839 lines
27 KiB
Groff
839 lines
27 KiB
Groff
.\" -*- nroff -*-
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.\"
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.\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
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.\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
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.\" All rights reserved
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.\"
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.\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
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.\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this
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.\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
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.\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
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.\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved.
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.\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
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.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
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.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
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.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
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.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
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.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
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.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
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.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $OpenBSD: sshd.8,v 1.199 2003/08/13 08:46:31 markus Exp $
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.\" $FreeBSD$
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.Dd September 25, 1999
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.Dt SSHD 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm sshd
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.Nd OpenSSH SSH daemon
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm sshd
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.Bk -words
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.Op Fl deiqtD46
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.Op Fl b Ar bits
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.Op Fl f Ar config_file
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.Op Fl g Ar login_grace_time
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.Op Fl h Ar host_key_file
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.Op Fl k Ar key_gen_time
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.Op Fl o Ar option
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.Op Fl p Ar port
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.Op Fl u Ar len
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.Ek
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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(SSH Daemon) is the daemon program for
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.Xr ssh 1 .
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Together these programs replace rlogin and rsh, and
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provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts
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over an insecure network.
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The programs are intended to be as easy to
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install and use as possible.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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is the daemon that listens for connections from clients.
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It is normally started at boot from
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.Pa /etc/rc.d/sshd .
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It forks a new
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daemon for each incoming connection.
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The forked daemons handle
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key exchange, encryption, authentication, command execution,
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and data exchange.
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This implementation of
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.Nm
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supports both SSH protocol version 1 and 2 simultaneously.
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.Nm
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works as follows:
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.Pp
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.Ss SSH protocol version 1
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.Pp
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Each host has a host-specific RSA key
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(normally 1024 bits) used to identify the host.
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Additionally, when
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the daemon starts, it generates a server RSA key (normally 768 bits).
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This key is normally regenerated every hour if it has been used, and
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is never stored on disk.
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.Pp
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Whenever a client connects, the daemon responds with its public
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host and server keys.
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The client compares the
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RSA host key against its own database to verify that it has not changed.
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The client then generates a 256 bit random number.
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It encrypts this
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random number using both the host key and the server key, and sends
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the encrypted number to the server.
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Both sides then use this
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random number as a session key which is used to encrypt all further
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communications in the session.
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The rest of the session is encrypted
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using a conventional cipher, currently Blowfish or 3DES, with 3DES
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being used by default.
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The client selects the encryption algorithm
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to use from those offered by the server.
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.Pp
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Next, the server and the client enter an authentication dialog.
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The client tries to authenticate itself using
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.Pa .rhosts
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authentication,
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.Pa .rhosts
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authentication combined with RSA host
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authentication, RSA challenge-response authentication, or password
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based authentication.
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.Pp
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Regardless of the authentication type, the account is checked to
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ensure that it is accessible. An account is not accessible if it is
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locked, listed in
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.Cm DenyUsers
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or its group is listed in
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.Cm DenyGroups
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\&. The definition of a locked account is system dependant. Some platforms
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have their own account database (eg AIX) and some modify the passwd field (
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.Ql \&*LK\&*
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on Solaris,
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.Ql \&*
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on HP-UX, containing
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.Ql Nologin
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on Tru64 and a leading
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.Ql \&!!
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on Linux). If there is a requirement to disable password authentication
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for the account while allowing still public-key, then the passwd field
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should be set to something other than these values (eg
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.Ql NP
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or
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.Ql \&*NP\&*
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).
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.Pp
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Rhosts authentication is normally disabled
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because it is fundamentally insecure, but can be enabled in the server
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configuration file if desired.
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System security is not improved unless
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.Nm rshd ,
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.Nm rlogind ,
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and
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.Nm rexecd
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are disabled (thus completely disabling
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.Xr rlogin
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and
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.Xr rsh
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into the machine).
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.Pp
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.Ss SSH protocol version 2
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.Pp
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Version 2 works similarly:
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Each host has a host-specific key (RSA or DSA) used to identify the host.
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However, when the daemon starts, it does not generate a server key.
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Forward security is provided through a Diffie-Hellman key agreement.
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This key agreement results in a shared session key.
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.Pp
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The rest of the session is encrypted using a symmetric cipher, currently
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128 bit AES, Blowfish, 3DES, CAST128, Arcfour, 192 bit AES, or 256 bit AES.
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The client selects the encryption algorithm
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to use from those offered by the server.
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Additionally, session integrity is provided
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through a cryptographic message authentication code
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(hmac-sha1 or hmac-md5).
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.Pp
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Protocol version 2 provides a public key based
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user (PubkeyAuthentication) or
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client host (HostbasedAuthentication) authentication method,
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conventional password authentication and challenge response based methods.
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.Pp
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.Ss Command execution and data forwarding
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.Pp
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If the client successfully authenticates itself, a dialog for
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preparing the session is entered.
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At this time the client may request
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things like allocating a pseudo-tty, forwarding X11 connections,
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forwarding TCP/IP connections, or forwarding the authentication agent
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connection over the secure channel.
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.Pp
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Finally, the client either requests a shell or execution of a command.
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The sides then enter session mode.
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In this mode, either side may send
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data at any time, and such data is forwarded to/from the shell or
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command on the server side, and the user terminal in the client side.
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.Pp
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When the user program terminates and all forwarded X11 and other
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connections have been closed, the server sends command exit status to
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the client, and both sides exit.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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can be configured using command-line options or a configuration
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file.
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Command-line options override values specified in the
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configuration file.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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rereads its configuration file when it receives a hangup signal,
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.Dv SIGHUP ,
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by executing itself with the name it was started as, i.e.,
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.Pa /usr/sbin/sshd .
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.Pp
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The options are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Fl b Ar bits
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Specifies the number of bits in the ephemeral protocol version 1
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server key (default 768).
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.It Fl d
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Debug mode.
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The server sends verbose debug output to the system
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log, and does not put itself in the background.
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The server also will not fork and will only process one connection.
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This option is only intended for debugging for the server.
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Multiple
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.Fl d
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options increase the debugging level.
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Maximum is 3.
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.It Fl e
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When this option is specified,
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.Nm
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will send the output to the standard error instead of the system log.
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.It Fl f Ar configuration_file
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Specifies the name of the configuration file.
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The default is
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.Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config .
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.Nm
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refuses to start if there is no configuration file.
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.It Fl g Ar login_grace_time
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Gives the grace time for clients to authenticate themselves (default
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120 seconds).
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If the client fails to authenticate the user within
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this many seconds, the server disconnects and exits.
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A value of zero indicates no limit.
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.It Fl h Ar host_key_file
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Specifies a file from which a host key is read.
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This option must be given if
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.Nm
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is not run as root (as the normal
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host key files are normally not readable by anyone but root).
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The default is
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.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
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for protocol version 1, and
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.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
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for protocol version 2.
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It is possible to have multiple host key files for
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the different protocol versions and host key algorithms.
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.It Fl i
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Specifies that
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.Nm
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is being run from
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.Xr inetd 8 .
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.Nm
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is normally not run
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from inetd because it needs to generate the server key before it can
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respond to the client, and this may take tens of seconds.
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Clients would have to wait too long if the key was regenerated every time.
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However, with small key sizes (e.g., 512) using
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.Nm
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from inetd may
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be feasible.
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.It Fl k Ar key_gen_time
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Specifies how often the ephemeral protocol version 1 server key is
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regenerated (default 3600 seconds, or one hour).
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The motivation for regenerating the key fairly
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often is that the key is not stored anywhere, and after about an hour,
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it becomes impossible to recover the key for decrypting intercepted
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communications even if the machine is cracked into or physically
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seized.
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A value of zero indicates that the key will never be regenerated.
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.It Fl o Ar option
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Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file.
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This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate
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command-line flag.
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.It Fl p Ar port
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Specifies the port on which the server listens for connections
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(default 22).
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Multiple port options are permitted.
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Ports specified in the configuration file are ignored when a
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command-line port is specified.
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.It Fl q
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Quiet mode.
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Nothing is sent to the system log.
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Normally the beginning,
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authentication, and termination of each connection is logged.
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.It Fl t
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Test mode.
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Only check the validity of the configuration file and sanity of the keys.
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This is useful for updating
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.Nm
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reliably as configuration options may change.
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.It Fl u Ar len
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This option is used to specify the size of the field
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in the
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.Li utmp
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structure that holds the remote host name.
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If the resolved host name is longer than
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.Ar len ,
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the dotted decimal value will be used instead.
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This allows hosts with very long host names that
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overflow this field to still be uniquely identified.
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Specifying
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.Fl u0
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indicates that only dotted decimal addresses
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should be put into the
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.Pa utmp
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file.
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.Fl u0
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may also be used to prevent
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.Nm
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from making DNS requests unless the authentication
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mechanism or configuration requires it.
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Authentication mechanisms that may require DNS include
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.Cm RhostsRSAAuthentication ,
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.Cm HostbasedAuthentication
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and using a
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.Cm from="pattern-list"
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option in a key file.
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Configuration options that require DNS include using a
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USER@HOST pattern in
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.Cm AllowUsers
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or
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.Cm DenyUsers .
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.It Fl D
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When this option is specified
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.Nm
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will not detach and does not become a daemon.
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This allows easy monitoring of
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.Nm sshd .
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.It Fl 4
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Forces
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.Nm
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to use IPv4 addresses only.
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.It Fl 6
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Forces
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.Nm
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to use IPv6 addresses only.
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.El
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.Sh CONFIGURATION FILE
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.Nm
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reads configuration data from
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.Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config
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(or the file specified with
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.Fl f
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on the command line).
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The file format and configuration options are described in
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.Xr sshd_config 5 .
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.Sh LOGIN PROCESS
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When a user successfully logs in,
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.Nm
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does the following:
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.Bl -enum -offset indent
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.It
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If the login is on a tty, and no command has been specified,
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prints last login time and
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.Pa /etc/motd
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(unless prevented in the configuration file or by
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.Pa $HOME/.hushlogin ;
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see the
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.Sx FILES
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section).
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.It
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If the login is on a tty, records login time.
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.It
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Checks
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.Pa /etc/nologin and
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.Pa /var/run/nologin ;
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if one exists, it prints the contents and quits
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(unless root).
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.It
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Changes to run with normal user privileges.
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.It
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Sets up basic environment.
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.It
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Reads
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.Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment
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if it exists and users are allowed to change their environment.
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See the
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.Cm PermitUserEnvironment
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option in
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.Xr sshd_config 5 .
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.It
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Changes to user's home directory.
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.It
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If
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.Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc
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exists, runs it; else if
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.Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc
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exists, runs
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it; otherwise runs
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.Xr xauth 1 .
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The
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.Dq rc
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files are given the X11
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authentication protocol and cookie (if applicable) in standard input.
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.It
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Runs user's shell or command.
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.El
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.Sh AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT
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.Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys
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is the default file that lists the public keys that are
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permitted for RSA authentication in protocol version 1
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and for public key authentication (PubkeyAuthentication)
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in protocol version 2.
|
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.Cm AuthorizedKeysFile
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may be used to specify an alternative file.
|
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.Pp
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Each line of the file contains one
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key (empty lines and lines starting with a
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.Ql #
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are ignored as
|
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comments).
|
|
Each RSA public key consists of the following fields, separated by
|
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spaces: options, bits, exponent, modulus, comment.
|
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Each protocol version 2 public key consists of:
|
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options, keytype, base64 encoded key, comment.
|
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The options field
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is optional; its presence is determined by whether the line starts
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with a number or not (the options field never starts with a number).
|
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The bits, exponent, modulus and comment fields give the RSA key for
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protocol version 1; the
|
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comment field is not used for anything (but may be convenient for the
|
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user to identify the key).
|
|
For protocol version 2 the keytype is
|
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.Dq ssh-dss
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or
|
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.Dq ssh-rsa .
|
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.Pp
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Note that lines in this file are usually several hundred bytes long
|
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(because of the size of the public key encoding).
|
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You don't want to type them in; instead, copy the
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.Pa identity.pub ,
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.Pa id_dsa.pub
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or the
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.Pa id_rsa.pub
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file and edit it.
|
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.Pp
|
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.Nm
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enforces a minimum RSA key modulus size for protocol 1
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and protocol 2 keys of 768 bits.
|
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.Pp
|
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The options (if present) consist of comma-separated option
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|
specifications.
|
|
No spaces are permitted, except within double quotes.
|
|
The following option specifications are supported (note
|
|
that option keywords are case-insensitive):
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds
|
|
.It Cm from="pattern-list"
|
|
Specifies that in addition to public key authentication, the canonical name
|
|
of the remote host must be present in the comma-separated list of
|
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patterns
|
|
.Pf ( Ql \&*
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and
|
|
.Ql \&?
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serve as wildcards).
|
|
The list may also contain
|
|
patterns negated by prefixing them with
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.Ql \&! ;
|
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if the canonical host name matches a negated pattern, the key is not accepted.
|
|
The purpose
|
|
of this option is to optionally increase security: public key authentication
|
|
by itself does not trust the network or name servers or anything (but
|
|
the key); however, if somebody somehow steals the key, the key
|
|
permits an intruder to log in from anywhere in the world.
|
|
This additional option makes using a stolen key more difficult (name
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|
servers and/or routers would have to be compromised in addition to
|
|
just the key).
|
|
.It Cm command="command"
|
|
Specifies that the command is executed whenever this key is used for
|
|
authentication.
|
|
The command supplied by the user (if any) is ignored.
|
|
The command is run on a pty if the client requests a pty;
|
|
otherwise it is run without a tty.
|
|
If an 8-bit clean channel is required,
|
|
one must not request a pty or should specify
|
|
.Cm no-pty .
|
|
A quote may be included in the command by quoting it with a backslash.
|
|
This option might be useful
|
|
to restrict certain public keys to perform just a specific operation.
|
|
An example might be a key that permits remote backups but nothing else.
|
|
Note that the client may specify TCP/IP and/or X11
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|
forwarding unless they are explicitly prohibited.
|
|
Note that this option applies to shell, command or subsystem execution.
|
|
.It Cm environment="NAME=value"
|
|
Specifies that the string is to be added to the environment when
|
|
logging in using this key.
|
|
Environment variables set this way
|
|
override other default environment values.
|
|
Multiple options of this type are permitted.
|
|
Environment processing is disabled by default and is
|
|
controlled via the
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.Cm PermitUserEnvironment
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|
option.
|
|
This option is automatically disabled if
|
|
.Cm UseLogin
|
|
is enabled.
|
|
.It Cm no-port-forwarding
|
|
Forbids TCP/IP forwarding when this key is used for authentication.
|
|
Any port forward requests by the client will return an error.
|
|
This might be used, e.g., in connection with the
|
|
.Cm command
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Cm no-X11-forwarding
|
|
Forbids X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication.
|
|
Any X11 forward requests by the client will return an error.
|
|
.It Cm no-agent-forwarding
|
|
Forbids authentication agent forwarding when this key is used for
|
|
authentication.
|
|
.It Cm no-pty
|
|
Prevents tty allocation (a request to allocate a pty will fail).
|
|
.It Cm permitopen="host:port"
|
|
Limit local
|
|
.Li ``ssh -L''
|
|
port forwarding such that it may only connect to the specified host and
|
|
port.
|
|
IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax:
|
|
.Ar host/port .
|
|
Multiple
|
|
.Cm permitopen
|
|
options may be applied separated by commas.
|
|
No pattern matching is performed on the specified hostnames,
|
|
they must be literal domains or addresses.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss Examples
|
|
1024 33 12121.\|.\|.\|312314325 ylo@foo.bar
|
|
.Pp
|
|
from="*.niksula.hut.fi,!pc.niksula.hut.fi" 1024 35 23.\|.\|.\|2334 ylo@niksula
|
|
.Pp
|
|
command="dump /home",no-pty,no-port-forwarding 1024 33 23.\|.\|.\|2323 backup.hut.fi
|
|
.Pp
|
|
permitopen="10.2.1.55:80",permitopen="10.2.1.56:25" 1024 33 23.\|.\|.\|2323
|
|
.Sh SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS FILE FORMAT
|
|
The
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
|
|
and
|
|
.Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts
|
|
files contain host public keys for all known hosts.
|
|
The global file should
|
|
be prepared by the administrator (optional), and the per-user file is
|
|
maintained automatically: whenever the user connects from an unknown host
|
|
its key is added to the per-user file.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Each line in these files contains the following fields: hostnames,
|
|
bits, exponent, modulus, comment.
|
|
The fields are separated by spaces.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Hostnames is a comma-separated list of patterns
|
|
.Pf ( Ql \&*
|
|
and
|
|
.Ql \&?
|
|
act as
|
|
wildcards); each pattern in turn is matched against the canonical host
|
|
name (when authenticating a client) or against the user-supplied
|
|
name (when authenticating a server).
|
|
A pattern may also be preceded by
|
|
.Ql \&!
|
|
to indicate negation: if the host name matches a negated
|
|
pattern, it is not accepted (by that line) even if it matched another
|
|
pattern on the line.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Bits, exponent, and modulus are taken directly from the RSA host key; they
|
|
can be obtained, e.g., from
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub .
|
|
The optional comment field continues to the end of the line, and is not used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Lines starting with
|
|
.Ql #
|
|
and empty lines are ignored as comments.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
When performing host authentication, authentication is accepted if any
|
|
matching line has the proper key.
|
|
It is thus permissible (but not
|
|
recommended) to have several lines or different host keys for the same
|
|
names.
|
|
This will inevitably happen when short forms of host names
|
|
from different domains are put in the file.
|
|
It is possible
|
|
that the files contain conflicting information; authentication is
|
|
accepted if valid information can be found from either file.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note that the lines in these files are typically hundreds of characters
|
|
long, and you definitely don't want to type in the host keys by hand.
|
|
Rather, generate them by a script
|
|
or by taking
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
|
|
and adding the host names at the front.
|
|
.Ss Examples
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
closenet,.\|.\|.\|,130.233.208.41 1024 37 159.\|.\|.93 closenet.hut.fi
|
|
cvs.openbsd.org,199.185.137.3 ssh-rsa AAAA1234.....=
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config
|
|
Contains configuration data for
|
|
.Nm sshd .
|
|
The file format and configuration options are described in
|
|
.Xr sshd_config 5 .
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
|
|
These two files contain the private parts of the host keys.
|
|
These files should only be owned by root, readable only by root, and not
|
|
accessible to others.
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Nm
|
|
does not start if this file is group/world-accessible.
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
|
|
These two files contain the public parts of the host keys.
|
|
These files should be world-readable but writable only by
|
|
root.
|
|
Their contents should match the respective private parts.
|
|
These files are not
|
|
really used for anything; they are provided for the convenience of
|
|
the user so their contents can be copied to known hosts files.
|
|
These files are created using
|
|
.Xr ssh-keygen 1 .
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/moduli
|
|
Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for the "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange".
|
|
The file format is described in
|
|
.Xr moduli 5 .
|
|
.It Pa /var/empty
|
|
.Xr chroot 2
|
|
directory used by
|
|
.Nm
|
|
during privilege separation in the pre-authentication phase.
|
|
The directory should not contain any files and must be owned by root
|
|
and not group or world-writable.
|
|
.It Pa /var/run/sshd.pid
|
|
Contains the process ID of the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
listening for connections (if there are several daemons running
|
|
concurrently for different ports, this contains the process ID of the one
|
|
started last).
|
|
The content of this file is not sensitive; it can be world-readable.
|
|
.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys
|
|
Lists the public keys (RSA or DSA) that can be used to log into the user's account.
|
|
This file must be readable by root (which may on some machines imply
|
|
it being world-readable if the user's home directory resides on an NFS
|
|
volume).
|
|
It is recommended that it not be accessible by others.
|
|
The format of this file is described above.
|
|
Users will place the contents of their
|
|
.Pa identity.pub ,
|
|
.Pa id_dsa.pub
|
|
and/or
|
|
.Pa id_rsa.pub
|
|
files into this file, as described in
|
|
.Xr ssh-keygen 1 .
|
|
.It Pa "/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts" and "$HOME/.ssh/known_hosts"
|
|
These files are consulted when using rhosts with RSA host
|
|
authentication or protocol version 2 hostbased authentication
|
|
to check the public key of the host.
|
|
The key must be listed in one of these files to be accepted.
|
|
The client uses the same files
|
|
to verify that it is connecting to the correct remote host.
|
|
These files should be writable only by root/the owner.
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
|
|
should be world-readable, and
|
|
.Pa $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts
|
|
can, but need not be, world-readable.
|
|
.It Pa /etc/nologin
|
|
If this file exists,
|
|
.Nm
|
|
refuses to let anyone except root log in.
|
|
The contents of the file
|
|
are displayed to anyone trying to log in, and non-root connections are
|
|
refused.
|
|
The file should be world-readable.
|
|
.It Pa /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny
|
|
Access controls that should be enforced by tcp-wrappers are defined here.
|
|
Further details are described in
|
|
.Xr hosts_access 5 .
|
|
.It Pa $HOME/.rhosts
|
|
This file contains host-username pairs, separated by a space, one per
|
|
line.
|
|
The given user on the corresponding host is permitted to log in
|
|
without a password.
|
|
The same file is used by rlogind and rshd.
|
|
The file must
|
|
be writable only by the user; it is recommended that it not be
|
|
accessible by others.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If is also possible to use netgroups in the file.
|
|
Either host or user
|
|
name may be of the form +@groupname to specify all hosts or all users
|
|
in the group.
|
|
.It Pa $HOME/.shosts
|
|
For ssh,
|
|
this file is exactly the same as for
|
|
.Pa .rhosts .
|
|
However, this file is
|
|
not used by rlogin and rshd, so using this permits access using SSH only.
|
|
.It Pa /etc/hosts.equiv
|
|
This file is used during
|
|
.Pa .rhosts
|
|
authentication.
|
|
In the simplest form, this file contains host names, one per line.
|
|
Users on
|
|
those hosts are permitted to log in without a password, provided they
|
|
have the same user name on both machines.
|
|
The host name may also be
|
|
followed by a user name; such users are permitted to log in as
|
|
.Em any
|
|
user on this machine (except root).
|
|
Additionally, the syntax
|
|
.Dq +@group
|
|
can be used to specify netgroups.
|
|
Negated entries start with
|
|
.Ql \&- .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the client host/user is successfully matched in this file, login is
|
|
automatically permitted provided the client and server user names are the
|
|
same.
|
|
Additionally, successful RSA host authentication is normally required.
|
|
This file must be writable only by root; it is recommended
|
|
that it be world-readable.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Sy "Warning: It is almost never a good idea to use user names in"
|
|
.Pa hosts.equiv .
|
|
Beware that it really means that the named user(s) can log in as
|
|
.Em anybody ,
|
|
which includes bin, daemon, adm, and other accounts that own critical
|
|
binaries and directories.
|
|
Using a user name practically grants the user root access.
|
|
The only valid use for user names that I can think
|
|
of is in negative entries.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Note that this warning also applies to rsh/rlogin.
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/shosts.equiv
|
|
This is processed exactly as
|
|
.Pa /etc/hosts.equiv .
|
|
However, this file may be useful in environments that want to run both
|
|
rsh/rlogin and ssh.
|
|
.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/environment
|
|
This file is read into the environment at login (if it exists).
|
|
It can only contain empty lines, comment lines (that start with
|
|
.Ql # ) ,
|
|
and assignment lines of the form name=value.
|
|
The file should be writable
|
|
only by the user; it need not be readable by anyone else.
|
|
Environment processing is disabled by default and is
|
|
controlled via the
|
|
.Cm PermitUserEnvironment
|
|
option.
|
|
.It Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc
|
|
If this file exists, it is run with
|
|
.Pa /bin/sh
|
|
after reading the
|
|
environment files but before starting the user's shell or command.
|
|
It must not produce any output on stdout; stderr must be used
|
|
instead.
|
|
If X11 forwarding is in use, it will receive the "proto cookie" pair in
|
|
its standard input (and
|
|
.Ev DISPLAY
|
|
in its environment).
|
|
The script must call
|
|
.Xr xauth 1
|
|
because
|
|
.Nm
|
|
will not run xauth automatically to add X11 cookies.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The primary purpose of this file is to run any initialization routines
|
|
which may be needed before the user's home directory becomes
|
|
accessible; AFS is a particular example of such an environment.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This file will probably contain some initialization code followed by
|
|
something similar to:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
if read proto cookie && [ -n "$DISPLAY" ]; then
|
|
if [ `echo $DISPLAY | cut -c1-10` = 'localhost:' ]; then
|
|
# X11UseLocalhost=yes
|
|
echo add unix:`echo $DISPLAY |
|
|
cut -c11-` $proto $cookie
|
|
else
|
|
# X11UseLocalhost=no
|
|
echo add $DISPLAY $proto $cookie
|
|
fi | xauth -q -
|
|
fi
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If this file does not exist,
|
|
.Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc
|
|
is run, and if that
|
|
does not exist either, xauth is used to add the cookie.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
This file should be writable only by the user, and need not be
|
|
readable by anyone else.
|
|
.It Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc
|
|
Like
|
|
.Pa $HOME/.ssh/rc .
|
|
This can be used to specify
|
|
machine-specific login-time initializations globally.
|
|
This file should be writable only by root, and should be world-readable.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr scp 1 ,
|
|
.Xr sftp 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh-add 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh-agent 1 ,
|
|
.Xr ssh-keygen 1 ,
|
|
.Xr login.conf 5 ,
|
|
.Xr moduli 5 ,
|
|
.Xr sshd_config 5 ,
|
|
.Xr sftp-server 8
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%A T. Ylonen
|
|
.%A T. Kivinen
|
|
.%A M. Saarinen
|
|
.%A T. Rinne
|
|
.%A S. Lehtinen
|
|
.%T "SSH Protocol Architecture"
|
|
.%N draft-ietf-secsh-architecture-12.txt
|
|
.%D January 2002
|
|
.%O work in progress material
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%A M. Friedl
|
|
.%A N. Provos
|
|
.%A W. A. Simpson
|
|
.%T "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the SSH Transport Layer Protocol"
|
|
.%N draft-ietf-secsh-dh-group-exchange-02.txt
|
|
.%D January 2002
|
|
.%O work in progress material
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free
|
|
ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.
|
|
Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos,
|
|
Theo de Raadt and Dug Song
|
|
removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
|
|
created OpenSSH.
|
|
Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH
|
|
protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.
|
|
Niels Provos and Markus Friedl contributed support
|
|
for privilege separation.
|