w
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl B Op Fl b Ar boot
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk | Fl f Ar file
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.Op Ar type
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.Nm
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.Fl e
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl B Op Fl b Ar boot
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk | Fl f Ar file
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.Nm
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.Fl R
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl B Op Fl b Ar boot
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Op Fl f
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.Ar disk | Fl f Ar file
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.Ar protofile
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility
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installs, examines or modifies the
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.Bx
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label on a disk partition, or on a file containing a partition image.
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In addition,
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.Nm
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can install bootstrap code.
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.Ss Disk Device Name
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When specifying the device (i.e., when the
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.Fl f
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option is not used),
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the
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.Pa /dev/
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path prefix may be omitted;
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the
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.Nm
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utility will automatically prepend it.
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.Ss General Options
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The
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.Fl A
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option enables processing of the historical parts of the
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.Bx
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label.
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If the option is not given, suitable values are set for these fields.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl f
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option tells
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.Nm
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that the program will operate on a file instead of a disk partition.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl n
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option stops the
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.Nm
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program right before the disk would have been modified, and displays
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the result instead of writing it.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl m Ar machine
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argument forces
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.Nm
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to use a layout suitable for a different architecture.
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Current valid values are
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.Cm i386 , amd64 , ia64 ,
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and
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.Cm pc98 .
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If this option is omitted,
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.Nm
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will use a layout suitable for the current machine.
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.Ss Reading the Disk Label
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To examine the label on a disk drive, use the form
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.Pp
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.Nm
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.Op Fl A
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk
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.Pp
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.Ar disk
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represents the disk in question, and may be in the form
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.Pa da0
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or
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.Pa /dev/da0 .
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It will display the partition layout.
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.Ss Writing a Standard Label
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To write a standard label, use the form
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.Pp
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.Nm
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.Fl w
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk
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.Op Ar type
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.Pp
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If the drive
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.Ar type
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is specified, the entry of that name in the
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.Xr disktab 5
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file is used; otherwise, or if the type is specified as 'auto', a default
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layout is used.
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.Ss Editing an Existing Disk Label
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To edit an existing disk label, use the form
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.Pp
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.Nm
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.Fl e
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk
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.Pp
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This command opens the disk label in the default editor, and when the editor
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exits, the label is validated and if OK written to disk.
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.Ss Restoring a Disk Label From a File
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To restore a disk label from a file, use the form
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.Pp
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.Nm
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.Fl R
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.Op Fl \&An
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.Op Fl m Ar machine
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.Ar disk protofile
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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utility
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is capable of restoring a disk label that was previously saved in a file in
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.Tn ASCII
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format.
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The prototype file used to create the label should be in the same format as that
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produced when reading or editing a label.
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Comments are delimited by
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.Ql #
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and newline.
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.Ss Installing Bootstraps
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If the
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.Fl B
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option is specified, bootstrap code will be read from the file
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.Pa /boot/boot
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and written to the disk.
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The
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.Fl b Ar boot
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option allows a different file to be used.
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /etc/disktab" -compact
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.It Pa /boot/boot
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Default boot image.
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.It Pa /etc/disktab
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Disk description file.
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.El
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.Sh SAVED FILE FORMAT
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The
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.Nm
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utility
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uses an
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.Tn ASCII
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version of the label when examining, editing, or restoring a disk
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label.
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The format is:
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.Bd -literal -offset 4n
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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a: 81920 16 4.2BSD 2048 16384 5128
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b: 1091994 81936 swap
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c: 1173930 0 unused 0 0 # "raw" part, don't edit
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If the
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.Fl A
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option is specified, the format is:
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.Bd -literal -offset 4n
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# /dev/da1c:
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type: SCSI
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disk: da0s1
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label:
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flags:
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bytes/sector: 512
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sectors/track: 51
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tracks/cylinder: 19
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sectors/cylinder: 969
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cylinders: 1211
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sectors/unit: 1173930
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rpm: 3600
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interleave: 1
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trackskew: 0
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cylinderskew: 0
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headswitch: 0 # milliseconds
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track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds
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drivedata: 0
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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a: 81920 16 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16
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b: 160000 81936 swap
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c: 1173930 0 unused 0 0 # "raw" part, don't edit
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Lines starting with a
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.Ql #
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mark are comments.
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.Pp
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The partition table can have up to 8 entries.
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It contains the following information:
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Ar #
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The partition identifier is a single letter in the range
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.Ql a
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to
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.Ql h .
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By convention, partition
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.Ql c
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is reserved to describe the entire disk.
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.It Ar size
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The size of the partition in sectors,
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.Cm K
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(kilobytes - 1024),
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.Cm M
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(megabytes - 1024*1024),
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.Cm G
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(gigabytes - 1024*1024*1024),
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.Cm %
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(percentage of free space
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.Em after
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removing any fixed-size partitions other than partition
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.Ql c ) ,
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or
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.Cm *
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(all remaining free space
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.Em after
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fixed-size and percentage partitions).
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For partition
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.Ql c ,
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a size of
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.Cm *
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indicates the entire disk.
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Lowercase versions of suffixes
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.Cm K , M ,
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and
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.Cm G
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are allowed.
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Size and suffix should be specified without any spaces between them.
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.Pp
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Example: 2097152, 1G, 1024M and 1048576K are all the same size
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(assuming 512-byte sectors).
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.It Ar offset
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The offset of the start of the partition from the beginning of the
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drive in sectors, or
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.Cm *
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to have
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.Nm
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calculate the correct offset to use (the end of the previous partition plus
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one, ignoring partition
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.Ql c ) .
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For partition
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.Ql c ,
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.Cm *
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will be interpreted as an offset of 0.
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The first partition should start at offset 16, because the first 16 sectors are
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reserved for metadata.
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.It Ar fstype
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Describes the purpose of the partition.
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The above example shows all currently used partition types.
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For
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.Tn UFS
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file systems and
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.Xr ccd 4
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partitions, use type
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.Cm 4.2BSD .
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For Vinum drives, use type
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.Cm vinum .
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Other common types are
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.Cm swap
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and
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.Cm unused .
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By convention, partition
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.Ql c
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represents the entire slice and should be of type
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.Cm unused ,
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though
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.Nm
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does not enforce this convention.
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The
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.Nm
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utility
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also knows about a number of other partition types,
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none of which are in current use.
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(See the definitions starting with
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.Dv FS_UNUSED
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in
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.In sys/disklabel.h
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for more details.)
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.It Ar fsize
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For
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.Cm 4.2BSD
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file systems only, the fragment size; see
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.Xr newfs 8 .
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.It Ar bsize
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For
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.Cm 4.2BSD
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file systems only, the block size; see
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.Xr newfs 8 .
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.It Ar bps/cpg
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For
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.Cm 4.2BSD
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file systems, the number of cylinders in a cylinder group; see
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.Xr newfs 8 .
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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Display the label for the first slice of the
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.Pa da0
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disk, as obtained via
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.Pa /dev/da0s1 :
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel da0s1"
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.Pp
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Save the in-core label for
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.Pa da0s1
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into the file
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.Pa savedlabel .
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This file can be used with the
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.Fl R
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option to restore the label at a later date:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel da0s1 > savedlabel"
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.Pp
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Create a label for
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.Pa da0s1 :
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -w /dev/da0s1"
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.Pp
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Read the label for
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.Pa da0s1 ,
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edit it, and install the result:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -e da0s1"
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.Pp
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Read the on-disk label for
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.Pa da0s1 ,
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edit it, and display what the new label would be (in sectors).
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It does
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.Em not
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install the new label either in-core or on-disk:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -e -n da0s1"
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.Pp
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Write a default label on
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.Pa da0s1 .
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Use another
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.Nm Fl e
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command to edit the
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partitioning and file system information:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -w da0s1"
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.Pp
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Restore the on-disk and in-core label for
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.Pa da0s1
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from information in
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.Pa savedlabel :
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -R da0s1 savedlabel"
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.Pp
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Display what the label would be for
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.Pa da0s1
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using the partition layout in
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.Pa label_layout .
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This is useful for determining how much space would be allotted for various
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partitions with a labeling scheme using
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.Cm % Ns -based
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or
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.Cm *
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partition sizes:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -R -n da0s1 label_layout"
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.Pp
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Install a new bootstrap on
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.Pa da0s1 .
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The boot code comes from
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.Pa /boot/boot :
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -B da0s1"
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.Pp
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Install a new label and bootstrap.
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The bootstrap code comes from the file
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.Pa newboot
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in the current working directory:
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.Pp
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.Dl "bsdlabel -w -B -b newboot /dev/da0s1"
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.Pp
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Completely wipe any prior information on the disk, creating a new bootable
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disk with a
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.Tn DOS
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partition table containing one slice, covering the whole disk.
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Initialize the label on this slice,
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then edit it.
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The
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.Xr dd 1
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commands are optional, but may be necessary for some
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.Tn BIOS Ns es
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to properly
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recognize the disk:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0 bs=512 count=32
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fdisk -BI da0
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dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0s1 bs=512 count=32
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bsdlabel -w -B da0s1
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bsdlabel -e da0s1
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.Ed
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.Pp
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This is an example disk label that uses some of the new partition size types
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such as
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.Cm % , M , G ,
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and
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.Cm * ,
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which could be used as a source file for
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.Dq Li "bsdlabel -R ad0s1 new_label_file" :
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.Bd -literal -offset 4n
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# /dev/ad0s1:
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8 partitions:
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# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]
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a: 400M 16 4.2BSD 4096 16384 75 # (Cyl. 0 - 812*)
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b: 1G * swap
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c: * * unused
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e: 204800 * 4.2BSD
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f: 5g * 4.2BSD
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g: * * 4.2BSD
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.Ed
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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The kernel device drivers will not allow the size of a disk partition
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to be decreased or the offset of a partition to be changed while it is open.
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.Sh COMPATIBILITY
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Due to the use of an
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.Vt u_int32_t
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to store the number of sectors,
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.Bx
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labels are restricted to a maximum of 2^32-1 sectors.
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This usually means 2TB of disk space.
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Larger disks should be partitioned using another method such as
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.Xr gpart 8 .
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.Pp
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The various
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.Bx Ns s
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all use slightly different versions of
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.Bx
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labels and
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are not generally compatible.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr ccd 4 ,
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.Xr geom 4 ,
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.Xr md 4 ,
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr boot0cfg 8 ,
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.Xr fdisk 8 ,
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.Xr gpart 8 ,
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.Xr newfs 8
|