freebsd kernel with SKQ
459d04a5ee
The existing implementations of POSIX tsearch() and tdelete() don't attempt to perform any balancing at all. Testing reveals that inserting 100k nodes into a tree sequentially takes approximately one minute on my system. Though most other BSDs also don't use any balanced tree internally, C libraries like glibc and musl do provide better implementations. glibc uses a red-black tree and musl uses an AVL tree. Red-black trees have the advantage over AVL trees that they only require O(1) rotations after insertion and deletion, but have the disadvantage that the tree has a maximum depth of 2*log2(n) instead of 1.44*log2(n). My take is that it's better to focus on having a lower maximum depth, for the reason that in the case of tsearch() the invocation of the comparator likely dominates the running time. This change replaces the tsearch() and tdelete() functions by versions that create an AVL tree. Compared to musl's implementation, this version is different in two different ways: - We don't keep track of heights; just balances. This is sufficient. This has the advantage that it reduces the number of nodes that are being accessed. Storing heights requires us to also access all of the siblings along the path. - Don't use any recursion at all. We know that the tree cannot 2^64 elements in size, so the height of the tree can never be larger than 96. Use a 128-bit bitmask to keep track of the path that is computed. This allows us to iterate over the same path twice, meaning we can apply rotations from top to bottom. Inserting 100k nodes into a tree now only takes 0.015 seconds. Insertion seems to be twice as fast as glibc, whereas deletion has about the same performance. Unlike glibc, it uses a fixed amount of memory. I also experimented with both recursive and iterative bottom-up implementations of the same algorithm. This iterative top-down version performs similar to the recursive bottom-up version in terms of speed and code size. For some reason, the iterative bottom-up algorithm was actually 30% faster for deletion, but has a quadratic memory complexity to keep track of all the parent pointers. Reviewed by: jilles Obtained from: https://github.com/NuxiNL/cloudlibc Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D4412 |
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| bin | ||
| cddl | ||
| contrib | ||
| crypto | ||
| etc | ||
| gnu | ||
| include | ||
| kerberos5 | ||
| lib | ||
| libexec | ||
| release | ||
| rescue | ||
| sbin | ||
| secure | ||
| share | ||
| sys | ||
| targets | ||
| tests | ||
| tools | ||
| usr.bin | ||
| usr.sbin | ||
| .arcconfig | ||
| .arclint | ||
| COPYRIGHT | ||
| LOCKS | ||
| MAINTAINERS | ||
| Makefile | ||
| Makefile.inc1 | ||
| ObsoleteFiles.inc | ||
| README | ||
| UPDATING | ||
This is the top level of the FreeBSD source directory. This file was last revised on: $FreeBSD$ For copyright information, please see the file COPYRIGHT in this directory (additional copyright information also exists for some sources in this tree - please see the specific source directories for more information). The Makefile in this directory supports a number of targets for building components (or all) of the FreeBSD source tree. See build(7) and http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/makeworld.html for more information, including setting make(1) variables. The `buildkernel` and `installkernel` targets build and install the kernel and the modules (see below). Please see the top of the Makefile in this directory for more information on the standard build targets and compile-time flags. Building a kernel is a somewhat more involved process. See build(7), config(8), and http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/kernelconfig.html for more information. Note: If you want to build and install the kernel with the `buildkernel` and `installkernel` targets, you might need to build world before. More information is available in the handbook. The kernel configuration files reside in the sys/<arch>/conf sub-directory. GENERIC is the default configuration used in release builds. NOTES contains entries and documentation for all possible devices, not just those commonly used. Source Roadmap: --------------- bin System/user commands. cddl Various commands and libraries under the Common Development and Distribution License. contrib Packages contributed by 3rd parties. crypto Cryptography stuff (see crypto/README). etc Template files for /etc. games Amusements. gnu Various commands and libraries under the GNU Public License. Please see gnu/COPYING* for more information. include System include files. kerberos5 Kerberos5 (Heimdal) package. lib System libraries. libexec System daemons. release Release building Makefile & associated tools. rescue Build system for statically linked /rescue utilities. sbin System commands. secure Cryptographic libraries and commands. share Shared resources. sys Kernel sources. tests Regression tests which can be run by Kyua. See tests/README for additional information. tools Utilities for regression testing and miscellaneous tasks. usr.bin User commands. usr.sbin System administration commands. For information on synchronizing your source tree with one or more of the FreeBSD Project's development branches, please see: http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/synching.html