dda5b39711
regents and renumber. This patch skips files in contrib/ and crypto/ Acked by: imp Discussed with: emaste
147 lines
6.6 KiB
Groff
147 lines
6.6 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1998
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.\"
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.Dd December 22, 1998
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.Dt BUF 9
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm buf
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.Nd "kernel buffer I/O scheme used in FreeBSD VM system"
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The kernel implements a KVM abstraction of the buffer cache which allows it
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to map potentially disparate vm_page's into contiguous KVM for use by
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(mainly file system) devices and device I/O.
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This abstraction supports
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block sizes from DEV_BSIZE (usually 512) to upwards of several pages or more.
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It also supports a relatively primitive byte-granular valid range and dirty
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range currently hardcoded for use by NFS.
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The code implementing the
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VM Buffer abstraction is mostly concentrated in
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.Pa /usr/src/sys/kern/vfs_bio.c .
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.Pp
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One of the most important things to remember when dealing with buffer pointers
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(struct buf) is that the underlying pages are mapped directly from the buffer
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cache.
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No data copying occurs in the scheme proper, though some file systems
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such as UFS do have to copy a little when dealing with file fragments.
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The second most important thing to remember is that due to the underlying page
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mapping, the b_data base pointer in a buf is always *page* aligned, not
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*block* aligned.
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When you have a VM buffer representing some b_offset and
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b_size, the actual start of the buffer is (b_data + (b_offset & PAGE_MASK))
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and not just b_data.
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Finally, the VM system's core buffer cache supports
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valid and dirty bits (m->valid, m->dirty) for pages in DEV_BSIZE chunks.
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Thus
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a platform with a hardware page size of 4096 bytes has 8 valid and 8 dirty
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bits.
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These bits are generally set and cleared in groups based on the device
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block size of the device backing the page.
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Complete page's worth are often
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referred to using the VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL bitmask (i.e., 0xFF if the hardware page
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size is 4096).
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.Pp
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VM buffers also keep track of a byte-granular dirty range and valid range.
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This feature is normally only used by the NFS subsystem.
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I am not sure why it
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is used at all, actually, since we have DEV_BSIZE valid/dirty granularity
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within the VM buffer.
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If a buffer dirty operation creates a 'hole',
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the dirty range will extend to cover the hole.
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If a buffer validation
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operation creates a 'hole' the byte-granular valid range is left alone and
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will not take into account the new extension.
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Thus the whole byte-granular
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abstraction is considered a bad hack and it would be nice if we could get rid
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of it completely.
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.Pp
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A VM buffer is capable of mapping the underlying VM cache pages into KVM in
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order to allow the kernel to directly manipulate the data associated with
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the (vnode,b_offset,b_size).
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The kernel typically unmaps VM buffers the moment
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they are no longer needed but often keeps the 'struct buf' structure
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instantiated and even bp->b_pages array instantiated despite having unmapped
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them from KVM.
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If a page making up a VM buffer is about to undergo I/O, the
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system typically unmaps it from KVM and replaces the page in the b_pages[]
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array with a place-marker called bogus_page.
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The place-marker forces any kernel
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subsystems referencing the associated struct buf to re-lookup the associated
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page.
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I believe the place-marker hack is used to allow sophisticated devices
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such as file system devices to remap underlying pages in order to deal with,
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for example, re-mapping a file fragment into a file block.
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.Pp
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VM buffers are used to track I/O operations within the kernel.
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Unfortunately,
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the I/O implementation is also somewhat of a hack because the kernel wants
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to clear the dirty bit on the underlying pages the moment it queues the I/O
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to the VFS device, not when the physical I/O is actually initiated.
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This
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can create confusion within file system devices that use delayed-writes because
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you wind up with pages marked clean that are actually still dirty.
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If not
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treated carefully, these pages could be thrown away!
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Indeed, a number of
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serious bugs related to this hack were not fixed until the 2.2.8/3.0 release.
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The kernel uses an instantiated VM buffer (i.e., struct buf) to place-mark pages
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in this special state.
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The buffer is typically flagged B_DELWRI.
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When a
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device no longer needs a buffer it typically flags it as B_RELBUF.
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Due to
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the underlying pages being marked clean, the B_DELWRI|B_RELBUF combination must
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be interpreted to mean that the buffer is still actually dirty and must be
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written to its backing store before it can actually be released.
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In the case
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where B_DELWRI is not set, the underlying dirty pages are still properly
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marked as dirty and the buffer can be completely freed without losing that
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clean/dirty state information.
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(XXX do we have to check other flags in
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regards to this situation ???)
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.Pp
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The kernel reserves a portion of its KVM space to hold VM Buffer's data
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maps.
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Even though this is virtual space (since the buffers are mapped
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from the buffer cache), we cannot make it arbitrarily large because
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instantiated VM Buffers (struct buf's) prevent their underlying pages in the
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buffer cache from being freed.
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This can complicate the life of the paging
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system.
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.\" .Sh SEE ALSO
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.\" .Xr <fillmein> 9
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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manual page was originally written by
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.An Matthew Dillon
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and first appeared in
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.Fx 3.1 ,
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December 1998.
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