298 lines
8.9 KiB
Groff
298 lines
8.9 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)fsck.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/11/93
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.\"
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.Dd December 11, 1993
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.Dt FSCK 8
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.Os BSD 4
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm fsck
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.Nd filesystem consistency check and interactive repair
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm fsck
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.Fl p
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.Op Fl f
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.Op Fl m Ar mode
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.Nm fsck
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.Op Fl b Ar block#
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.Op Fl c Ar level
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.Op Fl l Ar maxparallel
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.Op Fl y
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.Op Fl n
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.Op Fl m Ar mode
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.Op Ar filesystem
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.Ar ...
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The first form of
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.Nm fsck
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preens a standard set of filesystems or the specified filesystems.
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It is normally used in the script
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.Pa /etc/rc
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during automatic reboot.
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Here
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.Nm fsck
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reads the table
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.Pa /etc/fstab
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to determine which filesystems to check.
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Only partitions in fstab that are mounted ``rw,'' ``rq'' or ``ro''
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and that have non-zero pass number are checked.
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Filesystems with pass number 1 (normally just the root filesystem)
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are checked one at a time.
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When pass 1 completes, all remaining filesystems are checked,
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running one process per disk drive.
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The disk drive containing each filesystem is inferred from the longest prefix
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of the device name that ends in a digit; the remaining characters are assumed
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to be the partition designator.
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.Pp
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The clean flag of each filesystem's superblock is examined and only those filesystems that
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are not marked clean are checked. If the
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.Fl f
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option is specified, the filesystems
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will be checked regardless of the state of their clean flag.
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.Pp
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The kernel takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous filesystem
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inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
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These are limited to the following:
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.Bl -item -compact
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.It
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Unreferenced inodes
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.It
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Link counts in inodes too large
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.It
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Missing blocks in the free map
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.It
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Blocks in the free map also in files
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.It
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Counts in the super-block wrong
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.El
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.Pp
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These are the only inconsistencies that
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.Nm fsck
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with the
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.Fl p
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option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
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with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
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For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
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identifying the filesystem on which the correction will take place,
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and the nature of the correction. After successfully correcting a filesystem,
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.Nm fsck
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will print the number of files on that filesystem,
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the number of used and free blocks,
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and the percentage of fragmentation.
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.Pp
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If sent a
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.Dv QUIT
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signal,
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.Nm fsck
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will finish the filesystem checks, then exit with an abnormal
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return status that causes an automatic reboot to fail.
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This is useful when you want to finish the filesystem checks during an
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automatic reboot,
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but do not want the machine to come up multiuser after the checks complete.
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.Pp
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Without the
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.Fl p
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option,
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.Nm fsck
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audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for filesystems.
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If the filesystem is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
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before each correction is attempted.
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It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
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correctable under the
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.Fl p
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option will result in some loss of data.
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The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
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output.
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The default action for each consistency correction
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is to wait for the operator to respond
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.Li yes
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or
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.Li no .
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If the operator does not have write permission on the filesystem
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.Nm fsck
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will default to a
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.Fl n
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action.
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.Pp
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.Nm Fsck
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has more consistency checks than
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its predecessors
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.Em check , dcheck , fcheck ,
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and
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.Em icheck
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combined.
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.Pp
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The following flags are interpreted by
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.Nm fsck .
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl b
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Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
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the super block for the filesystem. Block 32 is usually
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an alternate super block.
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.It Fl l
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Limit the number of parallel checks to the number specified in the following
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argument.
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By default, the limit is the number of disks, running one process per disk.
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If a smaller limit is given, the disks are checked round-robin, one filesystem
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at a time.
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.It Fl m
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Use the mode specified in octal immediately after the flag as the
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permission bits to use when creating the
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.Pa lost+found
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directory rather than the default 1777.
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In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
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by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
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set of permissions such as 700.
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.It Fl y
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Assume a yes response to all questions asked by
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.Nm fsck ;
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this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
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to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
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.It Fl n
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Assume a no response to all questions asked by
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.Nm fsck
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except for
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.Ql CONTINUE? ,
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which is assumed to be affirmative;
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do not open the filesystem for writing.
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.It Fl c
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Convert the filesystem to the specified level.
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Note that the level of a filesystem can only be raised.
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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There are currently three levels defined:
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.It 0
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The filesystem is in the old (static table) format.
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.It 1
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The filesystem is in the new (dynamic table) format.
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.It 2
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The filesystem supports 32-bit uid's and gid's,
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short symbolic links are stored in the inode,
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and directories have an added field showing the file type.
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.El
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.Pp
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In interactive mode,
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.Nm fsck
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will list the conversion to be made
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and ask whether the conversion should be done.
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If a negative answer is given,
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no further operations are done on the filesystem.
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In preen mode,
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the conversion is listed and done if
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possible without user interaction.
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Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the filesystems
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are being converted at once.
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The format of a filesystem can be determined from the
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first line of output from
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.Xr dumpfs 8 .
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.El
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.Pp
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If no filesystems are given to
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.Nm fsck
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then a default list of filesystems is read from
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the file
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.Pa /etc/fstab .
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.Pp
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.Bl -enum -indent indent -compact
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Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
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.It
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Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
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.It
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Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the filesystem.
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.It
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Incorrect link counts.
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.It
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Size checks:
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.Bl -item -indent indent -compact
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.It
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Directory size not a multiple of DIRBLKSIZ.
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.It
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Partially truncated file.
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.El
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.It
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Bad inode format.
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.It
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Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
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.It
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Directory checks:
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.Bl -item -indent indent -compact
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.It
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File pointing to unallocated inode.
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.It
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Inode number out of range.
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.It
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Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
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or having the wrong inode number.
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.El
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.It
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Super Block checks:
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.Bl -item -indent indent -compact
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.It
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More blocks for inodes than there are in the filesystem.
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.It
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Bad free block map format.
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.It
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Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
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.El
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.El
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.Pp
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Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
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with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
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placing them in the
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.Pa lost+found
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directory.
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The name assigned is the inode number.
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If the
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.Pa lost+found
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directory does not exist, it is created.
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If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
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.Pp
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Because of inconsistencies between the block device and the buffer cache,
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the raw device should always be used.
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width /etc/fstab -compact
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.It Pa /etc/fstab
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contains default list of filesystems to check.
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.El
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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The diagnostics produced by
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.Nm fsck
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are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
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.Rs
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.%T "Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program"
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.Re
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr fstab 5 ,
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.Xr fs 5 ,
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.Xr newfs 8 ,
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.Xr mkfs 8 ,
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.Xr reboot 8
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