985 lines
21 KiB
Groff
985 lines
21 KiB
Groff
.TH ED 1 "21 May 1993"
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.SH NAME
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ed, red \- text editor
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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ed [-] [-sx] [-p \fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
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.LP
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red [-] [-sx] [-p \fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.B ed
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is a line-oriented text editor.
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It is used to create, display, modify and otherwise manipulate text
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files.
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.B red
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is a restricted
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.BR ed :
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it can only edit files in the current
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directory and cannot execute shell commands.
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If invoked with a
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.I file
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argument, then a copy of
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.I file
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is read into the editor's buffer.
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Changes are made to this copy and not directly to
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.I file
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itself.
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Upon quitting
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.BR ed ,
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any changes not explicitly saved with a
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.I `w'
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command are lost.
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Editing is done in two distinct modes:
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.I command
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and
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.IR input .
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When first invoked,
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.B ed
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is in command mode.
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In this mode commands are read from the standard input and
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executed to manipulate the contents of the editor buffer.
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A typical command might look like:
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.sp
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.RS
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,s/\fIold\fR/\fInew\fR/g
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.RE
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.sp
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which replaces all occurences of the string
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.I old
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with
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.IR new .
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When an input command, such as
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.I `a'
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(append),
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.I `i'
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(insert) or
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.I `c'
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(change), is given,
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.B ed
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enters input mode. This is the primary means
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of adding text to a file.
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In this mode, no commands are available;
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instead, the standard input is written
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directly to the editor buffer. Lines consist of text up to and
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including a
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.IR newline
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character.
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Input mode is terminated by
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entering a single period (\fI.\fR) on a line.
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All
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.B ed
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commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines; e.g.,
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the
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.I `d'
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command deletes lines; the
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.I `m'
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command moves lines, and so on.
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It is possible to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement,
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as in the example above. However even here, the
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.I `s'
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command is applied to whole lines at a time.
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In general,
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.B ed
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commands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed by a single
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character command and possibly additional parameters; i.e.,
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commands have the structure:
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.sp
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.RS
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.I [address [,address]]command[parameters]
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.RE
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.sp
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The address(es) indicate the line or range of lines to be affected by the
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command. If fewer addresses are given than the command accepts, then
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default addresses are supplied.
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.SS OPTIONS
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.TP 8
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-s
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Suppresses diagnostics. This should be used if
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.BR ed 's
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standard input is from a script.
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.TP 8
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-x
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Prompts for an encryption key to be used in subsequent reads and writes
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(see the
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.I `x'
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command).
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.TP 8
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.RI \-p \ string
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Specifies a command prompt. This may be toggled on and off with the
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.I `P'
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command.
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.TP 8
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.I file
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Specifies the name of a file to read. If
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.I file
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is prefixed with a
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bang (!), then it is interpreted as a shell command. In this case,
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what is read is
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the standard output of
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.I file
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executed via
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.IR sh (1).
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To read a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix the
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name with a backslash (\\).
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The default filename is set to
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.I file
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only if it is not prefixed with a bang.
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.SS LINE ADDRESSING
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An address represents the number of line in the buffer.
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.B ed
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maintains a
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.I current address
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which is
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typically supplied to commands as the default address when none is specified.
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When a file is first read, the current address is set to the last line
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of the file. In general, the current address is set to the last line
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affected by a command.
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A line address is
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constructed from one of the bases in the list below, optionally followed
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by a numeric offset. The offset may include any combination
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of digits, operators (i.e.,
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.IR + ,
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.I -
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and
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.IR ^ )
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and whitespace.
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Addresses are read from left to right, and their values are computed
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relative to the current address.
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One exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the
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address
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.I 0
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(zero).
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This means "before the first line,"
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and is legal wherever it makes sense.
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An address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or
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semi-colon. The value of the first address in a range cannot exceed the
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value of the the second. If an
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.IR n- tuple
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of addresses is given where
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.I n > 2,
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then the corresponding range is determined by the last two addresses
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in the
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.IR n- tuple.
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If only one address is expected, then the last
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address is used.
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Each address in a comma-delimited range is interpreted relative to the
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current address. In a semi-colon-delimited range, the first address is
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used to set the current address, and the second address is interpreted
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relative to the first.
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The following address symbols are recognized.
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.TP 8
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\fR.\fR
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The current line (address) in the buffer.
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.TP 8
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$
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The last line in the buffer.
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.TP 8
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n
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The
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.IR n th,
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line in the buffer
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where
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.I n
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is a number in the range
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.I [0,$].
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.TP 8
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- or ^
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The previous line.
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This is equivalent to
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.I -1
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and may be repeated with cumulative effect.
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.TP 8
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-\fIn\fR or ^\fIn\fR
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The
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.IR n th
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previous line, where
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.I n
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is a non-negative number.
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.TP 8
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+
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The
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next line.
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This is equivalent to
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.I +1
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and may be repeated with cumulative effect.
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.TP 8
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+\fIn\fR or whitespace\fIn\fR
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The
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.IR n th
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next line, where
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.I n
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is a non-negative number.
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.I whitespace
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followed by a number
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.I n
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is interpreted as
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.IR +n .
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.TP 8
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, \fRor\fB %
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The first through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to
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the address range
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.I 1,$.
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.TP 8
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;
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The
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current through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to
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the address range
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.I .,$.
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.TP 8
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.RI / re/
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The
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next line containing the regular expression
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.IR re .
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The search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the
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current line, if necessary.
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// repeats the last search.
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.TP 8
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.RI ? re?
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The
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previous line containing the regular expression
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.IR re .
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The search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the
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current line, if necessary.
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?? repeats the last search.
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.TP 8
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.RI \' lc
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The
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line previously marked by a
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.I `k'
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(mark) command, where
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.I lc
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is a lower case letter.
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.SS REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
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Regular expressions are patterns used in selecting text.
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For example, the
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.B ed
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command
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.sp
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.RS
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g/\fIstring\fR/
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.RE
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.sp
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prints all lines containing
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.IR string .
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Regular expressions are also
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used by the
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.I `s'
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command for selecting old text to be replaced with new.
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In addition to a specifying string literals, regular expressions can
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represent
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classes of strings. Strings thus represented are said to be matched
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by the corresponding regular expression.
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If it is possible for a regular expression
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to match several strings in a line, then the left-most longest match is
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the one selected.
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The following symbols are used in constructing regular expressions:
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.TP 8
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c
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Any character
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.I c
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not listed below, including `{', '}', `(', `)', `<' and `>',
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matches itself.
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.TP 8
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\fR\e\fIc\fR
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Any backslash-escaped character
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.IR c ,
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except for `{', '}', `(', `)', `<' and `>',
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matches itself.
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.TP 8
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\fR.\fR
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Matches any single character.
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.TP 8
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.I [char-class]
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Matches any single character in
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.IR char-class .
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To include a `]'
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in
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.IR char-class ,
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it must be the first character.
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A range of characters may be specified by separating the end characters
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of the range with a `-', e.g., `a-z' specifies the lower case characters.
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The following literal expressions can also be used in
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.I char-class
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to specify sets of characters:
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.sp
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\ \ [:alnum:]\ \ [:cntrl:]\ \ [:lower:]\ \ [:space:]
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.PD 0
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\ \ [:alpha:]\ \ [:digit:]\ \ [:print:]\ \ [:upper:]
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.PD 0
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\ \ [:blank:]\ \ [:graph:]\ \ [:punct:]\ \ [:xdigit:]
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.sp
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If `-' appears as the first or last
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character of
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.IR char-class ,
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then it matches itself.
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All other characters in
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.I char-class
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match themselves.
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.sp
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Patterns in
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.I char-class
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of the form:
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.sp
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\ \ [.\fIcol-elm\fR.] or,
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.PD 0
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\ \ [=\fIcol-elm\fR=]
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.sp
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where
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.I col-elm
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is a
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.I collating element
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are interpreted according to
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.IR locale (5)
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(not currently supported).
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See
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.IR regex (3)
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for an explanation of these constructs.
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.TP 8
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[^\fIchar-class\fR]
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Matches any single character, other than newline, not in
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.IR char-class .
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.IR char-class
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is defined
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as above.
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.TP 8
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^
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If `^' is the first character of a regular expression, then it
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anchors the regular expression to the beginning of a line.
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Otherwise, it matches itself.
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.TP 8
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$
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If `$' is the last character of a regular expression, it
|
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anchors the regular expression to the end of a line.
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Otherwise, it matches itself.
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.TP 8
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\fR\e<\fR
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Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression
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immediately following it to the beginning of a word.
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(This may not be available)
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.TP 8
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\fR\e>\fR
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Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression
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immediately following it to the end of a word.
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(This may not be available)
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.TP 8
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\fR\e(\fIre\fR\e)\fR
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Defines a subexpression
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.IR re .
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Subexpressions may be nested.
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A subsequent backreference of the form \fI`\en'\fR, where
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.I n
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is a number in the range [1,9], expands to the text matched by the
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.IR n th
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subexpression.
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For example, the regular expression `\e(.*\e)\e1' matches any string
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consisting of identical adjacent substrings.
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Subexpressions are ordered relative to
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their left delimiter.
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.TP 8
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*
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Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression
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immediately preceding it zero or more times. If '*' is the first
|
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character of a regular expression or subexpression, then it matches
|
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itself. The `*' operator sometimes yields unexpected results.
|
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For example, the regular expression `b*' matches the beginning of
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the string `abbb' (as opposed to the substring `bbb'), since a null match
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is the only left-most match.
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.TP 8
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\fR\e{\fIn,m\fR\e}\fR or \fR\e{\fIn,\fR\e}\fR or \fR\e{\fIn\fR\e}\fR
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Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression
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immediately preceding it at least
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.I n
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and at most
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.I m
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times.
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If
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.I m
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is omitted, then it matches at least
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.I n
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times.
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If the comma is also omitted, then it matches exactly
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.I n
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times.
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.LP
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Additional regular expression operators may be defined depending on the
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particular
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.IR regex (3)
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implementation.
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.SS COMMANDS
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All
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.B ed
|
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commands are single characters, though some require additonal parameters.
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If a command's parameters extend over several lines, then
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each line except for the last
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must be terminated with a backslash (\\).
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In general, at most one command is allowed per line.
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However, most commands accept a print suffix, which is any of
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.I `p'
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(print),
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.I `l'
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(list) ,
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or
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.I `n'
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(enumerate),
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to print the last line affected by the command.
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An interrupt (typically ^C) has the effect of aborting the current command
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and returning the editor to command mode.
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.B ed
|
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recognizes the following commands. The commands are shown together with
|
|
the default address or address range supplied if none is
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specified (in parenthesis).
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|
.TP 8
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(.)a
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Appends text to the buffer after the addressed line.
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Text is entered in input mode.
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The current address is set to last line entered.
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.TP 8
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(.,.)c
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Changes lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are deleted
|
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from the buffer, and text is appended in their place.
|
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Text is entered in input mode.
|
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The current address is set to last line entered.
|
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|
.TP 8
|
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(.,.)d
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Deletes the addressed lines from the buffer.
|
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If there is a line after the deleted range, then the current address is set
|
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to this line. Otherwise the current address is set to the line
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before the deleted range.
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|
.TP 8
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.RI e \ file
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Edits
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.IR file ,
|
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and sets the default filename.
|
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If
|
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.I file
|
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is not specified, then the default filename is used.
|
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Any lines in the buffer are deleted before
|
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the new file is read.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line read.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
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.RI e \ !command
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Edits the standard output of
|
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.IR `!command' ,
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executed as described below.
|
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The default filename is unchanged.
|
|
Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the output of
|
|
.I command
|
|
is read.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line read.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
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.RI E \ file
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Edits
|
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.I file
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unconditionally.
|
|
This is similar to the
|
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.I e
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command,
|
|
except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line read.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
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.RI f \ file
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Sets the default filename to
|
|
.IR file .
|
|
If
|
|
.I file
|
|
is not specified, then the default unescaped filename is printed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
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|
.RI (1,$)g /re/command-list
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|
Applies
|
|
.I command-list
|
|
to each of the addressed lines matching a regular expression
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|
.IR re .
|
|
The current address is set to the
|
|
line currently matched before
|
|
.I command-list
|
|
is executed.
|
|
At the end of the
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
command, the current address is set to the last line affected by
|
|
.IR command-list .
|
|
|
|
Each command in
|
|
.I command-list
|
|
must be on a separate line,
|
|
and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash
|
|
(\\).
|
|
Any commands are allowed, except for
|
|
.IR `g' ,
|
|
.IR `G' ,
|
|
.IR `v' ,
|
|
and
|
|
.IR `V' .
|
|
A newline alone in
|
|
.I command-list
|
|
is equivalent to a
|
|
.I `p'
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)G /re/
|
|
Interactively edits the addressed lines matching a regular expression
|
|
.IR re.
|
|
For each matching line,
|
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the line is printed,
|
|
the current address is set,
|
|
and the user is prompted to enter a
|
|
.IR command-list .
|
|
At the end of the
|
|
.I `G'
|
|
command, the current address
|
|
is set to the last line affected by (the last)
|
|
.IR command-list .
|
|
|
|
The format of
|
|
.I command-list
|
|
is the same as that of the
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
command. A newline alone acts as a null command list.
|
|
A single `&' repeats the last non-null command list.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
H
|
|
Toggles the printing of error explanations.
|
|
By default, explanations are not printed.
|
|
It is recommended that ed scripts begin with this command to
|
|
aid in debugging.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
h
|
|
Prints an explanation of the last error.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.)i
|
|
Inserts text in the buffer before the current line.
|
|
Text is entered in input mode.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line entered.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.+1)j
|
|
Joins the addressed lines. The addressed lines are
|
|
deleted from the buffer and replaced by a single
|
|
line containing their joined text.
|
|
The current address is set to the resultant line.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (.)k lc
|
|
Marks a line with a lower case letter
|
|
.IR lc .
|
|
The line can then be addressed as
|
|
.I 'lc
|
|
(i.e., a single quote followed by
|
|
.I lc
|
|
) in subsequent commands. The mark is not cleared until the line is
|
|
deleted or otherwise modified.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)l
|
|
Prints the addressed lines unambiguously.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line
|
|
printed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)m(.)
|
|
Moves lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are moved to after the
|
|
right-hand destination address, which may be the address
|
|
.IR 0
|
|
(zero).
|
|
The current address is set to the
|
|
last line moved.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)n
|
|
Prints the addressed lines along with
|
|
their line numbers. The current address is set to the last line
|
|
printed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)p
|
|
Prints the addressed lines. The current address is set to the last line
|
|
printed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
P
|
|
Toggles the command prompt on and off.
|
|
Unless a prompt was specified by with command-line option
|
|
\fI-p string\fR, the command prompt is by default turned off.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
q
|
|
Quits ed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
Q
|
|
Quits ed unconditionally.
|
|
This is similar to the
|
|
.I q
|
|
command,
|
|
except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI ($)r \ file
|
|
Reads
|
|
.I file
|
|
to after the addressed line. If
|
|
.I file
|
|
is not specified, then the default
|
|
filename is used. If there was no default filename prior to the command,
|
|
then the default filename is set to
|
|
.IR file .
|
|
Otherwise, the default filename is unchanged.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line read.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI ($)r \ !command
|
|
Reads
|
|
to after the addressed line
|
|
the standard output of
|
|
.IR `!command' ,
|
|
executed as described below.
|
|
The default filename is unchanged.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line read.
|
|
|
|
.HP
|
|
.RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.HP
|
|
.RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/\fRg\fR
|
|
.HP
|
|
.RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/n
|
|
.br
|
|
Replaces text in the addressed lines
|
|
matching a regular expression
|
|
.I re
|
|
with
|
|
.IR replacement .
|
|
By default, only the first match in each line is replaced.
|
|
The
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
(global) suffix causes every match to be replaced.
|
|
The
|
|
.I `n'
|
|
suffix, where
|
|
.I n
|
|
is a postive number, causes only the
|
|
.IR n th
|
|
match to be replaced.
|
|
It is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed
|
|
lines.
|
|
The current address is set the last line affected.
|
|
|
|
.I re
|
|
and
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
may be delimited by any character other than space and newline.
|
|
If one or two of the last delimiters is omitted, then the last line
|
|
affected is printed as though the print suffix
|
|
.I `p'
|
|
were specified.
|
|
|
|
|
|
An unescaped `&' in
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
is replaced by the currently matched text.
|
|
The character sequence
|
|
\fI`\em'\fR,
|
|
where
|
|
.I m
|
|
is a number in the range [1,9], is replaced by the
|
|
.IR m th
|
|
backreference expression of the matched text.
|
|
If
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
consists of a single `%', then
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
from the last substitution is used.
|
|
Newlines may be embedded in
|
|
.I replacement
|
|
if they are escaped with a backslash (\\).
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)s
|
|
Repeats the last substitution.
|
|
This form of the
|
|
.I `s'
|
|
command may be suffixed with
|
|
any combination of the characters
|
|
.IR `r' ,
|
|
.IR `g' ,
|
|
and
|
|
.IR `p' .
|
|
The
|
|
.I `r'
|
|
suffix causes
|
|
the regular expression of the last search to be used instead of the
|
|
that of the last substitution.
|
|
The
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
suffix toggles the global suffix of the last substitution.
|
|
The
|
|
.I `p'
|
|
suffix toggles the print suffix of the last substitution
|
|
The current address is set to the last line affected.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.,.)t(.)
|
|
Copies (i.e., transfers) the addressed lines to after the right-hand
|
|
destination address, which may be the address
|
|
.IR 0
|
|
(zero).
|
|
The current address is set to the last line
|
|
copied.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
u
|
|
Undoes the last command and restores the current address
|
|
to what it was before the command.
|
|
The global commands
|
|
.IR `g' ,
|
|
.IR `G' ,
|
|
.IR `v' ,
|
|
and
|
|
.IR `V' .
|
|
are treated as a single command by undo.
|
|
.I `u'
|
|
is its own inverse.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)v /pat/command-list
|
|
Applies
|
|
.I command-list
|
|
to each of the addressed lines not matching a regular expression
|
|
.IR re .
|
|
This is similar to the
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)V /re/
|
|
Interactively edits the addressed lines not matching a regular expression
|
|
.IR re.
|
|
This is similar to the
|
|
.I `G'
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)w \ file
|
|
Writes the addressed lines to
|
|
.IR file .
|
|
Any previous contents of
|
|
.I file
|
|
is lost without warning.
|
|
If there is no default filename, then the default filename is set to
|
|
.IR file,
|
|
otherwise it is unchanged. If no filename is specified, then the default
|
|
filename is used.
|
|
The current address is unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)wq \ file
|
|
Writes the addressed lines to
|
|
.IR file ,
|
|
and then executes a
|
|
.I `q'
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)w \ !command
|
|
Writes the addressed lines to the standard input of
|
|
.IR `!command' ,
|
|
executed as described below.
|
|
The default filename and current address are unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (1,$)W \ file
|
|
Appends the addressed lines to the end of
|
|
.IR file .
|
|
This is similar to the
|
|
.I `w'
|
|
command, expect that the previous contents of file is not clobbered.
|
|
The current address is unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
x
|
|
Prompts for an encryption key which is used in subsequent reads and
|
|
writes. If a newline alone is entered as the key, then encryption is
|
|
turned off. Otherwise, echoing is disabled while a key is read.
|
|
Encryption/decryption is done using the bdes(1) algorithm.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (.+1)z n
|
|
Scrolls
|
|
.I n
|
|
lines at a time starting at addressed line. If
|
|
.I n
|
|
is not specified, then the current window size is used.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line printed.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI ! command
|
|
Executes
|
|
.I command
|
|
via
|
|
.IR sh (1).
|
|
If the first character of
|
|
.I command
|
|
is `!', then it is replaced by text of the
|
|
previous
|
|
.IR `!command' .
|
|
.B ed
|
|
does not process
|
|
.I command
|
|
for backslash (\\) escapes.
|
|
However, an unescaped
|
|
.I `%'
|
|
is replaced by the default filename.
|
|
When the shell returns from execution, a `!'
|
|
is printed to the standard output.
|
|
The current line is unchanged.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
.RI (.,.)! command
|
|
Replaces the addressed lines with the output of
|
|
.I `!command'
|
|
as described above.
|
|
The current address is set to the last line read.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
($)=
|
|
Prints the line number of the addressed line.
|
|
|
|
.TP 8
|
|
(.+1)newline
|
|
Prints the addressed line, and sets the current address to
|
|
that line.
|
|
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
.TP 20
|
|
/tmp/ed.*
|
|
Buffer file
|
|
.PD 0
|
|
.TP 20
|
|
ed.hup
|
|
The file to which
|
|
.B ed
|
|
attempts to write the buffer if the terminal hangs up.
|
|
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
|
|
|
.IR vi (1),
|
|
.IR sed (1),
|
|
.IR regex (3),
|
|
.IR bdes (1),
|
|
.IR sh (1).
|
|
|
|
USD:12-13
|
|
|
|
B. W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger,
|
|
.I Software Tools in Pascal ,
|
|
Addison-Wesley, 1981.
|
|
|
|
.SH LIMITATIONS
|
|
.B ed
|
|
processes
|
|
.I file
|
|
arguments for backslash escapes, i.e., in a filename,
|
|
any characters preceded by a backslash (\\) are
|
|
interpreted literally.
|
|
|
|
If a text (non-binary) file is not terminated by a newline character,
|
|
then
|
|
.B ed
|
|
appends one on reading/writing it. In the case of a binary file,
|
|
.B ed
|
|
does not append a newline on reading/writing.
|
|
|
|
per line overhead: 4 ints
|
|
|
|
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
|
|
When an error occurs,
|
|
.B ed
|
|
prints a `?' and either returns to command mode
|
|
or exits if its input is from a script.
|
|
An explanation of the last error can be
|
|
printed with the
|
|
.I `h'
|
|
(help) command.
|
|
|
|
Since the
|
|
.I `g'
|
|
(global) command masks any errors from failed searches and substitutions,
|
|
it can be used to perform conditional operations in scripts; e.g.,
|
|
.sp
|
|
.RS
|
|
g/\fIold\fR/s//\fInew\fR/
|
|
.RE
|
|
.sp
|
|
replaces any occurrences of
|
|
.I old
|
|
with
|
|
.IR new .
|
|
If the
|
|
.I `u'
|
|
(undo) command occurs in a global command list, then
|
|
the command list is executed only once.
|
|
|
|
If diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit
|
|
.B ed
|
|
or edit another file before writing a modified buffer
|
|
results in an error.
|
|
If the command is entered a second time, it succeeds,
|
|
but any changes to the buffer are lost.
|