ec1de9262d
it will be output on its own line. Ns cancels this effect however. This change is also consistent with the rest of our manual pages.
193 lines
6.1 KiB
Groff
193 lines
6.1 KiB
Groff
.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd December 17, 2004
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.Dt DIVERT 4
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm divert
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.Nd kernel packet diversion mechanism
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.In sys/types.h
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.In sys/socket.h
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.In netinet/in.h
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.Ft int
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.Fn socket PF_INET SOCK_RAW IPPROTO_DIVERT
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.Pp
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To enable support for divert sockets, place the following lines in the
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kernel configuration file:
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.Bd -ragged -offset indent
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.Cd "options IPFIREWALL"
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.Cd "options IPDIVERT"
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Alternatively, to load
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the driver
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as a module at boot time, add the following lines into the
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.Xr loader.conf 5
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file:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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ipfw_load="YES"
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ipdivert_load="YES"
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.Ed
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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Divert sockets are similar to raw IP sockets, except that they
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can be bound to a specific
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.Nm
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port via the
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.Xr bind 2
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system call.
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The IP address in the bind is ignored; only the port
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number is significant.
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A divert socket bound to a divert port will receive all packets diverted
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to that port by some (here unspecified) kernel mechanism(s).
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Packets may also be written to a divert port, in which case they
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re-enter kernel IP packet processing.
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.Pp
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Divert sockets are normally used in conjunction with
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.Fx Ns 's
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packet filtering implementation and the
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.Xr ipfw 8
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program.
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By reading from and writing to a divert socket, matching packets
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can be passed through an arbitrary ``filter'' as they travel through
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the host machine, special routing tricks can be done, etc.
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.Sh READING PACKETS
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Packets are diverted either as they are ``incoming'' or ``outgoing.''
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Incoming packets are diverted after reception on an IP interface,
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whereas outgoing packets are diverted before next hop forwarding.
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.Pp
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Diverted packets may be read unaltered via
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.Xr read 2 ,
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.Xr recv 2 ,
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or
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.Xr recvfrom 2 .
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In the latter case, the address returned will have its port set to
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some tag supplied by the packet diverter, (usually the ipfw rule number)
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and the IP address set to the (first) address of
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the interface on which the packet was received (if the packet
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was incoming) or
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.Dv INADDR_ANY
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(if the packet was outgoing).
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The interface name (if defined
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for the packet) will be placed in the 8 bytes following the address,
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if it fits.
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.Sh WRITING PACKETS
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Writing to a divert socket is similar to writing to a raw IP socket;
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the packet is injected ``as is'' into the normal kernel IP packet
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processing using
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.Xr sendto 2
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and minimal error checking is done.
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Packets are distinguished as either incoming or outgoing.
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If
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.Xr sendto 2
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is used with a destination IP address of
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.Dv INADDR_ANY ,
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then the packet is treated as if it were outgoing, i.e., destined
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for a non-local address.
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Otherwise, the packet is assumed to be
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incoming and full packet routing is done.
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.Pp
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In the latter case, the
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IP address specified must match the address of some local interface,
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or an interface name
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must be found after the IP address.
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If an interface name is found,
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that interface will be used and the value of the IP address will be
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ignored (other than the fact that it is not
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.Dv INADDR_ANY ) .
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This is to indicate on which interface the packet
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.Dq arrived .
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.Pp
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Normally, packets read as incoming should be written as incoming;
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similarly for outgoing packets.
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When reading and then writing back
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packets, passing the same socket address supplied by
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.Xr recvfrom 2
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unmodified to
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.Xr sendto 2
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simplifies things (see below).
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.Pp
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The port part of the socket address passed to the
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.Xr sendto 2
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contains a tag that should be meaningful to the diversion module.
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In the
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case of
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.Xr ipfw 8
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the tag is interpreted as the rule number
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.Em after which
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rule processing should restart.
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.Sh LOOP AVOIDANCE
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Packets written into a divert socket
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(using
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.Xr sendto 2 )
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re-enter the packet filter at the rule number
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following the tag given in the port part of the socket address, which
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is usually already set at the rule number that caused the diversion
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(not the next rule if there are several at the same number).
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If the 'tag'
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is altered to indicate an alternative re-entry point, care should be taken
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to avoid loops, where the same packet is diverted more than once at the
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same rule.
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.Sh DETAILS
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If a packet is diverted but no socket is bound to the
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port, or if
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.Dv IPDIVERT
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is not enabled or loaded in the kernel, the packet is dropped.
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.Pp
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Incoming packet fragments which get diverted are fully reassembled
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before delivery; the diversion of any one fragment causes the entire
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packet to get diverted.
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If different fragments divert to different ports,
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then which port ultimately gets chosen is unpredictable.
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.Pp
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Note that packets arriving on the divert socket by the
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.Xr ipfw 8
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.Cm tee
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action are delivered as-is and packet fragments do not get reassembled
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in this case.
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.Pp
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Packets are received and sent unchanged, except that
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packets read as outgoing have invalid IP header checksums, and
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packets written as outgoing have their IP header checksums overwritten
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with the correct value.
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Packets written as incoming and having incorrect checksums will be dropped.
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Otherwise, all header fields are unchanged (and therefore in network order).
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.Pp
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Binding to port numbers less than 1024 requires super-user access, as does
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creating a socket of type SOCK_RAW.
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.Sh ERRORS
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Writing to a divert socket can return these errors, along with
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the usual errors possible when writing raw packets:
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.Bl -tag -width Er
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.It Bq Er EINVAL
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The packet had an invalid header, or the IP options in the packet
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and the socket options set were incompatible.
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.It Bq Er EADDRNOTAVAIL
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The destination address contained an IP address not equal to
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.Dv INADDR_ANY
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that was not associated with any interface.
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.El
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr bind 2 ,
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.Xr recvfrom 2 ,
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.Xr sendto 2 ,
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.Xr socket 2 ,
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.Xr ipfw 4 ,
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.Xr ipfw 8
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.Sh AUTHORS
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.An Archie Cobbs Aq archie@FreeBSD.org ,
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Whistle Communications Corp.
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.Sh BUGS
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This is an attempt to provide a clean way for user mode processes
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to implement various IP tricks like address translation, but it
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could be cleaner, and it is too dependent on
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.Xr ipfw 8 .
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.Pp
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It is questionable whether incoming fragments should be reassembled
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before being diverted.
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For example, if only some fragments of a
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packet destined for another machine do not get routed through the
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local machine, the packet is lost.
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This should probably be
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a settable socket option in any case.
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