472 lines
13 KiB
Groff
472 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)ip.4 8.2 (Berkeley) 11/30/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd March 3, 2001
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.Dt IP 4
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ip
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.Nd Internet Protocol
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In sys/types.h
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.In sys/socket.h
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.In netinet/in.h
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.Ft int
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.Fn socket AF_INET SOCK_RAW proto
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Tn IP
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is the transport layer protocol used
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by the Internet protocol family.
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Options may be set at the
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.Tn IP
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level
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when using higher-level protocols that are based on
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.Tn IP
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(such as
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.Tn TCP
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and
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.Tn UDP ) .
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It may also be accessed
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through a
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.Dq raw socket
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when developing new protocols, or
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special-purpose applications.
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.Pp
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There are several
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.Tn IP-level
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.Xr setsockopt 2
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and
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.Xr getsockopt 2
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options.
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.Dv IP_OPTIONS
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may be used to provide
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.Tn IP
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options to be transmitted in the
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.Tn IP
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header of each outgoing packet
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or to examine the header options on incoming packets.
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.Tn IP
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options may be used with any socket type in the Internet family.
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The format of
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.Tn IP
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options to be sent is that specified by the
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.Tn IP
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protocol specification (RFC-791), with one exception:
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the list of addresses for Source Route options must include the first-hop
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gateway at the beginning of the list of gateways.
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The first-hop gateway address will be extracted from the option list
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and the size adjusted accordingly before use.
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To disable previously specified options,
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use a zero-length buffer:
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.Bd -literal
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_OPTIONS, NULL, 0);
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Dv IP_TOS
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and
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.Dv IP_TTL
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may be used to set the type-of-service and time-to-live
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fields in the
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.Tn IP
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header for
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.Dv SOCK_STREAM , SOCK_DGRAM ,
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and certain types of
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.Dv SOCK_RAW
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sockets.
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For example,
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.Bd -literal
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int tos = IPTOS_LOWDELAY; /* see <netinet/ip.h> */
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, &tos, sizeof(tos));
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int ttl = 60; /* max = 255 */
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If the
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.Dv IP_RECVDSTADDR
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option is enabled on a
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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socket,
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the
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.Xr recvmsg 2
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call will return the destination
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.Tn IP
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address for a
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.Tn UDP
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datagram.
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The msg_control field in the msghdr structure points to a buffer
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that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the
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.Tn IP
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address.
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The cmsghdr fields have the following values:
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.Bd -literal
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cmsg_len = sizeof(struct in_addr)
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cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
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cmsg_type = IP_RECVDSTADDR
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The source address to be used for outgoing
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.Tn UDP
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datagrams on a socket that is not bound to a specific
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.Tn IP
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address can be specified as ancillary data with a type code of
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.Dv IP_SENDSRCADDR .
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The msg_control field in the msghdr structure should point to a buffer
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that contains a cmsghdr structure followed by the
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.Tn IP
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address.
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The cmsghdr fields should have the following values:
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.Bd -literal
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cmsg_len = sizeof(struct in_addr)
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cmsg_level = IPPROTO_IP
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cmsg_type = IP_SENDSRCADDR
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.Ed
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.Pp
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For convenience,
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.Dv IP_SENDSRCADDR
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is defined to have the same value as
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.Dv IP_RECVDSTADDR ,
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so the
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.Dv IP_RECVDSTADDR
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control message from
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.Xr recvmsg 2
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can be used directly as a control message for
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.Xr sendmsg 2 .
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.Pp
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.Dv IP_PORTRANGE
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may be used to set the port range used for selecting a local port number
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on a socket with an unspecified (zero) port number.
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It has the following
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possible values:
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.Bl -tag -width IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT
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.It Dv IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT
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use the default range of values, normally
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.Dv IPPORT_HIFIRSTAUTO
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through
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.Dv IPPORT_HILASTAUTO .
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This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.first
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and
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.last .
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.It Dv IP_PORTRANGE_HIGH
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use a high range of values, normally
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.Dv IPPORT_HIFIRSTAUTO
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and
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.Dv IPPORT_HILASTAUTO .
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This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.hifirst
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and
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.hilast .
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.It Dv IP_PORTRANGE_LOW
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use a low range of ports, which are normally restricted to
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privileged processes on
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.Ux
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systems. The range is normally from
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.Dv IPPORT_RESERVED
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\- 1 down to
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.Li IPPORT_RESERVEDSTART
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in descending order.
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This is adjustable through the sysctl setting:
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.lowfirst
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and
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.lowlast .
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.El
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.Pp
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The range of privileged ports which only may be opened by
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root-owned processes may be modified by the
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.reservedlow
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and
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.reservedhigh
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sysctl settings.
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The values default to the traditional range,
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0 through
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.Dv IPPORT_RESERVED
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\- 1
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(0 through 1023), respectively.
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Note that these settings do not affect and are not accounted for in the
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use or calculation of the other
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.Va net.inet.ip.portrange
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values above.
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Changing these values departs from
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.Ux
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tradition and has security
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consequences that the administrator should carefully evaluate before
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modifying these settings.
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.Ss "Multicast Options"
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.Pp
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.Tn IP
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multicasting is supported only on
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.Dv AF_INET
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sockets of type
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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and
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.Dv SOCK_RAW ,
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and only on networks where the interface
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driver supports multicasting.
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.Pp
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The
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.Dv IP_MULTICAST_TTL
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option changes the time-to-live (TTL)
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for outgoing multicast datagrams
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in order to control the scope of the multicasts:
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.Bd -literal
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u_char ttl; /* range: 0 to 255, default = 1 */
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &ttl, sizeof(ttl));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Datagrams with a TTL of 1 are not forwarded beyond the local network.
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Multicast datagrams with a TTL of 0 will not be transmitted on any network,
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but may be delivered locally if the sending host belongs to the destination
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group and if multicast loopback has not been disabled on the sending socket
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(see below). Multicast datagrams with TTL greater than 1 may be forwarded
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to other networks if a multicast router is attached to the local network.
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.Pp
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For hosts with multiple interfaces, each multicast transmission is
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sent from the primary network interface.
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The
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.Dv IP_MULTICAST_IF
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option overrides the default for
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subsequent transmissions from a given socket:
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.Bd -literal
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struct in_addr addr;
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &addr, sizeof(addr));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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where "addr" is the local
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.Tn IP
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address of the desired interface or
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.Dv INADDR_ANY
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to specify the default interface.
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An interface's local IP address and multicast capability can
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be obtained via the
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.Dv SIOCGIFCONF
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and
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.Dv SIOCGIFFLAGS
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ioctls.
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Normal applications should not need to use this option.
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.Pp
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If a multicast datagram is sent to a group to which the sending host itself
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belongs (on the outgoing interface), a copy of the datagram is, by default,
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looped back by the IP layer for local delivery.
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The
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.Dv IP_MULTICAST_LOOP
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option gives the sender explicit control
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over whether or not subsequent datagrams are looped back:
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.Bd -literal
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u_char loop; /* 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default) */
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &loop, sizeof(loop));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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This option
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improves performance for applications that may have no more than one
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instance on a single host (such as a router daemon), by eliminating
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the overhead of receiving their own transmissions. It should generally not
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be used by applications for which there may be more than one instance on a
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single host (such as a conferencing program) or for which the sender does
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not belong to the destination group (such as a time querying program).
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.Pp
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A multicast datagram sent with an initial TTL greater than 1 may be delivered
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to the sending host on a different interface from that on which it was sent,
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if the host belongs to the destination group on that other interface. The
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loopback control option has no effect on such delivery.
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.Pp
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A host must become a member of a multicast group before it can receive
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datagrams sent to the group. To join a multicast group, use the
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.Dv IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
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option:
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.Bd -literal
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struct ip_mreq mreq;
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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where
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.Fa mreq
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is the following structure:
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.Bd -literal
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struct ip_mreq {
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struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP multicast address of group */
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struct in_addr imr_interface; /* local IP address of interface */
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}
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Dv imr_interface
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should
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be
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.Dv INADDR_ANY
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to choose the default multicast interface,
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or the
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.Tn IP
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address of a particular multicast-capable interface if
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the host is multihomed.
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Membership is associated with a single interface;
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programs running on multihomed hosts may need to
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join the same group on more than one interface.
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Up to
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.Dv IP_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS
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(currently 20) memberships may be added on a
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single socket.
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.Pp
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To drop a membership, use:
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.Bd -literal
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struct ip_mreq mreq;
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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where
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.Fa mreq
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contains the same values as used to add the membership.
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Memberships are dropped when the socket is closed or the process exits.
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.\"-----------------------
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.Ss "Raw IP Sockets"
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.Pp
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Raw
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.Tn IP
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sockets are connectionless,
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and are normally used with the
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.Xr sendto 2
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and
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.Xr recvfrom 2
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calls, though the
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.Xr connect 2
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call may also be used to fix the destination for future
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packets (in which case the
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.Xr read 2
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or
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.Xr recv 2
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and
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.Xr write 2
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or
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.Xr send 2
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system calls may be used).
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.Pp
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If
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.Fa proto
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is 0, the default protocol
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.Dv IPPROTO_RAW
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is used for outgoing
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packets, and only incoming packets destined for that protocol
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are received.
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If
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.Fa proto
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is non-zero, that protocol number will be used on outgoing packets
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and to filter incoming packets.
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.Pp
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Outgoing packets automatically have an
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.Tn IP
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header prepended to
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them (based on the destination address and the protocol
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number the socket is created with),
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unless the
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.Dv IP_HDRINCL
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option has been set.
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Incoming packets are received with
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.Tn IP
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header and options intact.
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.Pp
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.Dv IP_HDRINCL
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indicates the complete IP header is included with the data
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and may be used only with the
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.Dv SOCK_RAW
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type.
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.Bd -literal
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#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
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#include <netinet/ip.h>
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int hincl = 1; /* 1 = on, 0 = off */
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setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &hincl, sizeof(hincl));
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Unlike previous
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.Bx
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releases, the program must set all
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the fields of the IP header, including the following:
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.Bd -literal
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ip->ip_v = IPVERSION;
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ip->ip_hl = hlen >> 2;
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ip->ip_id = 0; /* 0 means kernel set appropriate value */
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ip->ip_off = offset;
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.Ed
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.Pp
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If the header source address is set to
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.Dv INADDR_ANY ,
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the kernel will choose an appropriate address.
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.Sh ERRORS
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A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:
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.Bl -tag -width Er
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.It Bq Er EISCONN
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when trying to establish a connection on a socket which
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already has one, or when trying to send a datagram with the destination
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address specified and the socket is already connected;
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.It Bq Er ENOTCONN
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when trying to send a datagram, but
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no destination address is specified, and the socket hasn't been
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connected;
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.It Bq Er ENOBUFS
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when the system runs out of memory for
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an internal data structure;
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.It Bq Er EADDRNOTAVAIL
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when an attempt is made to create a
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socket with a network address for which no network interface
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exists.
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.It Bq Er EACCES
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when an attempt is made to create
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a raw IP socket by a non-privileged process.
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.El
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.Pp
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The following errors specific to
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.Tn IP
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may occur when setting or getting
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.Tn IP
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options:
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.Bl -tag -width EADDRNOTAVAILxx
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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An unknown socket option name was given.
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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The IP option field was improperly formed;
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an option field was shorter than the minimum value
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or longer than the option buffer provided.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr getsockopt 2 ,
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.Xr recv 2 ,
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.Xr send 2 ,
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.Xr icmp 4 ,
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.Xr inet 4 ,
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.Xr intro 4
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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protocol appeared in
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.Bx 4.2 .
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