690 lines
21 KiB
Groff
690 lines
21 KiB
Groff
.\" $OpenBSD: ssh-keygen.1,v 1.106 2011/04/13 04:09:37 djm Exp $
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
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.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
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.\" All rights reserved
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.\"
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.\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
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.\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this
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.\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
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.\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
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.\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
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.\"
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
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.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
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.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
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.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
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.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
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.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
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.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
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.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.Dd April 13, 2011
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.Dt SSH-KEYGEN 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Nd authentication key generation, management and conversion
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Bk -words
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Op Fl q
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.Op Fl b Ar bits
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.Fl t Ar type
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.Op Fl N Ar new_passphrase
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.Op Fl C Ar comment
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.Op Fl f Ar output_keyfile
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl p
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.Op Fl P Ar old_passphrase
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.Op Fl N Ar new_passphrase
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.Op Fl f Ar keyfile
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl i
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.Op Fl m Ar key_format
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.Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl e
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.Op Fl m Ar key_format
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.Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl y
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.Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl c
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.Op Fl P Ar passphrase
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.Op Fl C Ar comment
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.Op Fl f Ar keyfile
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl l
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.Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl B
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.Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl D Ar pkcs11
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl F Ar hostname
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.Op Fl f Ar known_hosts_file
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.Op Fl l
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl H
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.Op Fl f Ar known_hosts_file
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl R Ar hostname
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.Op Fl f Ar known_hosts_file
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl r Ar hostname
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.Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile
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.Op Fl g
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl G Ar output_file
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.Op Fl v
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.Op Fl b Ar bits
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.Op Fl M Ar memory
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.Op Fl S Ar start_point
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl T Ar output_file
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.Fl f Ar input_file
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.Op Fl v
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.Op Fl a Ar num_trials
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.Op Fl W Ar generator
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl s Ar ca_key
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.Fl I Ar certificate_identity
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.Op Fl h
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.Op Fl n Ar principals
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.Op Fl O Ar option
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.Op Fl V Ar validity_interval
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.Op Fl z Ar serial_number
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.Ar
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl L
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.Op Fl f Ar input_keyfile
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.Nm ssh-keygen
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.Fl A
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.Ek
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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generates, manages and converts authentication keys for
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.Xr ssh 1 .
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.Nm
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can create RSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 1 and DSA, ECDSA or RSA
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keys for use by SSH protocol version 2.
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The type of key to be generated is specified with the
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.Fl t
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option.
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If invoked without any arguments,
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.Nm
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will generate an RSA key for use in SSH protocol 2 connections.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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is also used to generate groups for use in Diffie-Hellman group
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exchange (DH-GEX).
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See the
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.Sx MODULI GENERATION
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section for details.
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.Pp
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Normally each user wishing to use SSH
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with public key authentication runs this once to create the authentication
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key in
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.Pa ~/.ssh/identity ,
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.Pa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa ,
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.Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa
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or
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.Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa .
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Additionally, the system administrator may use this to generate host keys,
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as seen in
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.Pa /etc/rc .
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.Pp
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Normally this program generates the key and asks for a file in which
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to store the private key.
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The public key is stored in a file with the same name but
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.Dq .pub
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appended.
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The program also asks for a passphrase.
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The passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase
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(host keys must have an empty passphrase), or it may be a string of
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arbitrary length.
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A passphrase is similar to a password, except it can be a phrase with a
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series of words, punctuation, numbers, whitespace, or any string of
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characters you want.
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Good passphrases are 10-30 characters long, are
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not simple sentences or otherwise easily guessable (English
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prose has only 1-2 bits of entropy per character, and provides very bad
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passphrases), and contain a mix of upper and lowercase letters,
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numbers, and non-alphanumeric characters.
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The passphrase can be changed later by using the
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.Fl p
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option.
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.Pp
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There is no way to recover a lost passphrase.
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If the passphrase is lost or forgotten, a new key must be generated
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and the corresponding public key copied to other machines.
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.Pp
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For RSA1 keys,
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there is also a comment field in the key file that is only for
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convenience to the user to help identify the key.
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The comment can tell what the key is for, or whatever is useful.
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The comment is initialized to
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.Dq user@host
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when the key is created, but can be changed using the
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.Fl c
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option.
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.Pp
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After a key is generated, instructions below detail where the keys
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should be placed to be activated.
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Fl A
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For each of the key types (rsa1, rsa, dsa and ecdsa) for which host keys
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do not exist, generate the host keys with the default key file path,
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an empty passphrase, default bits for the key type, and default comment.
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This is used by
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.Pa /etc/rc
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to generate new host keys.
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.It Fl a Ar trials
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Specifies the number of primality tests to perform when screening DH-GEX
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candidates using the
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.Fl T
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command.
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.It Fl B
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Show the bubblebabble digest of specified private or public key file.
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.It Fl b Ar bits
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Specifies the number of bits in the key to create.
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For RSA keys, the minimum size is 768 bits and the default is 2048 bits.
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Generally, 2048 bits is considered sufficient.
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DSA keys must be exactly 1024 bits as specified by FIPS 186-2.
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For ECDSA keys, the
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.Fl b
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flag determines they key length by selecting from one of three elliptic
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curve sizes: 256, 384 or 521 bits.
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Attempting to use bit lengths other than these three values for ECDSA keys
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will fail.
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.It Fl C Ar comment
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Provides a new comment.
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.It Fl c
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Requests changing the comment in the private and public key files.
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This operation is only supported for RSA1 keys.
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The program will prompt for the file containing the private keys, for
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the passphrase if the key has one, and for the new comment.
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.It Fl D Ar pkcs11
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Download the RSA public keys provided by the PKCS#11 shared library
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.Ar pkcs11 .
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When used in combination with
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.Fl s ,
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this option indicates that a CA key resides in a PKCS#11 token (see the
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.Sx CERTIFICATES
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section for details).
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.It Fl e
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This option will read a private or public OpenSSH key file and
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print to stdout the key in one of the formats specified by the
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.Fl m
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option.
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The default export format is
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.Dq RFC4716 .
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This option allows exporting OpenSSH keys for use by other programs, including
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several commercial SSH implementations.
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.It Fl F Ar hostname
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Search for the specified
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.Ar hostname
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in a
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.Pa known_hosts
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file, listing any occurrences found.
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This option is useful to find hashed host names or addresses and may also be
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used in conjunction with the
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.Fl H
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option to print found keys in a hashed format.
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.It Fl f Ar filename
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Specifies the filename of the key file.
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.It Fl G Ar output_file
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Generate candidate primes for DH-GEX.
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These primes must be screened for
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safety (using the
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.Fl T
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option) before use.
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.It Fl g
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Use generic DNS format when printing fingerprint resource records using the
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.Fl r
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command.
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.It Fl H
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Hash a
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.Pa known_hosts
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file.
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This replaces all hostnames and addresses with hashed representations
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within the specified file; the original content is moved to a file with
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a .old suffix.
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These hashes may be used normally by
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.Nm ssh
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and
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.Nm sshd ,
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but they do not reveal identifying information should the file's contents
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be disclosed.
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This option will not modify existing hashed hostnames and is therefore safe
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to use on files that mix hashed and non-hashed names.
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.It Fl h
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When signing a key, create a host certificate instead of a user
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certificate.
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Please see the
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.Sx CERTIFICATES
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section for details.
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.It Fl I Ar certificate_identity
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Specify the key identity when signing a public key.
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Please see the
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.Sx CERTIFICATES
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section for details.
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.It Fl i
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This option will read an unencrypted private (or public) key file
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in the format specified by the
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.Fl m
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option and print an OpenSSH compatible private
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(or public) key to stdout.
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This option allows importing keys from other software, including several
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commercial SSH implementations.
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The default import format is
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.Dq RFC4716 .
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.It Fl L
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Prints the contents of a certificate.
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.It Fl l
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Show fingerprint of specified public key file.
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Private RSA1 keys are also supported.
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For RSA and DSA keys
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.Nm
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tries to find the matching public key file and prints its fingerprint.
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If combined with
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.Fl v ,
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an ASCII art representation of the key is supplied with the fingerprint.
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.It Fl M Ar memory
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Specify the amount of memory to use (in megabytes) when generating
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candidate moduli for DH-GEX.
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.It Fl m Ar key_format
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Specify a key format for the
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.Fl i
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(import) or
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.Fl e
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(export) conversion options.
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The supported key formats are:
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.Dq RFC4716
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(RFC 4716/SSH2 public or private key),
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.Dq PKCS8
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(PEM PKCS8 public key)
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or
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.Dq PEM
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(PEM public key).
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The default conversion format is
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.Dq RFC4716 .
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.It Fl N Ar new_passphrase
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Provides the new passphrase.
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.It Fl n Ar principals
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Specify one or more principals (user or host names) to be included in
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a certificate when signing a key.
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Multiple principals may be specified, separated by commas.
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Please see the
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.Sx CERTIFICATES
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section for details.
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.It Fl O Ar option
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Specify a certificate option when signing a key.
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This option may be specified multiple times.
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Please see the
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.Sx CERTIFICATES
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section for details.
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The options that are valid for user certificates are:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Ic clear
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Clear all enabled permissions.
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This is useful for clearing the default set of permissions so permissions may
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be added individually.
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.It Ic force-command Ns = Ns Ar command
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Forces the execution of
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.Ar command
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instead of any shell or command specified by the user when
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the certificate is used for authentication.
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.It Ic no-agent-forwarding
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Disable
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.Xr ssh-agent 1
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forwarding (permitted by default).
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.It Ic no-port-forwarding
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Disable port forwarding (permitted by default).
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.It Ic no-pty
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Disable PTY allocation (permitted by default).
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.It Ic no-user-rc
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Disable execution of
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.Pa ~/.ssh/rc
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by
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.Xr sshd 8
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(permitted by default).
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.It Ic no-x11-forwarding
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Disable X11 forwarding (permitted by default).
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.It Ic permit-agent-forwarding
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Allows
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.Xr ssh-agent 1
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forwarding.
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.It Ic permit-port-forwarding
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Allows port forwarding.
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.It Ic permit-pty
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Allows PTY allocation.
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.It Ic permit-user-rc
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Allows execution of
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.Pa ~/.ssh/rc
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by
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.Xr sshd 8 .
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.It Ic permit-x11-forwarding
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Allows X11 forwarding.
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.It Ic source-address Ns = Ns Ar address_list
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Restrict the source addresses from which the certificate is considered valid.
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The
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.Ar address_list
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is a comma-separated list of one or more address/netmask pairs in CIDR
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format.
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.El
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.Pp
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At present, no options are valid for host keys.
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.It Fl P Ar passphrase
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Provides the (old) passphrase.
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.It Fl p
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Requests changing the passphrase of a private key file instead of
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creating a new private key.
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The program will prompt for the file
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containing the private key, for the old passphrase, and twice for the
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new passphrase.
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.It Fl q
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Silence
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.Nm ssh-keygen .
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.It Fl R Ar hostname
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Removes all keys belonging to
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.Ar hostname
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from a
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.Pa known_hosts
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file.
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This option is useful to delete hashed hosts (see the
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.Fl H
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option above).
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.It Fl r Ar hostname
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Print the SSHFP fingerprint resource record named
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.Ar hostname
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for the specified public key file.
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.It Fl S Ar start
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Specify start point (in hex) when generating candidate moduli for DH-GEX.
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.It Fl s Ar ca_key
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Certify (sign) a public key using the specified CA key.
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Please see the
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.Sx CERTIFICATES
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section for details.
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.It Fl T Ar output_file
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Test DH group exchange candidate primes (generated using the
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.Fl G
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option) for safety.
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.It Fl t Ar type
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Specifies the type of key to create.
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The possible values are
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.Dq rsa1
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for protocol version 1 and
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.Dq dsa ,
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.Dq ecdsa
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or
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.Dq rsa
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for protocol version 2.
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.It Fl V Ar validity_interval
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Specify a validity interval when signing a certificate.
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A validity interval may consist of a single time, indicating that the
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certificate is valid beginning now and expiring at that time, or may consist
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of two times separated by a colon to indicate an explicit time interval.
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The start time may be specified as a date in YYYYMMDD format, a time
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in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format or a relative time (to the current time) consisting
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of a minus sign followed by a relative time in the format described in the
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.Sx TIME FORMATS
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section of
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.Xr sshd_config 5 .
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The end time may be specified as a YYYYMMDD date, a YYYYMMDDHHMMSS time or
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a relative time starting with a plus character.
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.Pp
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For example:
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.Dq +52w1d
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(valid from now to 52 weeks and one day from now),
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.Dq -4w:+4w
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(valid from four weeks ago to four weeks from now),
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.Dq 20100101123000:20110101123000
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(valid from 12:30 PM, January 1st, 2010 to 12:30 PM, January 1st, 2011),
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.Dq -1d:20110101
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(valid from yesterday to midnight, January 1st, 2011).
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.It Fl v
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Verbose mode.
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Causes
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.Nm
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to print debugging messages about its progress.
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This is helpful for debugging moduli generation.
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Multiple
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.Fl v
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options increase the verbosity.
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The maximum is 3.
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.It Fl W Ar generator
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Specify desired generator when testing candidate moduli for DH-GEX.
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.It Fl y
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This option will read a private
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OpenSSH format file and print an OpenSSH public key to stdout.
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.It Fl z Ar serial_number
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Specifies a serial number to be embedded in the certificate to distinguish
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this certificate from others from the same CA.
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The default serial number is zero.
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.El
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.Sh MODULI GENERATION
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.Nm
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may be used to generate groups for the Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange
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(DH-GEX) protocol.
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Generating these groups is a two-step process: first, candidate
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primes are generated using a fast, but memory intensive process.
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These candidate primes are then tested for suitability (a CPU-intensive
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process).
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.Pp
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Generation of primes is performed using the
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.Fl G
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option.
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The desired length of the primes may be specified by the
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.Fl b
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option.
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For example:
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.Pp
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.Dl # ssh-keygen -G moduli-2048.candidates -b 2048
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.Pp
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By default, the search for primes begins at a random point in the
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desired length range.
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This may be overridden using the
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.Fl S
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option, which specifies a different start point (in hex).
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.Pp
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Once a set of candidates have been generated, they must be tested for
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suitability.
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This may be performed using the
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.Fl T
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option.
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In this mode
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.Nm
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|
will read candidates from standard input (or a file specified using the
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
option).
|
|
For example:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl # ssh-keygen -T moduli-2048 -f moduli-2048.candidates
|
|
.Pp
|
|
By default, each candidate will be subjected to 100 primality tests.
|
|
This may be overridden using the
|
|
.Fl a
|
|
option.
|
|
The DH generator value will be chosen automatically for the
|
|
prime under consideration.
|
|
If a specific generator is desired, it may be requested using the
|
|
.Fl W
|
|
option.
|
|
Valid generator values are 2, 3, and 5.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Screened DH groups may be installed in
|
|
.Pa /etc/moduli .
|
|
It is important that this file contains moduli of a range of bit lengths and
|
|
that both ends of a connection share common moduli.
|
|
.Sh CERTIFICATES
|
|
.Nm
|
|
supports signing of keys to produce certificates that may be used for
|
|
user or host authentication.
|
|
Certificates consist of a public key, some identity information, zero or
|
|
more principal (user or host) names and a set of options that
|
|
are signed by a Certification Authority (CA) key.
|
|
Clients or servers may then trust only the CA key and verify its signature
|
|
on a certificate rather than trusting many user/host keys.
|
|
Note that OpenSSH certificates are a different, and much simpler, format to
|
|
the X.509 certificates used in
|
|
.Xr ssl 8 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Nm
|
|
supports two types of certificates: user and host.
|
|
User certificates authenticate users to servers, whereas host certificates
|
|
authenticate server hosts to users.
|
|
To generate a user certificate:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl $ ssh-keygen -s /path/to/ca_key -I key_id /path/to/user_key.pub
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The resultant certificate will be placed in
|
|
.Pa /path/to/user_key-cert.pub .
|
|
A host certificate requires the
|
|
.Fl h
|
|
option:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl $ ssh-keygen -s /path/to/ca_key -I key_id -h /path/to/host_key.pub
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The host certificate will be output to
|
|
.Pa /path/to/host_key-cert.pub .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
It is possible to sign using a CA key stored in a PKCS#11 token by
|
|
providing the token library using
|
|
.Fl D
|
|
and identifying the CA key by providing its public half as an argument
|
|
to
|
|
.Fl s :
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key.pub -D libpkcs11.so -I key_id host_key.pub
|
|
.Pp
|
|
In all cases,
|
|
.Ar key_id
|
|
is a "key identifier" that is logged by the server when the certificate
|
|
is used for authentication.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Certificates may be limited to be valid for a set of principal (user/host)
|
|
names.
|
|
By default, generated certificates are valid for all users or hosts.
|
|
To generate a certificate for a specified set of principals:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Dl $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I key_id -n user1,user2 user_key.pub
|
|
.Dl "$ ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I key_id -h -n host.domain user_key.pub"
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Additional limitations on the validity and use of user certificates may
|
|
be specified through certificate options.
|
|
A certificate option may disable features of the SSH session, may be
|
|
valid only when presented from particular source addresses or may
|
|
force the use of a specific command.
|
|
For a list of valid certificate options, see the documentation for the
|
|
.Fl O
|
|
option above.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Finally, certificates may be defined with a validity lifetime.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl V
|
|
option allows specification of certificate start and end times.
|
|
A certificate that is presented at a time outside this range will not be
|
|
considered valid.
|
|
By default, certificates have a maximum validity interval.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
For certificates to be used for user or host authentication, the CA
|
|
public key must be trusted by
|
|
.Xr sshd 8
|
|
or
|
|
.Xr ssh 1 .
|
|
Please refer to those manual pages for details.
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/identity
|
|
Contains the protocol version 1 RSA authentication identity of the user.
|
|
This file should not be readable by anyone but the user.
|
|
It is possible to
|
|
specify a passphrase when generating the key; that passphrase will be
|
|
used to encrypt the private part of this file using 3DES.
|
|
This file is not automatically accessed by
|
|
.Nm
|
|
but it is offered as the default file for the private key.
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
will read this file when a login attempt is made.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/identity.pub
|
|
Contains the protocol version 1 RSA public key for authentication.
|
|
The contents of this file should be added to
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
|
on all machines
|
|
where the user wishes to log in using RSA authentication.
|
|
There is no need to keep the contents of this file secret.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa
|
|
Contains the protocol version 2 DSA, ECDSA or RSA authentication identity of the user.
|
|
This file should not be readable by anyone but the user.
|
|
It is possible to
|
|
specify a passphrase when generating the key; that passphrase will be
|
|
used to encrypt the private part of this file using 128-bit AES.
|
|
This file is not automatically accessed by
|
|
.Nm
|
|
but it is offered as the default file for the private key.
|
|
.Xr ssh 1
|
|
will read this file when a login attempt is made.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub
|
|
.It Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
|
|
Contains the protocol version 2 DSA, ECDSA or RSA public key for authentication.
|
|
The contents of this file should be added to
|
|
.Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
|
on all machines
|
|
where the user wishes to log in using public key authentication.
|
|
There is no need to keep the contents of this file secret.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa /etc/moduli
|
|
Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for DH-GEX.
|
|
The file format is described in
|
|
.Xr moduli 5 .
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr ssh 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh-add 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh-agent 1 ,
|
|
.Xr moduli 5 ,
|
|
.Xr sshd 8
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%R RFC 4716
|
|
.%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format"
|
|
.%D 2006
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free
|
|
ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.
|
|
Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos,
|
|
Theo de Raadt and Dug Song
|
|
removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
|
|
created OpenSSH.
|
|
Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH
|
|
protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.
|