803 lines
16 KiB
Groff
803 lines
16 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd June 5, 1993
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.Dt HIER 7
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm hier
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.Nd layout of file systems
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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A sketch of the file system hierarchy.
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.Bl -tag -width "/stand/"
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.It Pa /
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root directory of the file system
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.It Pa /bin/
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user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
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.It Pa /boot/
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programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact
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.It Pa defaults/
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default bootstrapping configuration files; see
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.Xr loader.conf 5
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.It Pa kernel/
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pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
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at boot time).
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.It Pa modules/
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third-party loadable kernel modules;
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see
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.Xr kldstat 8
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.El
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.It Pa /cdrom/
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default mount point for CD-ROM drives
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(created by
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.Xr sysinstall 8 )
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.It Pa /compat/
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normally a link to
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.Pa /usr/compat .
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If not, then the
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.Pa /usr/compat
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comments apply
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(created by
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.Xr sysinstall 8 )
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.It Pa /dev/
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block and character device files
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
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.It Pa fd/
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file descriptor files;
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see
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.Xr \&fd 4
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.El
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.It Pa /dist/
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mount point used by
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.Xr sysinstall 8
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.It Pa /etc/
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system configuration files and scripts
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact
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.It Pa defaults/
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default system configuration files;
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see
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.Xr rc 8
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.It Pa gnats/
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gnats configuration files;
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see
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.Xr send-pr 1
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.It Pa isdn/
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isdn4bsd configuration files;
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see
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.Xr isdnd 8
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.It Pa localtime
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local timezone information;
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see
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.Xr ctime 3
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.It Pa mail/
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Sendmail control files
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.It Pa mtree/
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mtree configuration files;
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see
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.Xr mtree 8
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.It Pa namedb/
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named configuration files;
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see
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.Xr named 8
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.It Pa pam.d/
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configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
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library;
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see
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.Xr pam 8
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.It Pa periodic/
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scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
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.Xr cron 8 ;
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see
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.Xr periodic 8
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.It Pa ppp/
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ppp configuration files;
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see
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.Xr ppp 8
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.It Pa ssl/
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OpenSSL configuration files
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.El
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.It Pa /lib/
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critical system libraries needed for binaries in
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.Pa /bin
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and
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.Pa /sbin
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.It Pa /libexec/
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critical system utilites needed for binaries in
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.Pa /bin
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and
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.Pa /sbin
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.It Pa /mnt/
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empty directory commonly used by
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system administrators as a temporary mount point
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.It Pa /proc/
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process file system;
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see
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.Xr procfs 5 ,
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.Xr mount_procfs 8
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.It Pa /rescue/
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statically linked programs for emergency recovery;
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see
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.Xr rescue 8
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.It Pa /root/
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root's HOME directory
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.It Pa /sbin/
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system programs and administration utilities
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fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
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.It Pa /stand/
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programs used in a standalone environment
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.It Pa /tmp/
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temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
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.It Pa /usr/
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contains the majority of user utilities and applications
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
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.It Pa bin/
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common utilities, programming tools, and applications
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.It Pa compat/
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files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems,
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such as Linux
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(created by
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.Xr sysinstall 8 )
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.It Pa games/
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useful and semi-frivolous programs
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.It Pa include/
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standard C include files
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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.It Pa arpa/
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C include files for Internet service protocols
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.It Pa cam/
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C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
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.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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.It Pa scsi/
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The SCSI device on top of CAM
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.El
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.It Pa dev/
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C include files for programming various
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.Fx
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devices
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.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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.It Pa ic/
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Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent
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hardware circuits
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.It Pa ofw/
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OpenFirmware support
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.It Pa ppbus/
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The parallel port bus;
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see
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.Xr ppbus 4
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.It Pa usb/
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The USB subsystem
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.It Pa utopia/
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Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces;
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see
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.Xr utopia 4
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.It Pa wi/
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The
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.Xr wi 4
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WaveLAN driver
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.El
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.It Pa fs/
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.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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.It Pa fdescfs/
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per-process file descriptors file system
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.It Pa fifofs/
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.St -p1003.1
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FIFOs file system
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.It Pa msdosfs/
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MS-DOS file system
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.It Pa ntfs/
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NTFS file system
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.It Pa nullfs/
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loopback file system
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.It Pa nwfs/
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NetWare file system
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.It Pa portalfs/
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portal file system
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.It Pa procfs/
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process file system
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.It Pa smbfs/
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SMB/CIFS file system
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.It Pa udf/
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UDF file system
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.It Pa umapfs/
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alternate uid/gid mappings file system
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.It Pa unionfs
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union file system
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.El
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.It Pa g++/
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GNU C++ include files
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.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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.It Pa std/
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GNU C++ libstdc++ include files
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.El
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.It Pa isc/
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ISC utility library libisc include files
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.It Pa isofs/
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.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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.It Pa cd9660/
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iso9660 file system
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.El
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.It Pa libmilter/
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C include files for libmilter,
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the
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.Xr sendmail 8
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mail filter API
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.It Pa machine/
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machine-specific C include files
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.It Pa net/
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misc network C include files
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.It Pa netatalk/
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Appletalk protocol
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.It Pa netatm/
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ATM include files;
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see
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.Xr atm 8
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.It Pa netinet/
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C include files for Internet standard protocols;
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see
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.Xr inet 4
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.It Pa netinet6/
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C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
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see
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.Xr inet6 4
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.It Pa netipx/
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IPX/SPX protocol stacks
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.It Pa netkey/
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kernel key-management service
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.It Pa netnatm/
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NATM include files;
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see
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.Xr natm 4
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.It Pa netsmb/
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SMB/CIFS requester
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.It Pa nfs/
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C include files for NFS (Network File System)
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.It Pa objc/
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Objective C include files
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.It Pa openssl/
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OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
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.It Pa pccard/
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PC-CARD controllers
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.It Pa posix4/
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POSIX real-time extensions includes;
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see
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.Xr p1003_1b 9
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.It Pa protocols/
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C include files for Berkeley service protocols
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.It Pa readline/
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get a line from a user, with editing;
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see
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.Xr readline 3
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.It Pa rpc/
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remote procedure calls;
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see
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.Xr rpc 3
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.It Pa rpcsvc/
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definition of RPC service structures; see
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.Xr rpc 3
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.It Pa security/
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PAM; see
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.Xr pam 8
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.It Pa sys/
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system C include files (kernel data structures)
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.\" .It Pa tcl/
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.\" Tcl language;
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.\" see
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.\" .Xr Tcl n
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.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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.\" .It Pa generic/
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.\" ???
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.\" .It Pa unix/
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.\" ???
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.\" .El
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.It Pa ufs/
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C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
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.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
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.It Pa ffs/
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Fast file system
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.It Pa ufs/
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UFS file system
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.El
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.It Pa vm/
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virtual memory;
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see
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.Xr vmstat 8
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa lib/
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archive libraries
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Pa aout/
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a.out archive libraries
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.It Pa compat/
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shared libraries for compatibility
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Pa aout/
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a.out backward compatibility libraries
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.El
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa libdata/
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misc. utility data files
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Pa gcc/
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.Xr gcc 1
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configuration data
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|
.It Pa ldscripts/
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|
linker scripts;
|
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see
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.Xr ld 1
|
|
.It Pa lint/
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various prebuilt lint libraries;
|
|
see
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.Xr lint 1
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|
.It Pa stallion/
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firmware images for Stallion serial controllers; see
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.Xr stl 4
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa libexec/
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system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Pa aout/
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utilities to manipulate a.out executables
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.It Pa elf/
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utilities to manipulate ELF executables
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.It Pa lpr/
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utilities and filters for LP print system;
|
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see
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.Xr lpr 1
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.It Pa sendmail/
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the
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.Xr sendmail 8
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binary;
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see
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.Xr mailwrapper 8
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.It Pa sm.bin/
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restricted shell for
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.Xr sendmail 8 ;
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see
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.Xr smrsh 8
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa local/
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local executables, libraries, etc.
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Also used as the default destination for the
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.Fx
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ports framework.
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Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
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.Nm
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for /usr
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should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
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rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
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and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
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.It Pa obj/
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architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
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.It Pa ports/
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The
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.Fx
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ports collection (optional).
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.It Pa sbin/
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system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
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.It Pa share/
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architecture-independent files
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
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.It Pa calendar/
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a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
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see
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.Xr calendar 1
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.It Pa dict/
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word lists;
|
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see
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.Xr look 1
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Pa freebsd
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.Fx Ns -specific
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terms, proper names, and jargon
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.It Pa words
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common words
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.It Pa web2
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words from Webster's 2nd International
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.It Pa papers/
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|
reference databases;
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see
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.Xr refer 1
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa doc/
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|
miscellaneous documentation;
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source for most of the printed
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.Bx
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manuals (available
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from the
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.Tn USENIX
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association)
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Pa FAQ/
|
|
Frequently Asked Questions
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.It Pa IPv6/
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|
implementation notes for IPv6
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|
.It Pa bind/
|
|
documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
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|
.It Pa es/
|
|
Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
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.It Pa handbook/
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.Fx
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Handbook
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|
.It Pa ja/
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|
Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
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|
.It Pa ncurses/
|
|
HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
|
|
see
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.Xr ncurses 3X
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|
.It Pa ntp/
|
|
HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
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|
.It Pa papers/
|
|
UNIX Papers
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|
.It Pa psd/
|
|
UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
|
|
.It Pa ru/
|
|
Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
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|
.It Pa smm/
|
|
UNIX System Manager's Manual
|
|
.It Pa tutorials/
|
|
.Fx
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|
tutorials
|
|
.It Pa usd/
|
|
UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
|
|
.It Pa zh/
|
|
Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
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.El
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|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa examples/
|
|
various examples for users and programmers
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|
.It Pa games/
|
|
ASCII text files used by various games
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|
.It Pa groff_font/
|
|
device description file for device name
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|
.It Pa info/
|
|
GNU Info hypertext system
|
|
.It Pa isdn/
|
|
ISDN
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|
.It Pa locale/
|
|
localization files;
|
|
see
|
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.Xr setlocale 3
|
|
.It Pa man/
|
|
manual pages
|
|
.It Pa me/
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|
macros for use with the me macro package;
|
|
see
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.Xr me 7
|
|
.It Pa misc/
|
|
misc system-wide ASCII text files
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa fonts/
|
|
???
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|
.It Pa pcvtfonts/
|
|
pcvt fonts;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr pcvt 4
|
|
.It Pa termcap
|
|
terminal characteristics database;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr termcap 5
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa mk/
|
|
templates for make;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr make 1
|
|
.It Pa nls/
|
|
national language support files;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr mklocale 1
|
|
.It Pa pcvt/
|
|
pcvt documentation and etc examples;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr pcvt 4
|
|
.It Pa security/
|
|
data files for security policies such as
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|
.Xr mac_lomac 4
|
|
.It Pa sendmail/
|
|
.Xr sendmail 8
|
|
configuration files
|
|
.It Pa skel/
|
|
example . (dot) files for new accounts
|
|
.It Pa syscons/
|
|
files used by syscons;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr syscons 4
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact
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|
.It Pa fonts/
|
|
console fonts;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr vidcontrol 1
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr vidfont 1
|
|
.It Pa keymaps/
|
|
console keyboard maps;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr kbdcontrol 1
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|
and
|
|
.Xr kbdmap 1
|
|
.It Pa scrnmaps/
|
|
console screen maps
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa tabset/
|
|
tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
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|
the termcap file;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr termcap 5
|
|
.It Pa tmac/
|
|
text processing macros;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr nroff 1
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr troff 1
|
|
.It Pa vi/
|
|
localization support and utilities for
|
|
.Xr vi 1
|
|
.It Pa zoneinfo/
|
|
timezone configuration information;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr tzfile 5
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa src/
|
|
.Bx ,
|
|
third-party, and/or local source files
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact
|
|
.It Pa bin/
|
|
source code for files in /bin
|
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.It Pa contrib/
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source code for contributed software
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.It Pa crypto/
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source code for contributed cryptography software
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.It Pa etc/
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source code for files in /etc
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.It Pa games/
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source code for files in /usr/games
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.It Pa gnu/
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Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
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.It Pa include/
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source code for files in /usr/include
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.It Pa kerberos5/
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build infrastructure for kerberos version 5
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.It Pa lib/
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source code for files in /usr/lib
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.It Pa libexec/
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source code for files in /usr/libexec
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.It Pa release/
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files required to produce a
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.Fx
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release
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.It Pa sbin/
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source code for files in /sbin
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.It Pa secure/
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build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
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.It Pa share/
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source for files in /usr/share
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.It Pa sys/
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kernel source code
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.It Pa tools/
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tools used for maintenance and testing of
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.Fx
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.It Pa usr.bin/
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source code for files in /usr/bin
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.It Pa usr.sbin/
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source code for files in /usr/sbin
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa X11R6/
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X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional).
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.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
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.It Pa bin/
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X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports).
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.It Pa etc/
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X11R6 configuration files and scripts.
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.It Pa include/
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X11R6 include files.
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.It Pa lib/
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X11R6 libraries.
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.It Pa man/
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X11R6 manual pages.
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.It Pa share/
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architecture-independent files.
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.El
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.El
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.It Pa /var/
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multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
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.It Pa account/
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system accounting files
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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.It Pa acct
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execution accounting file;
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|
see
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.Xr acct 5
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa at/
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timed command scheduling files;
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|
see
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.Xr \&at 1
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.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
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.It Pa jobs/
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directory containing job files
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.It Pa spool/
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directory containing output spool files
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa backups/
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misc. backup files
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|
.It Pa crash/
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|
default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
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.Xr crash 8
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and
|
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.Xr savecore 8
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.It Pa cron/
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files used by cron;
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|
see
|
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.Xr cron 8
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.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
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|
.It Pa tabs/
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crontab files;
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|
see
|
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.Xr crontab 5
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.El
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.Pp
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.It Pa db/
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misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
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.It Pa empty/
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empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory.
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Used for instance by
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.Xr sshd 8
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for privilege separation.
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.It Pa games/
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misc. game status and score files
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.It Pa heimdal/
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kerberos server databases; see
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.Xr kdc 8
|
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.It Pa log/
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misc. system log files
|
|
.Pp
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|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
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|
.It Pa wtmp
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|
login/logout log;
|
|
see
|
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.Xr wtmp 5
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|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa mail/
|
|
user mailbox files
|
|
.It Pa msgs/
|
|
system messages database;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr msgs 1
|
|
.It Pa preserve/
|
|
temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
|
|
of an editor;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr \&ex 1
|
|
.It Pa quotas/
|
|
file system quota information files
|
|
.It Pa run/
|
|
system information files describing various info about
|
|
system since it was booted
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa named/
|
|
writable by the
|
|
.Dq bind
|
|
user; see
|
|
.Xr named 8
|
|
.It Pa ppp/
|
|
writable by the
|
|
.Dq network
|
|
group for command connection sockets; see
|
|
.Xr ppp 8
|
|
.It Pa utmp
|
|
database of current users;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr utmp 5
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa rwho/
|
|
rwho data files;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr rwhod 8 ,
|
|
.Xr rwho 1 ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr ruptime 1
|
|
.It Pa spool/
|
|
misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa clientmqueue/
|
|
undelivered submission mail queue;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr sendmail 8
|
|
.It Pa ftp/
|
|
commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
|
|
.It Pa mqueue/
|
|
undelivered mail queue;
|
|
see
|
|
.Xr sendmail 8
|
|
.It Pa output/
|
|
line printer spooling directories
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.It Pa tmp/
|
|
temporary files that are kept between system reboots
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
|
|
.It Pa vi.recover/
|
|
the directory where recovery files are stored
|
|
.El
|
|
.It Pa yp/
|
|
the NIS maps
|
|
.El
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh NOTES
|
|
This manual page documents the default
|
|
.Fx
|
|
file system layout, but
|
|
the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
|
|
administrator's discretion.
|
|
A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
|
|
this document.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr apropos 1 ,
|
|
.Xr find 1 ,
|
|
.Xr finger 1 ,
|
|
.Xr grep 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ls 1 ,
|
|
.Xr whatis 1 ,
|
|
.Xr whereis 1 ,
|
|
.Xr which 1 ,
|
|
.Xr fsck 8
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
A
|
|
.Nm
|
|
manual page appeared in
|
|
.At v7 .
|